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CJ and 101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Crime

A

actions that violate laws defining which socially harmful behaviors will be subject to the governments power to impose punishments

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2
Q

Mala in se

A

crimes such as murder or assault that are traditionally considered to be “wrong in themselves”

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3
Q

Mala prohibita

A

crimes such as gambling or prostitution that are NOT “wrong in themselves” but are prohibited by law

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4
Q

Evidence based practices

A

policies developed through guidance from research studies that demonstrate which approaches are most useful and cost effective for advancing desired goals

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5
Q

System

A

a complex whole made up of interdependent parts whose actions are directed toward goals and influenced by the environment in which they function

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6
Q

exchange

A

the mutual transfer of resources among individual actors, each of whom has goals that he or she cannot accomplish alone

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7
Q

discretion

A

officials freedom to act according to their own judgment and conscience

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8
Q

Filtering

A

a screening process

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9
Q

Disparity

A

differnece between groups

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10
Q

Discrimination

A

differential treatment based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation or economic status

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11
Q

criminology

A

learning about criminal behavior, the nature of offenders and how crime can be prevented

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12
Q

Neoclassical criminology

A

rational choices, but differences among individuals

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13
Q

Life course theories

A

theories that identify factors affecting the start, duration, nature, and end of criminal behavior over the life of the offender

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14
Q

Integrated theories

A

theories that combine differing theoretical perspectives into a larger model

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15
Q

Legal responsibility

A

the accountability of an individual for a crime because of the perpetrators behavior and the circumstances of the illegal act

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16
Q

substantive criminal law

A

defines actions that may be punished by the government and specifies the punishments for each offense

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17
Q

Procedural criminal law

A

defines the procedures that must be followed by the criminal justice officials and specifies defendants rights

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18
Q

premeditated

A

more than a moment in point of time

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19
Q

mens rea

A

the state of mind that makes it appropriate to hold him or her responsible for the act

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20
Q

Bill of rights

A

first 10 amendments

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21
Q

entrapment

A

the defense that the individual was induced by the police to commit the criminal act

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22
Q

organized crimes

A

crimes that are committed by groups with a defined organizational structure and hierarchy

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23
Q

felony

A

serious crime, usually carrying a penalty of incarceration for more than one year

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24
Q

actus reus

A

for a crime to occur there must be an act of commission or omission by the accused

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25
Q

transnational crime

A

a crime that involves proft-seeking criminal activities that involve planning, execution, or victimization that crosses national borders

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26
Q

visible crime

A

the type of crime termed “street crime” or “ordinary crime” involving criminal acts that are the least protected

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27
Q

adjudication

A

the determination of whether or not a defendant is guilty

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28
Q

UCR

A

statistical summary of crimes reported to the police

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29
Q

due process model

A

model that emphasizes efficient processing of cases in order to repress crime

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30
Q

socialization

A

the process in which members learn the symbols, beliefs, and values of a group

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31
Q

law enforcement

A

police function of controlling crime by intervening in situations where the law has been violated

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32
Q

probably cause

A

reliable information indicating that it is more likely than not that a specific person is guilty of a crime

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33
Q

arrest

A

a significant deprivation of liberty, involving taking a person into custody, transporting them to a police station or jail, processing g them into the criminal justice system

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34
Q

the frankpledge

A

medieval English system i which groups of families agreed to uphold the law, keep order, and bring violators

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35
Q

subculture

A

symbols, beliefs, and attitudes shared by members of a subgroup within a large society

36
Q

SRO

A

police officers assigned for duty i schools to assist in order maintenance while also developing positive relationships with students that may assist in delinquency prevention

37
Q

Stop

A

a brief interference with a persons freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minutes

38
Q

Affidavit

A

what police officers seeking a warrant present to a judge

39
Q

Special populations

A

runaways and neglected children as well as people who suffer from homelessness, drug addiction, mental illness, or alcoholism, pose challenges for the police

40
Q

inevitable discovery rule

A

evidence that would have been discovered without the need for a warrant can be admissible

41
Q

order maintenance

A

the police function involving a broad mandate to prevent behavior that disturbs the peace or involves face to face conflict

42
Q

Clearance rate

A

the percentage of crimes that police believe they have solved through an arrest

43
Q

Specialized units

A

most mid to large departments will frequently have units such as vice, homicide, juvenile, and plainclothes officers

