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VET274 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Limbic System of the brain?

A

Emotions: Agression, Fear

Emotionally-Conditioned Behaviour

Short-Term memory Processing

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2
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus

A

At the base of the thalamus in the Dienchephlon

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3
Q

Where is the Motor componant of the Trigeminal (V)

A

Pons

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4
Q

Where is the Sensory Nuecli of the Trigeminal (V)?

A

In the Medulla

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5
Q

What branch of the Trigeminal is Motor?

A

v3 Mandibular (Motor to masticatory mm) (Sensory to lower jaw, tongue, cheek, and ear)

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6
Q

What hole does the Trigeminal V3 Mandibular exit the skull?

A

Oval Foramen

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7
Q

Is Trigeminal V2 Maxillary Sensory or Motor? And to what?

What hole does the Trigeminal V2 Maxillary exit the skull through?

A
  1. Sensory - Nose and Upper Jaw
  2. Round Foramen
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8
Q
  1. Is the Trigeminal V1 Opthalmic Motor or Sensory? And to what?
  2. What hole does it exit the skull?
  3. What 3 other crainial nerves exit the skull through this hole?
A
  1. Sensory to the Eye
  2. Orbital Fissure
  3. Crainal Nerves III, IV, VI
    • III = Oculormotor
    • IV = Trochlear
    • VI = Abducent
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9
Q

What nerve is sensory to the entire muzzle? And where does it exit?

A

Infraorbital Nerve which is a branch of the V2 Maxillary Branch of the Trigeminal

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10
Q

Indicate the areas of cutaneous sensation related to the 3 branches of the Trigeminal Nerve

A
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11
Q

What nerve could be damaged to cause Dry Eye?

A

Major petrosal Nerve which is a branch of the Facial VII nerve.

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12
Q
  1. What nerve crosses the tympanic membrane exposing it to infections?
  2. What is it Motor to?
  3. What is it Sensory to?
A
  1. Chorda tympani which is a branch of the Facial Nerve VII
  2. Motor to Sublingual, Submandibular salivary glands
  3. Sensory to Taste Buds - Rostral 2/3rds of tongue
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13
Q

What nerves can be damaged by ear infections?

A

Corda tympani and Facial (proper)

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14
Q

Where does the Facial (VII) nerve exit the skull?

A

Stylomastoid Foramen

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15
Q

Testing Sensory to the inside and outside of the ear pinnea,what 2 nerves are involved?

A

Inside is Facial VII

Outside is Trigeminal (Mandibular)

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16
Q

Facial nerve is Motor and Sensory to what parts of the body?

A

Motor to the facial muscles

Sensory to the inner surface of the ear

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17
Q

The Facial Nerve and the Vestibularcochlear Nerve enter the skull through which hole?

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

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18
Q

Name the 3 branches of the Facial Muscle shown in the picture

A
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19
Q

Name the Glands and Ducts here

A
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20
Q

The Glossopharyngeal IX is Motor to what and Sensory to Where?

Where does the Glossopharyngeal IX exit the skull?

A
  1. Motor to the Pharynx and Sensory to the Tongue
  2. Tympanooccipital Fissue along with Vagus X and Accessory XI
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21
Q

Which two nerves run through the Pharyngeal Plexus?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

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22
Q

WHat nerve do the Cranial ANd Recurrent laryngeal nerve branch from?

A

Vagus

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23
Q

The Vagus Nerve runs alongside which Artery?

A

Carotid Artery

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24
Q

Where does the Hypoglossal exit the skull?

What function does it have and to what?

A

Hypoglossal Canal

Motor to the Tongue

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25
Q

Name the 4 nerves shown in this picture.

A
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26
Q

What Branch of the Facial (VII) joins a branch of the Mandibular (V3)?

And what nerve is this called?

What is its function?

A

Chorda Tympani (VII) Joins the Lingual Nerve (Branch of the Mandibular (V3)

The Function of this is senxory to the 2/3rds of the tongue

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27
Q

Name the ganglion where the Vagus splits to Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

A

Middle Cervical Ganglion

-Then travels along the Ansus Sub Claivian to the Cervicothoracic ganglion

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28
Q

There has been nerve damage to this Cat. What is the syndrome called?

A

Horners Syndrome

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29
Q

What are 2 reasons an eye would look sunken in?

A

Through Atrophy of the Masticatory Muscles (Temporal Muscle), or through Emanciation

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30
Q

What is the 2 names used for where your eyelids join each other?

A

Medial & Lateral Canthus

Medial & Lateral Commissure

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31
Q

What is the little bump situated on the medial canthus of the eye?

