Final Exam

Question 1

Majority of the urinary tract is lined by _____ epithelium except the _____ which is lined by?

Answer 1

transitional

except distal urethra–stratified squamous

Question 2

What two structures does the urogenital sinus give rise to?

Answer 2

urethra

urinary bladder

Question 3

Most common bladder defect affecting foals?

Answer 3

patent urachus

Question 4

Cows with hypocalcemia (milk fever) may develop which anatomic variation of the bladder?

Answer 4

eversion

Question 5

How does the composition btwn hard and soft uroliths differ?

Answer 5

Hard–mainly inorganic salt

Soft–high organic matrix

Question 6

Though the most common location for blockage with stones varies btwn spp. ALL spp. can become obstructed at which location?

Answer 6

ischial arch

Question 7

Struvite stones commonly form when there’s bladder infection with which type of bacteria?

Answer 7

Urease +

**Splits urea into ammonia and bicarb–> raising urine pH

Question 8

Most common urolith of cattle on PASTURE

Answer 8

Silica uroliths

Question 9

Oxalate uroliths are assoc. with elevations of ______ in urine??

Answer 9

Calcium

Question 10

What are the 3 purine uroliths

Answer 10

Xanthine
Uric Acid
urate

Question 11

Dalmatians are assoc. with formation of which types of stones? Why?

Answer 11

Uric acid & urate

*they have defective uptake of uric acid into hepatocytes so excess is secreted in urine

Question 12

In addition to Dalmatians, dog affected with which condition will form urate or uric acid stones?

Answer 12

patients with PSS

Question 13

Formation of xanthine calculi is assoc. with a defect or inhibition of which enzyme?

Answer 13

Xanthine oxidase

Question 14

Dalmatians being treated with ______ may be predisposed to formation of xanthine stones

Answer 14

Allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor)

Question 15

Newfoundlands:

1) what stone type are they predisposed to forming
2) why? (pathogenesis)

Answer 15

Cystine crystals

*have a defect in proximal tubules that prevents adequate re-absorption of AA–> cystine forms stones due to insolubility

Question 16

Which type of stones change appearance upon exposure to light?

Answer 16

Cystine

yellow –> brown –> green

Question 17

Enzootic hematuria in cattle is assoc. with ingestion of?

Answer 17

bracken fern

Question 18

Most common neoplasm of urinary tract?

Answer 18

Urothelial cell carcinoma (TCC)

Question 19

The most common form of TCC usually affecting the bladder

Answer 19

papillary, infiltrating

Question 20

Young St. Bernards are predisposed to development of which type of bladder neoplasm?

Answer 20

Botyroid Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 21

Name the 3 types of innervation going to the bladder and which specific nerve is responsible for each.

Answer 21

1) sympathetic (alpha and beta) supplied by hypogastric nerve
2) parasympathic (muscarinic) supplied by pelvic nerve
3) somatic (voluntary) supplied by pudendal nerve

Question 22

What are the two types of complicated LUT infections?

Answer 22

1) persistence & relapse–infection with same organism

2) reinfection–infection with a new organism

Question 23

Which uroliths are radiolucent?

Answer 23

lucent= cystine, urate, xnathine

Question 24

Which stones are responsive to dissolution diets?

Answer 24

Struvite, cystine, xanthine (urate)

Question 25

Most common antimuscarinic used to treat incontinence? How do antimuscarinics work to treat this disease?

Answer 25

Imipramine

they decrease detrusor activity and increase urethral tone

Question 26

Which type of stone commonly likes to form in the kidney

Answer 26

Ca oxalate

Question 27

Describe the MOA of

1) potassium citrate
2) vitamin B6

as they related to treatment of Ca oxalate stones

Answer 27

1) alkalinizes urine

2) inhibits crystal formation

Question 28

When performing nephrostomy, it is important to suture the external tubing to?

Answer 28

the body wall

**NOT SKIN

Question 29

Surgery on the ureter typically involves a ______ incision (direction) that is closed _______

Answer 29

longitudinal incision

close transversely–maintains better luminal dimeter

Question 30

The holding layer for the bladder?

Answer 30

submucosa

Question 31

Which urinary surgical procedure is typically left to heal by second intention

Answer 31

urethrotomy (dogs)

Question 32

The most important factor for a successful urethrostomy is the creation of a?

Answer 32

perfect mucocutaneous junction

Question 33

The causative organism for

1) necrotic posthitis
2) ulcerative posthitis

Answer 33

1) F. necrophorum

2) C. renale

Question 34

How will bladder appearance vary between eversion and prolapse (food animals)

Answer 34

With prolapse, it’s coming through a tear in the vagina–> will see SEROSAL surface

with eversion, it’s flipping inside out through the urethra–> will see MUCOSAL surface

Question 35

T/F: if you can palpate the ureter rectally in the horse, it’s definitely enlarged

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Most common type of calculi in horses

Answer 36

Ca carbonate

Question 37

Most common location for bladder rupture in horses? Most common age range affected?

Answer 37

Dorsal wall

Foals!

Question 38

Two drugs that can be used for bladder paralysis in horses and their MOAs

Answer 38

1) Bethanechol–Cholinergic (increases detrusor activity, increases intravesicular pressure, relaxes bladder neck)
2) Phenoxybenzamine–alpha antagonist (blocker) (decreases urethral sphincter tone)

Question 39

Hematuria at the END of urination is most commonly assoc. with what problem? (horses)

Answer 39

urethral rent (tear)