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POLS 260 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Deterrence

A
  • Preventing another actor from doing something (mostly negative) they would otherwise do.
    ex. Nuclear deterrence
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2
Q

Compellence

A
  • Forcing others to do something that they would not otherwise do.
    ex. bombing campaigns
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3
Q

Counter balancing

A

-joining an alliance against stronger states or coalition

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4
Q

Soft balancing

A

-The use of diplomacy, international institutions and international law to constrain the hegemony

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5
Q

Second-strike capability

A
  • The ability of a state to deliver a counter attack after being attacked
  • Critical to the success of nuclear deterrence
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6
Q

Mutually Assured Destruction

A

-Reciprocal second-strike capabilities will cause nuclear annihilation

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7
Q

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

A
  • Effective since 1970

- 189 parties

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8
Q

Who did not sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty?

A
  • North Korea
  • Pakistan
  • Israel
  • India
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9
Q

Comprehensive Treaty Band (CTBT)

A
  • Bans all nuclear explosions in all environments for military/ civilian purposes
  • Has not entered into force as four of the 44 necessary states (China, Egypt, Israel,Iran, U.S.) had not yet ratified the treaty
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10
Q

Collective Security

A
  • Principals and prerequisite
  • Aggressive use of force by any states will be met by combined force of all other states
  • Jointly opposing aggression
    ex. Nato, UN, African Union, OAS and CSTO
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11
Q

Six Requirements of Successful Collective Security System

A
  • Universally agreed definition of aggression
  • An international institution
  • Allocating the costs of resisting aggression
  • States must be committed
  • Member willing to give up some of their rights
  • Diffusion of power in the international system
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12
Q

Peacekeeping as an alternative to collective security?

A
  • Based on invitation of the host government
  • Two main functions
    1. Observing- unarmed military officers, watch and then report back to the UN
    2. Peacekeeping
      • interpose- separate the two sides at war “create a thin blue line”
      • Negotiate- invite military officers from both sides to sit down at a table and talk out their issues (mediation)
  • Making peace more likely to last and to last longer
  • Peacekeeping vs. peacemaking/peacebuilding
  • Despite challenges and limitations peacekeeping operations continue
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13
Q

Other ways to promote peace

A
  • providing a forum for debate
  • mediaton
  • sending inquires (fact finding mission)
  • Arbitration
  • Instituting sanctions
  • creating “positive peace”
  • Economic and social council
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14
Q

The future of the UN

A
  • Budget Crisis
  • Structure and representation
  • UN will continue to be a significant global actor
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15
Q

International law

A
  • set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and nations
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16
Q

International law: liberalism

A

-International law can provide incentives to cooperate

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17
Q

International law: realism

A
  • international law is often irrelevant, international community is anarchic
  • Lack of enforcement mechanism
  • Lack of an authoritative legislative body of formulate laws
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18
Q

5 Sources of international law

A
  1. international treaties
  2. international customs
  3. the general principals of law recognition by civilian nations
  4. Previous judicial decisions
  5. the writings of recognized legal scholars
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19
Q

Human life index

A
  • Life expectancy
  • Income
  • Education
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20
Q

New International Economic Order

A

Name used to describe the developing states’ goal of a reformed, more equitable international economy .

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21
Q

Economic cartel

A

Association of states aiming to control production and pricing of a commodity

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22
Q

Structural adjustment programs

A

Conditions attached to IMF and World Bank loans requiring countries to liberalize an privatize based on the principles of economic liberalism

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23
Q

North-South Gap

A

North is wealthier while south has more goods but suffers from poverty

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24
Q

State capitalism

A

Economic system in which the government is the leading economic actor and uses markets for political purposes

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25
Q

International Criminal Court

A

Permanent tribunal that tries individuals accused of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes

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26
Q

Humanitarian Interventions

A

Threats os use of force against a state accused of perpetrating or allowing human rights violations

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27
Q

Criticisms to Humanitarian interventions

A

-some question weather the consequences of any military interventions are worth human rights abuses short of genocide

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28
Q

Right to War (Jus ad Bellum)

A
  • Right to authority
  • just cause
  • right intention
  • last resort
  • proportionality
  • Reasonable hope
  • relative justice
  • open declaration
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29
Q

Rules of War (Jus in Bello)

A
  • Discrimination

- Proportionality

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30
Q

Rights of POWs (Geneva Convention)

A
  • Soldiers have the right to surrender and become prisoners of war
  • treated as humanly as possible
  • Red Cross may tend to their needs
31
Q

The concepts of the Geneva Convention)

A
  • Protect civilians

- Prisoners of war, have rights that must be protected and respected.

32
Q

Security Council

A
  • UN institution for international peace and security

- Composed of five permanent members with veto power and ten non permanent members

33
Q

General Assembly

A

Institution in which all member states are equally represented

34
Q

International Court of Justice

A

UN-associated tribunal for settlement of disputes between states

35
Q

Relations between alliance formation and war

A

Counterbalance —> polarization —> intensifying conflict —-> arms race —-> escalation of crisis —-> possible war

36
Q

Standard Operating Theory

A

Prearranged responses or routines used frequently by bureaucracies

37
Q

Transnational relations

A

Interactions across state boundaries when at least one actor is a non state actor or an intergovernmental organization.

38
Q

Soft power

A

Influence based on the attraction of one’s ideas or on the ability to set the political agenda in a way that shapes the preferences of others

39
Q

Asymmetrical warfare

A

Unconventional fighting between unequal belligerents that often involves ambush or guerrilla tactics to destroy the more powerful side’s will to fight, rather than not military conquer it.

