Final Exam Flashcards
Deterrence
- Preventing another actor from doing something (mostly negative) they would otherwise do.
ex. Nuclear deterrence
Compellence
- Forcing others to do something that they would not otherwise do.
ex. bombing campaigns
Counter balancing
-joining an alliance against stronger states or coalition
Soft balancing
-The use of diplomacy, international institutions and international law to constrain the hegemony
Second-strike capability
- The ability of a state to deliver a counter attack after being attacked
- Critical to the success of nuclear deterrence
Mutually Assured Destruction
-Reciprocal second-strike capabilities will cause nuclear annihilation
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
- Effective since 1970
- 189 parties
Who did not sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty?
- North Korea
- Pakistan
- Israel
- India
Comprehensive Treaty Band (CTBT)
- Bans all nuclear explosions in all environments for military/ civilian purposes
- Has not entered into force as four of the 44 necessary states (China, Egypt, Israel,Iran, U.S.) had not yet ratified the treaty
Collective Security
- Principals and prerequisite
- Aggressive use of force by any states will be met by combined force of all other states
- Jointly opposing aggression
ex. Nato, UN, African Union, OAS and CSTO
Six Requirements of Successful Collective Security System
- Universally agreed definition of aggression
- An international institution
- Allocating the costs of resisting aggression
- States must be committed
- Member willing to give up some of their rights
- Diffusion of power in the international system
Peacekeeping as an alternative to collective security?
- Based on invitation of the host government
- Two main functions
- Observing- unarmed military officers, watch and then report back to the UN
- Peacekeeping
- interpose- separate the two sides at war “create a thin blue line”
- Negotiate- invite military officers from both sides to sit down at a table and talk out their issues (mediation)
- Making peace more likely to last and to last longer
- Peacekeeping vs. peacemaking/peacebuilding
- Despite challenges and limitations peacekeeping operations continue
Other ways to promote peace
- providing a forum for debate
- mediaton
- sending inquires (fact finding mission)
- Arbitration
- Instituting sanctions
- creating “positive peace”
- Economic and social council
The future of the UN
- Budget Crisis
- Structure and representation
- UN will continue to be a significant global actor
International law
- set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and nations
International law: liberalism
-International law can provide incentives to cooperate
International law: realism
- international law is often irrelevant, international community is anarchic
- Lack of enforcement mechanism
- Lack of an authoritative legislative body of formulate laws
5 Sources of international law
- international treaties
- international customs
- the general principals of law recognition by civilian nations
- Previous judicial decisions
- the writings of recognized legal scholars
Human life index
- Life expectancy
- Income
- Education
New International Economic Order
Name used to describe the developing states’ goal of a reformed, more equitable international economy .
Economic cartel
Association of states aiming to control production and pricing of a commodity
Structural adjustment programs
Conditions attached to IMF and World Bank loans requiring countries to liberalize an privatize based on the principles of economic liberalism
North-South Gap
North is wealthier while south has more goods but suffers from poverty
State capitalism
Economic system in which the government is the leading economic actor and uses markets for political purposes
International Criminal Court
Permanent tribunal that tries individuals accused of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes
Humanitarian Interventions
Threats os use of force against a state accused of perpetrating or allowing human rights violations
Criticisms to Humanitarian interventions
-some question weather the consequences of any military interventions are worth human rights abuses short of genocide
Right to War (Jus ad Bellum)
- Right to authority
- just cause
- right intention
- last resort
- proportionality
- Reasonable hope
- relative justice
- open declaration
Rules of War (Jus in Bello)
- Discrimination
- Proportionality
Rights of POWs (Geneva Convention)
- Soldiers have the right to surrender and become prisoners of war
- treated as humanly as possible
- Red Cross may tend to their needs
The concepts of the Geneva Convention)
- Protect civilians
- Prisoners of war, have rights that must be protected and respected.
Security Council
- UN institution for international peace and security
- Composed of five permanent members with veto power and ten non permanent members
General Assembly
Institution in which all member states are equally represented
International Court of Justice
UN-associated tribunal for settlement of disputes between states
Relations between alliance formation and war
Counterbalance —> polarization —> intensifying conflict —-> arms race —-> escalation of crisis —-> possible war
Standard Operating Theory
Prearranged responses or routines used frequently by bureaucracies
Transnational relations
Interactions across state boundaries when at least one actor is a non state actor or an intergovernmental organization.
Soft power
Influence based on the attraction of one’s ideas or on the ability to set the political agenda in a way that shapes the preferences of others
Asymmetrical warfare
Unconventional fighting between unequal belligerents that often involves ambush or guerrilla tactics to destroy the more powerful side’s will to fight, rather than not military conquer it.
