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General Biology 2 Lecture and Lab > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Island Effect

A

Members of a species get smaller or bigger depending on the resources available in the environment

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2
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange

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3
Q

The first scientist that showed extinction occurred on Earth.

A

Georges Cuvier

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4
Q

Flying squirrels and sugar gliders are examples of what?

A

Convergent Evolution

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5
Q

What were the 2 key ideas that Darwin and Wallace were able to explain natural selection?

A
  1. Variation in a population

2. Over Population within a species

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6
Q

Compare and Contrast Lamarck and Darwin’s evolution ideas.

A

Lamarck: Through use and disuse a species offspring can have the same traits as their parents

Darwin: Natural Selection is a luck of the draw to get those traits if they’re desired or offspring has a higher chance of being healthier stronger

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7
Q

Alexander Fleming’s discovery about Penicillium was premature why?

A

Medicine used for it caused the human body to reject it after long usage of it

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8
Q

Structures that share an evolutionary history even if they don’t look exactly the same?

A

Homologous

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9
Q

What would keep Endler’s Guppy males from becoming colorful when mature?

A

Prematurity in adults

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10
Q

Example of temporal isolating mechanism.

A

Skunks that are female and male that reproduce at different times.

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11
Q

Example of gametic isolating mechanism (gene limitations)

A

Sea Argents

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12
Q

Why was Alexander Fleming’s discovery of the first antibiotic premature?

A

Overtime the human body’s antibodies started to fight against the medicine.

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13
Q

Structures that share an evolutionary history even if they don’t look exactly the same?

A

Homology

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14
Q

What keeps Endler’s Guppy males from becoming colorful when mature?

A

Premature in adults

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15
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of new and district species in the cause of evolution

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16
Q

Differential Reproductive Success

A

Difference between groups and how many of the offspring survive

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17
Q

Mutation

A

Change in sequence of nucleotides, amino acids, and proteins

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18
Q

What is the fate of most mutations? Why??

A

Most of them do harm than good. The sequence can either benefit the offspring, cause death of the offspring, or stay natural.

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19
Q

Adaptations help organisms by what?

A

Inherited Characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction in a certain environment.

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20
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Human selection of desired traits for other organisms which they like and reproduce it

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21
Q

What is the difference of Microevolution and Macroevolution?

A

Microevolution happens on a small scale (within a single population), while macroevolution happens on a scale that transcends the boundaries of a single species.

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22
Q

Name 3 ways to identify Homology

A
  1. Anatomy/Morphology
  2. Ontogeny
  3. Sequence(DNA)
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23
Q

Ontogeny

A

Full life span of an organism from birth to death

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24
Q

What is the opposite of Homology?

A

Convergent Evolution/Analogous traits

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25
Q

What is Polygenic Inheritance?

A

A sequence of nucleotides/1 characteristic controlled by 2 or more genes

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26
Q

Name some examples of Polygenic Inheritance

A

Height, Eye Color, Skin Tone, and Weight

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27
Q

Does Natural Selection work on Genotypes?

A

No only on the Phenotypes

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28
Q

Genotypes vs Phenotypes

A

Organism’s genetic makeup vs Organism’s physical traits

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29
Q

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

p+q=1

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

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30
Q

What do the p and q stand for in the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

A

p=Dominat allele in a population

q=Recessive allele in a population

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31
Q

What are the 5 assumptions to the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

A
  1. No Natural Selection
  2. No Mutation
  3. No Migration
  4. No Small Population
  5. Random Mating
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32
Q

What is genetic drift? Name some examples

A

Random change of genetic information from parents to offspring.

  1. Founder Effect
  2. Bottleneck Effect
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33
Q

Founder Effect

A

A few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population.

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34
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

A population’s size is reduced for at least one generation (overkill, fire, etc)

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35
Q

What is the name of the island that Darwin collected finches(birds)?

A

Galápagos Islands

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36
Q

What country is the Galápagos Islands closest to and claims possession of the islands?

A

Ecuador

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37
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Exchange of genes between two populations

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38
Q

How could gene flow hurt populations?

A

Natural Born organisms could get pushed away from similar organisms who aren’t born there and could destroy the natural born organisms.

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39
Q

Name the 3 common selection types

A
  1. Directional-Population has pressure in surviving and forced to change alleles
  2. Disruptive-Population vs other groups for survival in their environment
  3. Stabling-Population isn’t being pressured to change
40
Q

What are Tarantula Hawks and what do they kill?

A

Spider Wasp that has a deadly paralyzer that kills Tarantulas very quickly

41
Q

What is Malaria and how is it spread?

A

Disease that makes it hard for oxygen to pass through the blood stream. Can be spread only by plasmodium from Anopheles(Type of Mosquito)

42
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Separated species together away from other groups or mixture of species

43
Q

Polyploidy

A

Organisms that contain more than 2 paired homogenous set of chromosomes.

44
Q

What is special about Hybrid Zones? Name an example to explain the importance of them.

A

Yellow Belly Toad and Fire Belly Toad makes together, but then not too great offspring.

45
Q

What are the outcomes of Hybrid Zones?

A
  1. Reinforcement
  2. Fusion
  3. Stability
46
Q

Name the two ways to describe the tempo of evolution

A
  1. Punctuated Model-sudden change of evolution very quickly

2. Gradual Model-change of evolution over a long time period

47
Q

Paleontology

A

Study of Fossils

48
Q

Ornithiscia

A

Still living dinosaurs

49
Q

Saurischia

A

Extinct dinosaurs

50
Q

Miller/Urey Experiment what was special about it?

