Final Exam Flashcards
What is the Limbic System of the brain?
Emotions: Agression, Fear
Emotionally-Conditioned Behaviour
Short-Term memory Processing
Where is the Hypothalamus
At the base of the thalamus in the Dienchephlon
Where is the Motor componant of the Trigeminal (V)
Pons
Where is the Sensory Nuecli of the Trigeminal (V)?
In the Medulla
What branch of the Trigeminal is Motor?
v3 Mandibular (Motor to masticatory mm) (Sensory to lower jaw, tongue, cheek, and ear)
What hole does the Trigeminal V3 Mandibular exit the skull?
Oval Foramen
Is Trigeminal V2 Maxillary Sensory or Motor? And to what?
What hole does the Trigeminal V2 Maxillary exit the skull through?
- Sensory - Nose and Upper Jaw
- Round Foramen
- Is the Trigeminal V1 Opthalmic Motor or Sensory? And to what?
- What hole does it exit the skull?
- What 3 other crainial nerves exit the skull through this hole?
- Sensory to the Eye
- Orbital Fissure
- Crainal Nerves III, IV, VI
- III = Oculormotor
- IV = Trochlear
- VI = Abducent
What nerve is sensory to the entire muzzle? And where does it exit?
Infraorbital Nerve which is a branch of the V2 Maxillary Branch of the Trigeminal
Indicate the areas of cutaneous sensation related to the 3 branches of the Trigeminal Nerve
What nerve could be damaged to cause Dry Eye?
Major petrosal Nerve which is a branch of the Facial VII nerve.
- What nerve crosses the tympanic membrane exposing it to infections?
- What is it Motor to?
- What is it Sensory to?
- Chorda tympani which is a branch of the Facial Nerve VII
- Motor to Sublingual, Submandibular salivary glands
- Sensory to Taste Buds - Rostral 2/3rds of tongue
What nerves can be damaged by ear infections?
Corda tympani and Facial (proper)
Where does the Facial (VII) nerve exit the skull?
Stylomastoid Foramen
Testing Sensory to the inside and outside of the ear pinnea,what 2 nerves are involved?
Inside is Facial VII
Outside is Trigeminal (Mandibular)
Facial nerve is Motor and Sensory to what parts of the body?
Motor to the facial muscles
Sensory to the inner surface of the ear
The Facial Nerve and the Vestibularcochlear Nerve enter the skull through which hole?
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Name the 3 branches of the Facial Muscle shown in the picture
Name the Glands and Ducts here
The Glossopharyngeal IX is Motor to what and Sensory to Where?
Where does the Glossopharyngeal IX exit the skull?
- Motor to the Pharynx and Sensory to the Tongue
- Tympanooccipital Fissue along with Vagus X and Accessory XI
Which two nerves run through the Pharyngeal Plexus?
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
WHat nerve do the Cranial ANd Recurrent laryngeal nerve branch from?
Vagus
The Vagus Nerve runs alongside which Artery?
Carotid Artery
Where does the Hypoglossal exit the skull?
What function does it have and to what?
Hypoglossal Canal
Motor to the Tongue
Name the 4 nerves shown in this picture.
What Branch of the Facial (VII) joins a branch of the Mandibular (V3)?
And what nerve is this called?
What is its function?
Chorda Tympani (VII) Joins the Lingual Nerve (Branch of the Mandibular (V3)
The Function of this is senxory to the 2/3rds of the tongue
Name the ganglion where the Vagus splits to Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Middle Cervical Ganglion
-Then travels along the Ansus Sub Claivian to the Cervicothoracic ganglion
There has been nerve damage to this Cat. What is the syndrome called?
Horners Syndrome
What are 2 reasons an eye would look sunken in?
Through Atrophy of the Masticatory Muscles (Temporal Muscle), or through Emanciation
What is the 2 names used for where your eyelids join each other?
Medial & Lateral Canthus
Medial & Lateral Commissure
What is the little bump situated on the medial canthus of the eye?
Lacrimal Caruncle
What is Cilia of the eye?
What is Supercilia
Eyelashes
Eyebrows
What is the Tarsus of the eye?
It is a fibrous plate above and below which stiffens the eyelids
What is Conjunctiva?
It is a mucus membrane lining the space around the eye
What are the names of the two conjunctiva?
Palpebral Conjunctiva (conjuctiva attached to the inside of the eyelid)
Bulbar Conjuctiva (Conjuctiva over the sclera (white of the eye) / Eye itself)
What is the Nictitating membrane commonly referred to?
The 3rd eyelid.
What is Cherry Eye?
It is then the Nictitans Gland of the 3rd eyelid becomes inflamed (prolapsed)
Explain where tears are formed and their route of travel
Tears form in the Lacrimal gland dorsal-lateral of the eye. It then runs around the eye and towards the medial canthus, where it enters the Lacrimal puncta. It then runs through 2 Lacrimal Ducts and join up at the Lacrimal Sac. From here it runs down through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose.
What is the white of the eye called?
Where would I find Aquious Fluid?
