Final Exam Flashcards
Island Effect
Members of a species get smaller or bigger depending on the resources available in the environment
Allopatric Speciation
Speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange
The first scientist that showed extinction occurred on Earth.
Georges Cuvier
Flying squirrels and sugar gliders are examples of what?
Convergent Evolution
What were the 2 key ideas that Darwin and Wallace were able to explain natural selection?
- Variation in a population
2. Over Population within a species
Compare and Contrast Lamarck and Darwin’s evolution ideas.
Lamarck: Through use and disuse a species offspring can have the same traits as their parents
Darwin: Natural Selection is a luck of the draw to get those traits if they’re desired or offspring has a higher chance of being healthier stronger
Alexander Fleming’s discovery about Penicillium was premature why?
Medicine used for it caused the human body to reject it after long usage of it
Structures that share an evolutionary history even if they don’t look exactly the same?
Homologous
What would keep Endler’s Guppy males from becoming colorful when mature?
Prematurity in adults
Example of temporal isolating mechanism.
Skunks that are female and male that reproduce at different times.
Example of gametic isolating mechanism (gene limitations)
Sea Argents
Why was Alexander Fleming’s discovery of the first antibiotic premature?
Overtime the human body’s antibodies started to fight against the medicine.
Structures that share an evolutionary history even if they don’t look exactly the same?
Homology
What keeps Endler’s Guppy males from becoming colorful when mature?
Premature in adults
Speciation
Formation of new and district species in the cause of evolution
Differential Reproductive Success
Difference between groups and how many of the offspring survive
Mutation
Change in sequence of nucleotides, amino acids, and proteins
What is the fate of most mutations? Why??
Most of them do harm than good. The sequence can either benefit the offspring, cause death of the offspring, or stay natural.
Adaptations help organisms by what?
Inherited Characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction in a certain environment.
Artificial Selection
Human selection of desired traits for other organisms which they like and reproduce it
What is the difference of Microevolution and Macroevolution?
Microevolution happens on a small scale (within a single population), while macroevolution happens on a scale that transcends the boundaries of a single species.
Name 3 ways to identify Homology
- Anatomy/Morphology
- Ontogeny
- Sequence(DNA)
Ontogeny
Full life span of an organism from birth to death
What is the opposite of Homology?
Convergent Evolution/Analogous traits
What is Polygenic Inheritance?
A sequence of nucleotides/1 characteristic controlled by 2 or more genes
Name some examples of Polygenic Inheritance
Height, Eye Color, Skin Tone, and Weight
Does Natural Selection work on Genotypes?
No only on the Phenotypes
Genotypes vs Phenotypes
Organism’s genetic makeup vs Organism’s physical traits
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
p+q=1
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
What do the p and q stand for in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?
p=Dominat allele in a population
q=Recessive allele in a population
What are the 5 assumptions to the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?
- No Natural Selection
- No Mutation
- No Migration
- No Small Population
- Random Mating
What is genetic drift? Name some examples
Random change of genetic information from parents to offspring.
- Founder Effect
- Bottleneck Effect
Founder Effect
A few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population.
Bottleneck Effect
A population’s size is reduced for at least one generation (overkill, fire, etc)
What is the name of the island that Darwin collected finches(birds)?
Galápagos Islands
What country is the Galápagos Islands closest to and claims possession of the islands?
Ecuador
What is gene flow?
Exchange of genes between two populations
How could gene flow hurt populations?
Natural Born organisms could get pushed away from similar organisms who aren’t born there and could destroy the natural born organisms.
Name the 3 common selection types
- Directional-Population has pressure in surviving and forced to change alleles
- Disruptive-Population vs other groups for survival in their environment
- Stabling-Population isn’t being pressured to change
What are Tarantula Hawks and what do they kill?
Spider Wasp that has a deadly paralyzer that kills Tarantulas very quickly
What is Malaria and how is it spread?
Disease that makes it hard for oxygen to pass through the blood stream. Can be spread only by plasmodium from Anopheles(Type of Mosquito)
Sympatric Speciation
Separated species together away from other groups or mixture of species
Polyploidy
Organisms that contain more than 2 paired homogenous set of chromosomes.
What is special about Hybrid Zones? Name an example to explain the importance of them.
Yellow Belly Toad and Fire Belly Toad makes together, but then not too great offspring.
What are the outcomes of Hybrid Zones?
- Reinforcement
- Fusion
- Stability
Name the two ways to describe the tempo of evolution
- Punctuated Model-sudden change of evolution very quickly
2. Gradual Model-change of evolution over a long time period
Paleontology
Study of Fossils
Ornithiscia
Still living dinosaurs
Saurischia
Extinct dinosaurs
Miller/Urey Experiment what was special about it?
