Exam 1 Flashcards
Differentiate pollakiuria from polyuria
Pollakiruia= increased frequency
Polyuria= increased volume
3 ways PD can develop?
1) free water loss secondary to PU
2) reduced secretion of ADH
3) abnormal function of thirst center (brain)
3 ways PU can develop?
1) water diuresis
2) solute diuresis
3) abnormal renal concentrating gradient
Phase 1 of the modified water deprivation test serves to?
rule out/reduce medullary washout
Phase 3 of the modified water deprivation test serves to differentiate between which two disease?
Central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
*exogenous ADH given (if urine concentrates= central)
Name 6 common causes of PU/PD in dogs
DM HAC renal dz pyometra hypercalemia pyelonephritis
3 common causes of PU/PD in cats
renal dz
DM
hyperthyroidism
Which portion of the glomerulus is responsible for:
1) size selectivity
2) charge selectivity
1) glomerular basement membrane
2) podocytes
Hallmark finding of glomerular disease
Proteinuria
Which types of diseases can lead to buildup of IgA?
Gastrointestinal–excess IgA production
Hepatic–decreased IgA clearance
How do Shar-Pei differ with respect to amyloidosis
they get deposits in renal medulla instead of glomeruli
Most common form of amyloidosis & it’s pathogenesis?
Reactive
chronic inflammatory condition leads to release of serum amyloid A (SAA) which is main protein involved in making amyloid
3 phases of Shar-Pei Fever (familial amyloidosis)
pre-deposition
rapid deposition
plateau
Why can hypercoaguability develop with glomerular disease?
Can lose antithrombin through glomerulus (it’s smaller than albumin)
What 4 findings are characteristic for nephrotic syndrome?
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Proteinuria
Edema
The urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) corrects for?
Urine specific gravity
Two forms of pathologic renal proteinuria
glomerular
tubular
T/F: kidney biopsy is a first line diagnostic tool for glomerular disease
FALSE–only biopsy if an underlying cause cannot be found
When is the UPC abnormal in:
1) dogs
2) cats
1) when >0.5
2) when >0.4
4 goals of glomerular disease treatment
1) reduce proteinuria
2) control hypercoagulability
3) normalize BP
4) reduce tubular inflammation
Describe the use of ACE inhibitors in tx of glomerular disease
they prevent angiotensin-II mediated constriction of EFFERENT arteriol–reduces glomerular pressure
Which treatment should not be implemented before a biopsy is performed?
long-term steroid therapy
2 mechanisms by which nephrotoxins cause damage
1) renal ischemia
2) direct nephrotoxicity
Which 2 prostaglandins are blocked by NSAIDs & are important renal vasodilators
PGE2 & PGI2
Most animals present in which stage of EG toxicity?
Stage 3 (acute intrinsic renal failure)
3 end products of EG metabolism?
Hippuric acid
Oxalate
CO2
Name the top 3 most toxic metabolites of EG (from most to least toxic)
1) Glyoxylic acid
2) glycoaldehyde
3) glycolic acid
What is the general therapy goal when treating an animal with 4-MP or ethanol for EG toxicity?
reduce the metabolism of EG to its toxic metabolites
For which enzyme does ethanol compete to prevent EG metabolism?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Grape/raisin toxicity primarily effects which part of the nephron?
proximal tubules
Primary electrolyte imbalance seen with grape/raisin toxicity?
Hypercalcemia