Sclera
Anterior Chamber
- In the eye the Dorsal Oblique Muscle is inovated by which Nerve?
- What muscle can pull the eye into the head?
- Where do all the eye muscles originate from except for the Ventral Oblique?
- What are the 4 other eye muscles named?
- The Trochlea Nerve
- Retractor Bulbi
- Annulus
- Rectus (Lateral, Medial, Ventral, Dorsal)
Name the 3 tunics of the eye
- Sclera (Includes Sclera and Cornea)
- Uvea (Includes Choroid, Ciliary Body and Iris)
- Retina
What is the name of the area where the Optic Nerve passes through the Sclera?
Lamina Cribrosa
What makes the Lens focus on its target?
Ciliary body, Processes and Zonules
What are the 2 muscles that Constrict and Dilate the Pupil?
Iris Constrictor Muscle
Iris Dilator Muscle
Explain there Aqueous Fluid is produce and then reabsorbed
What is one cause of Glaucoma
Uveitis (inflamation of the Uvea which is the Iris, Cilliary Body and Choroid)
What is the Shiny reflective layer in the eye called?
It is a layer of the Choroid
Tapetum Lucedum.
It reflects light hence why at night you can see animals when we shine a light at them
What is the Macula of the eye?
What is the Fovea of the eye?
- Its the highly sensitive part of the eye. It has more rods and cones than the rest of the eye.
- Is the little depression in the retina where the macula is.
Explain the Optic Disk and where it is situated.
Also explain what else is seen in this pic
At the back of the eye below the posterior poll of the eye. It is where all the nerve fibres bundle together to form the optic nerve.
Macula is also seen in this pic
What can be seen in the Fundus of this eye?
Retina Detachment
How can you tell if an animal has a cateract?
You can see a 3 pointed star
Give the 9 steps of the Visual Pathway
Explain where the Visual Cortex is in the Brain
What Special Sense are the following for?
- Rostral Colliculus and Lateral Geniculate Body
- Caudal Colliculus and Medial Geniculate Body
- Vision
- Hearing
The following Muscles of the Uvea are Parasympathetic or Sympathic?
- Iris Constrictor Muscle
- Iris Dilator Muscle
- Ciliary Muscle
The Motor function of the Palpebral Reflex involves which Muscle and Nerve?
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
Auriculopalpebral Nerve
Explain
- External Ear
- Middle Ear
- Inner Ear
- External Ear - Auricle/Pinna and Ear Canal
- Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity) incl ossicles, tympanic bulla and auditory tube
- Inner Ear incl. coclea and semicircular canals
What is Otitis media?
Disease of the Middle Ear
Otitis Externa = Disease in the External Ear
Otitis Interna = Disease of the Inner ear
What is the external acoustic meatus?
It is the ear canal, made up of both a cartilage and osseous portion.
What is the Tragus?
What is the Scapha
What is an Aural Haematoma?
It is where the skin comes away from the cartilidge in the Pinna and the space fills with blood.
Looking down into an ear at the Tympanic Membrane what can you see?
You see Tense and flaccid portions of the Tympanum/eardrum and you see the handle of the malleus
Label A, B, C, D of this picture of the middle ear
Where is the Oval Window And Round window?
Explain the Nature of the Middle Ear
It is a semi sealed, air filled, mucous-membrane-lined area of the ear. It contains the Malleus, Incus and the Stapes. These ossicles transmit and amplify sound from the tempanic membrane through to the oval window.
Tensor Tympani and stapedius muscles dampen vibration.
The only opening is via the Auditory tube/Eustachian Tube which leads down to the nasopharynx allowing equalisation.
What part of the inner ear is for sound?
The Cochlear
What is the fluid surrounding the Bony Labyrinth of the inner ear? (Including the vestibule, bony cochlea & semicircular canals, two aqueducts)
perilymph
What is the fluid surounding the Membranous labyrinth (including the utricle, saccule, cochlear duct, semicircular ducts)
Endolymph
If you move your head where is this movement detected?
In the Semicircular canals at the Ampulla (little bulges at the end of each semicircular canal)
The movement is detected by the fluid in the amoulla pushing or pulling on the Crista which is contained withing each Ampulla
What detects position from gravitational pull on otoliths?
Maculae which is contained within the utricle and saccule
- Within the Cochlea there is a Scala vestibuli and a Scala tympani which are continuous at apex. Which one touches the Round window and which one touches the Oval window?
Scala = Staircase
- What fluid are these filled by?
- Oval Window -> Scala vestibuli -> Apex -> Scala tympani -> Round window
- Filled by Perilymph
On the brain what is the tract that the Vistiblocochlea nerve follows?
In the picture below it is the light blue line. Behind the pons
Name the componants of the Vestibular Appartus
3 Semicircular Canals, Utricle and Saccule
The Semicircular canals are filled with what fluid?
Endolymph
Explain the Structure of the Ampullae
What is the Cupula?
The Gelatinous mass inside the Ampullae that the Receptor Hair cells extend into to
What are the hairs in the Cupula called
What is the longest hair called?