44
Q

Consent

A

type of search allows officers to conduct a permissible warrantless search of a person, vehicle, home or location after receiving permission form the person in question

45
Q

political era

A

historical era of policing involved close ties between police and local leaders of government

46
Q

internal affairs

A

this is the unit of a police department that receives and investigates complaints alleging violation of rules and policies on the part of officers

47
Q

exclusionary rule

A

according to this rule a suspect who during a frisk which is not justified by proper observation and reasonable suspicion is found to be carrying drugs or weapons can seek to have the evidence excluded

48
Q

stop and frisk search

A

a “pat down” search

49
Q

service

A

police officers who provide first aid, rescue animals or help the homeless

50
Q

patrol

A

police function that includes the familiar sight of uniformed and armed officers on call 24 hours a day also called the backbone of police operations (counts for 2/3 of all sworn officers)

51
Q

corruption

A

officer who participate in violations of law and departmental policy for personal gain

52
Q

community crime prevention

A

the idea that crime control does not rest solely with t he police

53
Q

plain view doctrine

A

doctrine permits officers to notice and use evidence items that are visible to them when they are in a location that they are permitted to be

54
Q

unreasonable searches

A

the type of search are people protected from according to the 4th amendment

55
Q

Adversarial process

A

lawyers for each side represent their clients bet interests in presenting evidence and arguments as a means to discover the truth and protect the rights of the defendant. Other countries use an inquistorial process

56
Q

Jurisdiction

A

the geographic territory or legal boundaries within which control may be exercised; the range of the courts authority

57
Q

norm enforcement

A

enforcing society’s rules, standards, and values peace and stability

58
Q

dispute processing

A

resolving disagreements fairly and peacefully

59
Q

policy making

A

interpretation of the constitution and laws defining rights

60
Q

local legal culture

A

norms shared by members of a court community as to how cases should be handled and how a participant should behave in the judicial process

61
Q

going rate

A

shared view of the appropriate sentence for the offense

62
Q

work group

A

a network of roles of individuals who interact in the courtroom

63
Q

arraignment

A

court appearance where charges are read, accused pleads guilty or not guilty

64
Q

motions

A

if going to trial the judge hears pre-trial motions (including motion for release on bail)

65
Q

bail

A

if a person is in preventive detention

66
Q

prosecutor

A

the house counsel and the trial counsel for the police

67
Q

partisan election

A

this type of election occurs when a judicial candidate is openly endorsed by a political party

68
Q

intermediate sanctions

A

punishmens that fall somewhere between probation and prison

69
Q

adversarial

A

the system which trials in the united states pit prosecutor against defense attorney

70
Q

challenge for cause

A

an attorney may remove a prospective juror by showing that he or she has some bias or some other legal disability

71
Q

peremptory challenge

A

judge may remove a prospective juror without giving a reason

72
Q

witherspoon excludables

A

people whose opposition to the death penalty is so strong as to prevent or substantially impair the performance of their duty on a jury

73
Q

Voir Dire

A

the process of screening out jurors that might be biased or other wise incapable of being fair

74
Q

reasonable doubt

A

the standard used by a jury to decide if the prosecution has provided enough evidence for a conviction

75
Q

defense attorney

A

the person who represents accused and convicted persons in the criminal justice system

76
Q

bench trial

A

trials conducted by a judge who acts as fact finder and determines issues of law, with no jury

77
Q

incapacitation

A

depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society by detaining the offender in prison

78
Q

specific deterrence

A

punishment designed to affect the future choice and behavior of an individual and targeted at an individual who has already been convicted

79
Q

custodial model

A

security,discipline, order

80
Q

rehabilitation model

A

programs to reform the offender

81
Q

reintegration model

A

maintain the offenders ties to family and community

82
Q

convict world

A

society divided along social, ethnic, and gang subgroups

83
Q

inmate code

A

traditions,norms, and leadership structure, dictates behavior,ultra masculine world solidarity against staff

84
Q

doing time

A

brief break in criminal career, avoid trouble

85
Q

gleaning

A

take advantage of prison programs

86
Q

jailing

A

cut themselves off from outside construct a life within the prison, seek power and influence

87
Q

disorganized criminal

A

cannot adjust, used by others, develop emotional disorders, violate prison rules

CJ and 101 (4 decks)

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