Paradox of unrealized power
A situation in which a stat that possess greater military capabilities loses in conflicts to apparently much weaker actions
Anarchy
According to realism it is a defining feature of the international system wherein there is no overarching political authority or world government
Components of a state
- government
- territory
- people
- recognition
- leader
Realism
- states are most important actors in global politics
- states pursue tier interests, defined as power
- maximization of power
- power politics perspective
- selfhelp to protect its own interests
- states are competitive
- conflict is inevitable
- military force
- power considerations must come first
- refrain from applying moral principals to state actions
Liberalism
- multiple actors (Transnational actors IGO’s, substate actors)
- multiple issues, not just military security (economic, ideological, religion, and cultural issues)
- limited effectiveness of military force (states are concentrated in their use of military power, expect more cooperation in global politics
Idealism
- morals and values shape individual and state behavior
- more normative perspective (what should we do based on “normal” behavior.
- War must be our last resort
- humans are basically good
- believe in international organizations
- cooperations is desirable for peace
- Woodrow Wilson (1918)
- 14 points
- League of Nations (1919-1946)
- Self determination
Dependency Theory
- colonization made them poor (imperialism)
- even after decolonization, the core continues to exploit the periphery
- seeks equality and justice-normative arguments
Neo-Marxism
focused on: the competition among economic classes
- central arguments: the more powerful classes oppress and exploit the less powerful
- political relationship between rich and poor —> globalization of class struggle to world regions
Constructivism
- important aspects of global politics, are socially “constructed” through values, norms, beliefs and discourse
- approach rather than theory
- states interests and identities are complex and changing
- power politics, anarchy, or military force cannot explain changes
Feminism perspective
- consistant w.constructivism perspective
- argues that international relations theorizing is largely bases on masculine assumptions and reasoning
- realism ignores weaker states
- argues that women have been systematically omitted.
Essentail feminism
- argues that gender differences are biologically determined
- women are less prone to conflict and more cooperative
Liberalism feminism
- gender role are socially constructed or created and reinforced by the social environment
- focuses on unique contributions that women can make
Core
industrialized countries (north america, eastern Europe )
Periphery
extraction of raw materials (africa, latin america)
Sovereignty
right to rule, right to do what you want other’s don’t have a say on domestic state affairs (Native American reservations)
End of the Cold War
- Fall of the Berlin Wall
- Soviet Union disbanded
- Disarmament effort between the US and soviet union
- China’s pro-democracy demonstrating
- China’s rapid economic growth
- Perestroika and Glasnost
- Revolutions in Eastern Europe
- Warsaw Pact officially disbanded
- War in the Gulf
Bush Doctrine
- George W. Bush
- unilateralism (doing it alone)
- preemption (strike before)
- Military strength
- Advocates democratizing in the middle east (created war)
New World Order
- George W. H. Bush
- democratization
- globalized markets
- multilateral cooperation
Failed states
- unstable countries with no clear functioning government -food storage, refugee crisis, significant human rights violations
- implications the international community
5 nuclear powers
- china
- France
- UK
- US
- Russia
Globalization
- interdependance
- integration
- interrelatedness
Economic globalization
- trade, productions, and investment being multinational
- regional economic unions
- exclusive economic union
- “gated globalization”
- WTO
- MNC’s
- Spread of economic and financial crisis
- Shift in the balance of economic power
Political globalization
- increased importance of IGO’s and NGO’s
- Global governance- collective actions
Cultural globalization
- exchange of food, music, people, products, ideals and technology across national boundaries
- Americanization
- coca-colonization
Nation
- community sharing a common identity
- common collective identity
- often based on shared ethnicity, language, religion, or historical experience
- psychological concept
Multinational State
UK
North and South Korea
Stateless nation
- Pakistan
- Kurdistan
Nation States
-group of people who have developed a state for themselves
US, Israel
Terrorism organizations
- membership, support, targets, activities, or aim that cross state boarder
- also can be international operations
- terrorism challenges the state system
Rational actors models
- assumes individuals are rational
- decision process
- clarify goal(s)
- weighing of alternatives and consequences
- optimal courses of action
Opperational Code
- the beliefs of political leaders about the nature of the political universe and the ways dealing with others in politics
- general way of describing leaders ideologies and orientations to politics
Images
-set of belief’s or perceptions that leaders have about another country regarding its capabilities, motivations, political systems and culture
Enemy image
- belief that another country is inherently threatening and immoral
- mirror image- when leaders of two countries hold enemy image of each other ( Russia vs. US)
Historical analogies
- belief that a current situation, event and or leader is very similar to something or someone from the past
- exaggerating the similarities will likely produce poor decisions
- vietnam syndrome
- Hong Kong’s pro democracy movement
Cognitive consistency theory
taking information that is consistent with beliefs that they already hold