Stereocilia.
Kinocilium
What part of the Vestibular Apparatus detects linear accelerations (Fwd and Back & Up and Down)
The Saccule and Utricle
What direction of movement does the Saccule detect?
Linear Movement Up and Down
Due to the Saccular Macula orientated vertically
What part of the Vestibular system will dectect movement forward or backwards?
The Utricle via the utriclar macula which is oriented horizontally
How does movement get transduced into electrical signals in the Vestibular System
As the Stereocilia is pushed towards the Kinocilium Potassium Gated Channels (TRPA1 Channels) are opened allowing Potassium to rush into the Hair Cell causing depolerisation.
If the Stereocilia is pushed the other way the Mechanically gated Channels close and hyperpolerisation happens
IN the Vestibular Apperatus the hairs move due to the endolymph fluid moves the Cupula, however this is not the case within the Utricular Macula. What causes the hairs to move and theirfor fire the action Potentials?
Otoconia sitting on a Otolithic membrane gelatinous layer moves (with gravitational pull) bending the hairs
List the 4 main targets to which signals from Crainial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear) project
Explain the Vestibulo-ocular reflex
during head movement by producing eye movements in the direction opposite to head movement, thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field
Explain the sequence of events that occurs in Physiologic Nystagmus
Explain the function and pathway of the vestibulo-cervical reflex
The Medial vestibulospinal tractmediates the vistibulo-cervical reflex.
Explain the Function and pathway of the Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex
Mediated by the Lateral Vestibulospinal tract, coordinating limb, trunk and head movements in responce to vestibular signals
Faciliatory to ipsilateral neurons of extensors on onside but inhibitrally to the contralateral extensors on the other..
What are the general signs of Vestibular Disease?
What is Ataxia
Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality.
Unilateral Vestibular Disease produces abnormal posture and Ataxia. What is the reason for the concavity towards the affected side?
If we see an abnormal Nystagmus in a stationary animal how do we tell what side it the lesion?
Always with fast phase away from the abnormal side
Draw and Label a diagram showing the main structures of the mammalian eye.
- What type of Vison does Cones allow for?
- What type of vision does Rods allow for?
- Colour Vision
- Black and White Vision
Explain how retinal receptors convert light energy into electrical activity
In rods the is Rhodopsin and there is cGMP, along with cGMP gated Sodium channels meaning in the dark rods are in a state of Depolarization.
When light hits the Rhodopsin it splits it starting a chain reaction which in turn changes the cGMP to just GMP, which then closes the cGMP Gated Channels. Potassiumj is still rushing out but no Na+ can enter the cell which hyperpolarizes the cell.
Name the 3 structures in the brain other than the visual cortex, to which the signals from the eyes project. Describe the function associated with each projection/structure
- Hypothalamus - Regulation of circadian rhythms
- Pretectum - Reflex control of pupil and lens
- Superior Colliculus - Orienting the movements of head and eyes
Explain the 9 steps to the Pupillary Constrictor Pathway
In relation to Sympathetic Innervation of the Eye
Normal tone in smooth muschle structures of eye keeps
- Eye Ball Protruded
- palpebral fissure widened
- 3rd eyelid retracted
- pupil partially dilated
Postganglionic axons from cranial cervical ganglion also supply blood vessels and sweat glands of head and cranial cervical area
Explain the 14 steps in the Menace Response
List the Clinical Signs you would see if ther has been damage to the Retina or Optic Nerve in a single eye.
- Blindness on the affected side
- No Palpebral closue in response to menace test on affected side
- On affected side, normal to partially dilated pupil that is unresponsive to light.
- Light directed into unaffected eye will elicit a consensual response in affected eye
Compare the clinical signs of visual deficit for the below table
What is the terminalogy for this dogs eye condition?
Anisocoria - asymmetric pupils
Relating to Pupil Diameter
What is Miosis (miotic)
Miosis (miotic) = Constricted pupil
Relating to pupil Diameter :-
What is Mydraisis (mydraitic)
Mydriasis (mydraitic) - Dilated Pupil
What is Anisocoria?
Aniscoria = asymmetric pupils
What are the clinical signs of Horners Syndrome?
- Ptosis - Eyelid is drooping
- Enophthalmos - Eyelid is sunken in
- Miosis - Pupil Constricted
- Sweating on the affected side (in horses)
Explain how these signs of Horners Syndrome come about
- Miosis
- Enophthalmos
- Prolapse of 3rd eyelid
- Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
- Peripheral casodilation
What is Pitch with regard to Sound waves
Pitch is determined by the frequency of waves - Expressed as waves per second, or Hertz (Hz)
List the pathway followed by soundwaves from when the enter the external ear to when they are sensed by the inner ear
There are 3 three types of papillae which contain tastebuds, what are they and their locations?
What are the 5 basic tastes detected by the human tongue?
There are 3 types of taste receptor cells, Type I, II, III, what tastes do each type detect?
What are the 3 crainial nerves involved in the afferent taste pathways?
VII (Facial)
IX (Glossopharyngeal)
X (Vagus)