A

Miller wanted to make biomolecules to study fossils

51
Q

Relative Dating

A

Forming a date in the Fossil Record without an exact date

52
Q

Absolute Dating

A

More exact date given when figuring out date of fossils

53
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

Determines geological relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample

54
Q

Carbon Dating

A

Dating of more recent fossils between 40-50 thousands years ago

55
Q

When organisms die which carbon do they start with and die with?

A

C12-C13

56
Q

Andrew Douglass

A

Known for Dendrochronology the study of tree life span

57
Q

Dendrochronology is an example of the first kind of 1. _ dating and help verifies 2. _ dating?

A
  1. Absolute Dating

2. Carbon Dating

58
Q

Lynn Marsulis

A

Known for the Endosymbiont Theory of Eukaryote Evolution

59
Q

Explain the Endosymbiont Theory

A

Eukaryotes could have evolved from Prokaryotes. The cells could have eaten each other to gain benefits to evolve into the cells we know today.

60
Q

Name the 3 Eras of the Geologic Record

A
  1. Cenozoic
  2. Mesozoic
  3. Paleozoic
61
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

Known for Continental Drift(Movement of Earth’s Crust)

62
Q

What are the layers of the planet Earth?

A
  1. Crust
  2. Mantle
  3. Outer core
  4. Inner core
63
Q

Name the order of how all the continents came to be.

A
  1. Pangea
  2. Laurasia and Gondwana
  3. Present Day Continents
  4. India collides to Eurasia
64
Q

Luis and Walter Alvarez were father and son who discovered what?

A

Iridium between Mesozoic and Cenozoic Boundaries in Italy.

65
Q

Why was the Alvarez’s discovery of Iridium important?

A

Wanted to prove there were meteorites that came to earth.

66
Q

What is Adaptive Radiation and name some examples.

A

Creation of many species over a short period of time

Ex: Bird Beaks, Beatles, and Monkeys

67
Q

Heterochrony

A

A change in the timing of development

68
Q

Pedomorphosis

A

Retention of juvenile features in adults

69
Q

What are some characteristics between snakes and lizards?

A

Snakes:

  1. No eyelids
  2. No legs
  3. 1 lung
  4. Dislocated jaw

Lizards:

  1. eyelids
  2. legs
  3. 2 lungs
  4. No jaw dislocation
70
Q

Dutch Kings Play Chess On Fat Guy’s Stomach

A

Domain, Kingdoms, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Species

71
Q

Molecular Clocks

A

To look at Mutation rates of DNA over time

72
Q

If we know the 1._ and 2._ between taxa we can estimate 3._ for molecular clocks.

A
  1. Mutation Rate
  2. Genetic Similarity
  3. Divergence Times
73
Q

HIV has an enzyme that can turn RNA to DNA. What is the name of this enzyme?

A

Reverse Transcriptase

74
Q

Horizontal vs Vertical gene transfer

A

H: DNA being transferred from one species to another
V: Normal way of genes to be carried to offspring

75
Q

Symbiosis

A

Relationship between 2 species

76
Q

Name the 5 types of Symbiosis and their relationships

A
  1. Commensalism + and 0- Bird eating bugs off a bull
  2. Mutualism + and +- Shrimp clean fish
  3. Competition - and -: Deer and Elk
  4. Parasitic + and -: Fleas eat blood from humans
  5. Amensalism - and 0: You walk and step on ants
77
Q

Name the 3 shapes for Bacteria

A
  1. Spherical
  2. Rod
  3. Spiral
78
Q

Explain the difference between +Gram Bacteria and -Gram Bacteria.

A

+: The peptidoglycan layer turns purple since on the outside of the bilayer
-: The peptidoglycan layer turns red since it’s trapped in the plasma membrane

79
Q

Why know about + and - Gram Bacteria?

A

By knowing each of these we can learn how to cure patients that are sick.

80
Q

What are the 3 Domains of life?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
81
Q

Which of the 3 Domains of life have a nuclear envelop?

A

Eukarya

82
Q

Which of the 3 Domains of life are enclosed organelles (have a membrane)?

A

Eukarya

83
Q

Which of the 3 Domains of life have peptidoglycan in their membrane?

A

Bacteria

84
Q

What amino acid is used for protein synthesis in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?

A
  1. Formyl Methionine
  2. Methionine
  3. Methionine
85
Q

What are the 2 kinds of cells in the blue-green alga Anabaena?

A
  1. Heterocyst

2. Photosynthetic Cells

86
Q

What is Motility?

A

Ability of organisms and fluid to move or get around.

87
Q

What are the 3 types of Motility? Describe their functions on animals.

A
  1. Chemotaxis: Chemicals
  2. Phototaxis: Light
  3. Geotaxis: Gravity
88
Q

What are the 3 ways that bacteria can acquire DNA?

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transformation
  3. Transduction
89
Q

Explain Conjugation for Bacteria.

A

Bacteria share genetic material with each other

90
Q

Explain Transformation for Bacteria.

A

DNA may integrated into genomes or exist as plasmids

91
Q

Explain Transduction for Bacteria

A

This is where Bacteria spreads it viruses. Where their DNA and the host cell’s material mix together.

92
Q

How do Bacteria reproduce?

A

Fission

93
Q

Name the 5 types of Bacteria. Are they + or - Gram Bacteria? Name one fact about them.

A
  1. Chlamydia: - and cause STDs
  2. Spirochetes: - and cause Lyme Disease
  3. Cyanobacteria: - and have chlorallplasts
  4. Streptomes: + and have antibiotics to fight for control in soil
  5. Mycoplasmas: + and the smallest bacteria
94
Q

What is Bioremediation?

A

Process of rehabilitates polluted areas using micro-organisms and plants.

95
Q

What are the Kingdoms of life?

A
  1. Archaea
  2. Bacteria
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
  5. Plantea
  6. Animalia

General Biology 2 Lecture and Lab (12 decks)

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