Final Exam Flashcards
Majority of the urinary tract is lined by _____ epithelium except the _____ which is lined by?
transitional
except distal urethra–stratified squamous
What two structures does the urogenital sinus give rise to?
urethra
urinary bladder
Most common bladder defect affecting foals?
patent urachus
Cows with hypocalcemia (milk fever) may develop which anatomic variation of the bladder?
eversion
How does the composition btwn hard and soft uroliths differ?
Hard–mainly inorganic salt
Soft–high organic matrix
Though the most common location for blockage with stones varies btwn spp. ALL spp. can become obstructed at which location?
ischial arch
Struvite stones commonly form when there’s bladder infection with which type of bacteria?
Urease +
**Splits urea into ammonia and bicarb–> raising urine pH
Most common urolith of cattle on PASTURE
Silica uroliths
Oxalate uroliths are assoc. with elevations of ______ in urine??
Calcium
What are the 3 purine uroliths
Xanthine
Uric Acid
urate
Dalmatians are assoc. with formation of which types of stones? Why?
Uric acid & urate
*they have defective uptake of uric acid into hepatocytes so excess is secreted in urine
In addition to Dalmatians, dog affected with which condition will form urate or uric acid stones?
patients with PSS
Formation of xanthine calculi is assoc. with a defect or inhibition of which enzyme?
Xanthine oxidase
Dalmatians being treated with ______ may be predisposed to formation of xanthine stones
Allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor)
Newfoundlands:
1) what stone type are they predisposed to forming
2) why? (pathogenesis)
Cystine crystals
*have a defect in proximal tubules that prevents adequate re-absorption of AA–> cystine forms stones due to insolubility
Which type of stones change appearance upon exposure to light?
Cystine
yellow –> brown –> green
Enzootic hematuria in cattle is assoc. with ingestion of?
bracken fern
Most common neoplasm of urinary tract?
Urothelial cell carcinoma (TCC)
The most common form of TCC usually affecting the bladder
papillary, infiltrating
Young St. Bernards are predisposed to development of which type of bladder neoplasm?
Botyroid Rhabdomyosarcoma
Name the 3 types of innervation going to the bladder and which specific nerve is responsible for each.
1) sympathetic (alpha and beta) supplied by hypogastric nerve
2) parasympathic (muscarinic) supplied by pelvic nerve
3) somatic (voluntary) supplied by pudendal nerve
What are the two types of complicated LUT infections?
1) persistence & relapse–infection with same organism
2) reinfection–infection with a new organism
Which uroliths are radiolucent?
lucent= cystine, urate, xnathine
Which stones are responsive to dissolution diets?
Struvite, cystine, xanthine (urate)
Most common antimuscarinic used to treat incontinence? How do antimuscarinics work to treat this disease?
Imipramine
they decrease detrusor activity and increase urethral tone
Which type of stone commonly likes to form in the kidney
Ca oxalate
Describe the MOA of
1) potassium citrate
2) vitamin B6
as they related to treatment of Ca oxalate stones
1) alkalinizes urine
2) inhibits crystal formation
When performing nephrostomy, it is important to suture the external tubing to?
the body wall
**NOT SKIN
Surgery on the ureter typically involves a ______ incision (direction) that is closed _______
longitudinal incision
close transversely–maintains better luminal dimeter
The holding layer for the bladder?
submucosa
Which urinary surgical procedure is typically left to heal by second intention
urethrotomy (dogs)
The most important factor for a successful urethrostomy is the creation of a?
perfect mucocutaneous junction
The causative organism for
1) necrotic posthitis
2) ulcerative posthitis
1) F. necrophorum
2) C. renale
How will bladder appearance vary between eversion and prolapse (food animals)
With prolapse, it’s coming through a tear in the vagina–> will see SEROSAL surface
with eversion, it’s flipping inside out through the urethra–> will see MUCOSAL surface
T/F: if you can palpate the ureter rectally in the horse, it’s definitely enlarged
True
Most common type of calculi in horses
Ca carbonate
Most common location for bladder rupture in horses? Most common age range affected?
Dorsal wall
Foals!
Two drugs that can be used for bladder paralysis in horses and their MOAs
1) Bethanechol–Cholinergic (increases detrusor activity, increases intravesicular pressure, relaxes bladder neck)
2) Phenoxybenzamine–alpha antagonist (blocker) (decreases urethral sphincter tone)
Hematuria at the END of urination is most commonly assoc. with what problem? (horses)
urethral rent (tear)