Miller wanted to make biomolecules to study fossils
Relative Dating
Forming a date in the Fossil Record without an exact date
Absolute Dating
More exact date given when figuring out date of fossils
Radiometric Dating
Determines geological relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample
Carbon Dating
Dating of more recent fossils between 40-50 thousands years ago
When organisms die which carbon do they start with and die with?
C12-C13
Andrew Douglass
Known for Dendrochronology the study of tree life span
Dendrochronology is an example of the first kind of 1. _ dating and help verifies 2. _ dating?
- Absolute Dating
2. Carbon Dating
Lynn Marsulis
Known for the Endosymbiont Theory of Eukaryote Evolution
Explain the Endosymbiont Theory
Eukaryotes could have evolved from Prokaryotes. The cells could have eaten each other to gain benefits to evolve into the cells we know today.
Name the 3 Eras of the Geologic Record
- Cenozoic
- Mesozoic
- Paleozoic
Alfred Wegener
Known for Continental Drift(Movement of Earth’s Crust)
What are the layers of the planet Earth?
- Crust
- Mantle
- Outer core
- Inner core
Name the order of how all the continents came to be.
- Pangea
- Laurasia and Gondwana
- Present Day Continents
- India collides to Eurasia
Luis and Walter Alvarez were father and son who discovered what?
Iridium between Mesozoic and Cenozoic Boundaries in Italy.
Why was the Alvarez’s discovery of Iridium important?
Wanted to prove there were meteorites that came to earth.
What is Adaptive Radiation and name some examples.
Creation of many species over a short period of time
Ex: Bird Beaks, Beatles, and Monkeys
Heterochrony
A change in the timing of development
Pedomorphosis
Retention of juvenile features in adults
What are some characteristics between snakes and lizards?
Snakes:
- No eyelids
- No legs
- 1 lung
- Dislocated jaw
Lizards:
- eyelids
- legs
- 2 lungs
- No jaw dislocation
Dutch Kings Play Chess On Fat Guy’s Stomach
Domain, Kingdoms, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Species
Molecular Clocks
To look at Mutation rates of DNA over time
If we know the 1._ and 2._ between taxa we can estimate 3._ for molecular clocks.
- Mutation Rate
- Genetic Similarity
- Divergence Times
HIV has an enzyme that can turn RNA to DNA. What is the name of this enzyme?
Reverse Transcriptase
Horizontal vs Vertical gene transfer
H: DNA being transferred from one species to another
V: Normal way of genes to be carried to offspring
Symbiosis
Relationship between 2 species
Name the 5 types of Symbiosis and their relationships
- Commensalism + and 0- Bird eating bugs off a bull
- Mutualism + and +- Shrimp clean fish
- Competition - and -: Deer and Elk
- Parasitic + and -: Fleas eat blood from humans
- Amensalism - and 0: You walk and step on ants
Name the 3 shapes for Bacteria
- Spherical
- Rod
- Spiral
Explain the difference between +Gram Bacteria and -Gram Bacteria.
+: The peptidoglycan layer turns purple since on the outside of the bilayer
-: The peptidoglycan layer turns red since it’s trapped in the plasma membrane
Why know about + and - Gram Bacteria?
By knowing each of these we can learn how to cure patients that are sick.
What are the 3 Domains of life?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
Which of the 3 Domains of life have a nuclear envelop?
Eukarya
Which of the 3 Domains of life are enclosed organelles (have a membrane)?
Eukarya
Which of the 3 Domains of life have peptidoglycan in their membrane?
Bacteria
What amino acid is used for protein synthesis in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?
- Formyl Methionine
- Methionine
- Methionine
What are the 2 kinds of cells in the blue-green alga Anabaena?
- Heterocyst
2. Photosynthetic Cells
What is Motility?
Ability of organisms and fluid to move or get around.
What are the 3 types of Motility? Describe their functions on animals.
- Chemotaxis: Chemicals
- Phototaxis: Light
- Geotaxis: Gravity
What are the 3 ways that bacteria can acquire DNA?
- Conjugation
- Transformation
- Transduction
Explain Conjugation for Bacteria.
Bacteria share genetic material with each other
Explain Transformation for Bacteria.
DNA may integrated into genomes or exist as plasmids
Explain Transduction for Bacteria
This is where Bacteria spreads it viruses. Where their DNA and the host cell’s material mix together.
How do Bacteria reproduce?
Fission
Name the 5 types of Bacteria. Are they + or - Gram Bacteria? Name one fact about them.
- Chlamydia: - and cause STDs
- Spirochetes: - and cause Lyme Disease
- Cyanobacteria: - and have chlorallplasts
- Streptomes: + and have antibiotics to fight for control in soil
- Mycoplasmas: + and the smallest bacteria
What is Bioremediation?
Process of rehabilitates polluted areas using micro-organisms and plants.
What are the Kingdoms of life?
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantea
- Animalia
