Exam 1

Question 1

Differentiate pollakiuria from polyuria

Answer 1

Pollakiruia= increased frequency

Polyuria= increased volume

Question 2

3 ways PD can develop?

Answer 2

1) free water loss secondary to PU
2) reduced secretion of ADH
3) abnormal function of thirst center (brain)

Question 3

3 ways PU can develop?

Answer 3

1) water diuresis
2) solute diuresis
3) abnormal renal concentrating gradient

Question 4

Phase 1 of the modified water deprivation test serves to?

Answer 4

rule out/reduce medullary washout

Question 5

Phase 3 of the modified water deprivation test serves to differentiate between which two disease?

Answer 5

Central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

*exogenous ADH given (if urine concentrates= central)

Question 6

Name 6 common causes of PU/PD in dogs

Answer 6

DM
HAC
renal dz
pyometra
hypercalemia
pyelonephritis

Question 7

3 common causes of PU/PD in cats

Answer 7

renal dz
DM
hyperthyroidism

Question 8

Which portion of the glomerulus is responsible for:

1) size selectivity
2) charge selectivity

Answer 8

1) glomerular basement membrane

2) podocytes

Question 9

Hallmark finding of glomerular disease

Answer 9

Proteinuria

Question 10

Which types of diseases can lead to buildup of IgA?

Answer 10

Gastrointestinal–excess IgA production

Hepatic–decreased IgA clearance

Question 11

How do Shar-Pei differ with respect to amyloidosis

Answer 11

they get deposits in renal medulla instead of glomeruli

Question 12

Most common form of amyloidosis & it’s pathogenesis?

Answer 12

Reactive

chronic inflammatory condition leads to release of serum amyloid A (SAA) which is main protein involved in making amyloid

Question 13

3 phases of Shar-Pei Fever (familial amyloidosis)

Answer 13

pre-deposition
rapid deposition
plateau

Question 14

Why can hypercoaguability develop with glomerular disease?

Answer 14

Can lose antithrombin through glomerulus (it’s smaller than albumin)

Question 15

What 4 findings are characteristic for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 15

Hypoalbuminemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Proteinuria
Edema

Question 16

The urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) corrects for?

Answer 16

Urine specific gravity

Question 17

Two forms of pathologic renal proteinuria

Answer 17

glomerular

tubular

Question 18

T/F: kidney biopsy is a first line diagnostic tool for glomerular disease

Answer 18

FALSE–only biopsy if an underlying cause cannot be found

Question 19

When is the UPC abnormal in:

1) dogs
2) cats

Answer 19

1) when >0.5

2) when >0.4

Question 20

4 goals of glomerular disease treatment

Answer 20

1) reduce proteinuria
2) control hypercoagulability
3) normalize BP
4) reduce tubular inflammation

Question 21

Describe the use of ACE inhibitors in tx of glomerular disease

Answer 21

they prevent angiotensin-II mediated constriction of EFFERENT arteriol–reduces glomerular pressure

Question 22

Which treatment should not be implemented before a biopsy is performed?

Answer 22

long-term steroid therapy

Question 23

2 mechanisms by which nephrotoxins cause damage

Answer 23

1) renal ischemia

2) direct nephrotoxicity

Question 24

Which 2 prostaglandins are blocked by NSAIDs & are important renal vasodilators

Answer 24

PGE2 & PGI2

Question 25

Most animals present in which stage of EG toxicity?

Answer 25

Stage 3 (acute intrinsic renal failure)

Question 26

3 end products of EG metabolism?

Answer 26

Hippuric acid
Oxalate
CO2

Question 27

Name the top 3 most toxic metabolites of EG (from most to least toxic)

Answer 27

1) Glyoxylic acid
2) glycoaldehyde
3) glycolic acid

Question 28

What is the general therapy goal when treating an animal with 4-MP or ethanol for EG toxicity?

Answer 28

reduce the metabolism of EG to its toxic metabolites

Question 29

For which enzyme does ethanol compete to prevent EG metabolism?

Answer 29

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 30

Grape/raisin toxicity primarily effects which part of the nephron?

Answer 30

proximal tubules

Question 31

Primary electrolyte imbalance seen with grape/raisin toxicity?

Answer 31

Hypercalcemia