40
Q

Paradox of unrealized power

A

A situation in which a stat that possess greater military capabilities loses in conflicts to apparently much weaker actions

41
Q

Anarchy

A

According to realism it is a defining feature of the international system wherein there is no overarching political authority or world government

42
Q

Components of a state

A
  • government
  • territory
  • people
  • recognition
  • leader
43
Q

Realism

A
  • states are most important actors in global politics
  • states pursue tier interests, defined as power
  • maximization of power
  • power politics perspective
  • selfhelp to protect its own interests
  • states are competitive
  • conflict is inevitable
  • military force
  • power considerations must come first
  • refrain from applying moral principals to state actions
44
Q

Liberalism

A
  • multiple actors (Transnational actors IGO’s, substate actors)
  • multiple issues, not just military security (economic, ideological, religion, and cultural issues)
  • limited effectiveness of military force (states are concentrated in their use of military power, expect more cooperation in global politics
45
Q

Idealism

A
  • morals and values shape individual and state behavior
  • more normative perspective (what should we do based on “normal” behavior.
  • War must be our last resort
  • humans are basically good
  • believe in international organizations
  • cooperations is desirable for peace
    • Woodrow Wilson (1918)
    • 14 points
    • League of Nations (1919-1946)
    • Self determination
46
Q

Dependency Theory

A
  • colonization made them poor (imperialism)
  • even after decolonization, the core continues to exploit the periphery
  • seeks equality and justice-normative arguments
47
Q

Neo-Marxism

A

focused on: the competition among economic classes

  • central arguments: the more powerful classes oppress and exploit the less powerful
  • political relationship between rich and poor —> globalization of class struggle to world regions
48
Q

Constructivism

A
  • important aspects of global politics, are socially “constructed” through values, norms, beliefs and discourse
  • approach rather than theory
  • states interests and identities are complex and changing
  • power politics, anarchy, or military force cannot explain changes
49
Q

Feminism perspective

A
  • consistant w.constructivism perspective
  • argues that international relations theorizing is largely bases on masculine assumptions and reasoning
  • realism ignores weaker states
  • argues that women have been systematically omitted.
50
Q

Essentail feminism

A
  • argues that gender differences are biologically determined
  • women are less prone to conflict and more cooperative
51
Q

Liberalism feminism

A
  • gender role are socially constructed or created and reinforced by the social environment
  • focuses on unique contributions that women can make
52
Q

Core

A

industrialized countries (north america, eastern Europe )

53
Q

Periphery

A

extraction of raw materials (africa, latin america)

54
Q

Sovereignty

A

right to rule, right to do what you want other’s don’t have a say on domestic state affairs (Native American reservations)

55
Q

End of the Cold War

A
  • Fall of the Berlin Wall
  • Soviet Union disbanded
  • Disarmament effort between the US and soviet union
  • China’s pro-democracy demonstrating
  • China’s rapid economic growth
  • Perestroika and Glasnost
  • Revolutions in Eastern Europe
  • Warsaw Pact officially disbanded
  • War in the Gulf
56
Q

Bush Doctrine

A
  • George W. Bush
  • unilateralism (doing it alone)
  • preemption (strike before)
  • Military strength
  • Advocates democratizing in the middle east (created war)
57
Q

New World Order

A
  • George W. H. Bush
  • democratization
  • globalized markets
  • multilateral cooperation
58
Q

Failed states

A
  • unstable countries with no clear functioning government -food storage, refugee crisis, significant human rights violations
  • implications the international community
59
Q

5 nuclear powers

A
  • china
  • France
  • UK
  • US
  • Russia
60
Q

Globalization

A
  • interdependance
  • integration
  • interrelatedness
61
Q

Economic globalization

A
  • trade, productions, and investment being multinational
  • regional economic unions
  • exclusive economic union
  • “gated globalization”
  • WTO
  • MNC’s
  • Spread of economic and financial crisis
  • Shift in the balance of economic power
62
Q

Political globalization

A
  • increased importance of IGO’s and NGO’s

- Global governance- collective actions

63
Q

Cultural globalization

A
  • exchange of food, music, people, products, ideals and technology across national boundaries
  • Americanization
  • coca-colonization
64
Q

Nation

A
  • community sharing a common identity
  • common collective identity
  • often based on shared ethnicity, language, religion, or historical experience
  • psychological concept
65
Q

Multinational State

A

UK

North and South Korea

66
Q

Stateless nation

A
  • Pakistan

- Kurdistan

67
Q

Nation States

A

-group of people who have developed a state for themselves

US, Israel

68
Q

Terrorism organizations

A
  • membership, support, targets, activities, or aim that cross state boarder
  • also can be international operations
  • terrorism challenges the state system
69
Q

Rational actors models

A
  • assumes individuals are rational
  • decision process
    1. clarify goal(s)
    2. weighing of alternatives and consequences
    3. optimal courses of action
70
Q

Opperational Code

A
  • the beliefs of political leaders about the nature of the political universe and the ways dealing with others in politics
  • general way of describing leaders ideologies and orientations to politics
71
Q

Images

A

-set of belief’s or perceptions that leaders have about another country regarding its capabilities, motivations, political systems and culture

72
Q

Enemy image

A
  • belief that another country is inherently threatening and immoral
  • mirror image- when leaders of two countries hold enemy image of each other ( Russia vs. US)
73
Q

Historical analogies

A
  • belief that a current situation, event and or leader is very similar to something or someone from the past
  • exaggerating the similarities will likely produce poor decisions
    • vietnam syndrome
    • Hong Kong’s pro democracy movement
74
Q

Cognitive consistency theory

A

taking information that is consistent with beliefs that they already hold

POLS 260 (3 decks)

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