A

Lacrimal Caruncle

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32
Q

What is Cilia of the eye?

What is Supercilia

A

Eyelashes

Eyebrows

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33
Q

What is the Tarsus of the eye?

A

It is a fibrous plate above and below which stiffens the eyelids

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34
Q

What is Conjunctiva?

A

It is a mucus membrane lining the space around the eye

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35
Q

What are the names of the two conjunctiva?

A

Palpebral Conjunctiva (conjuctiva attached to the inside of the eyelid)

Bulbar Conjuctiva (Conjuctiva over the sclera (white of the eye) / Eye itself)

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36
Q

What is the Nictitating membrane commonly referred to?

A

The 3rd eyelid.

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37
Q

What is Cherry Eye?

A

It is then the Nictitans Gland of the 3rd eyelid becomes inflamed (prolapsed)

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38
Q

Explain where tears are formed and their route of travel

A

Tears form in the Lacrimal gland dorsal-lateral of the eye. It then runs around the eye and towards the medial canthus, where it enters the Lacrimal puncta. It then runs through 2 Lacrimal Ducts and join up at the Lacrimal Sac. From here it runs down through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose.

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39
Q

What is the white of the eye called?

Where would I find Aquious Fluid?

A

Sclera

Anterior Chamber

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40
Q
  1. In the eye the Dorsal Oblique Muscle is inovated by which Nerve?
  2. What muscle can pull the eye into the head?
  3. Where do all the eye muscles originate from except for the Ventral Oblique?
  4. What are the 4 other eye muscles named?
A
  1. The Trochlea Nerve
  2. Retractor Bulbi
  3. Annulus
  4. Rectus (Lateral, Medial, Ventral, Dorsal)
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41
Q

Name the 3 tunics of the eye

A
  • Sclera (Includes Sclera and Cornea)
  • Uvea (Includes Choroid, Ciliary Body and Iris)
  • Retina
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42
Q

What is the name of the area where the Optic Nerve passes through the Sclera?

A

Lamina Cribrosa

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43
Q

What makes the Lens focus on its target?

A

Ciliary body, Processes and Zonules

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44
Q

What are the 2 muscles that Constrict and Dilate the Pupil?

A

Iris Constrictor Muscle

Iris Dilator Muscle

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45
Q

Explain there Aqueous Fluid is produce and then reabsorbed

A
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46
Q

What is one cause of Glaucoma

A

Uveitis (inflamation of the Uvea which is the Iris, Cilliary Body and Choroid)

47
Q

What is the Shiny reflective layer in the eye called?

It is a layer of the Choroid

A

Tapetum Lucedum.

It reflects light hence why at night you can see animals when we shine a light at them

48
Q

What is the Macula of the eye?

What is the Fovea of the eye?

A
  • Its the highly sensitive part of the eye. It has more rods and cones than the rest of the eye.
  • Is the little depression in the retina where the macula is.
49
Q

Explain the Optic Disk and where it is situated.

Also explain what else is seen in this pic

A

At the back of the eye below the posterior poll of the eye. It is where all the nerve fibres bundle together to form the optic nerve.

Macula is also seen in this pic

50
Q

What can be seen in the Fundus of this eye?

A

Retina Detachment

51
Q

How can you tell if an animal has a cateract?

A

You can see a 3 pointed star

52
Q

Give the 9 steps of the Visual Pathway

A
53
Q

Explain where the Visual Cortex is in the Brain

A
54
Q

What Special Sense are the following for?

  • Rostral Colliculus and Lateral Geniculate Body
  • Caudal Colliculus and Medial Geniculate Body
A
  1. Vision
  2. Hearing
55
Q

The following Muscles of the Uvea are Parasympathetic or Sympathic?

  • Iris Constrictor Muscle
  • Iris Dilator Muscle
  • Ciliary Muscle
A
56
Q

The Motor function of the Palpebral Reflex involves which Muscle and Nerve?

A

Orbicularis Oculi Muscle

Auriculopalpebral Nerve

57
Q

Explain

  1. External Ear
  2. Middle Ear
  3. Inner Ear
A
  1. External Ear - Auricle/Pinna and Ear Canal
  2. Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity) incl ossicles, tympanic bulla and auditory tube
  3. Inner Ear incl. coclea and semicircular canals
58
Q

What is Otitis media?

A

Disease of the Middle Ear

Otitis Externa = Disease in the External Ear

Otitis Interna = Disease of the Inner ear

59
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus?

A

It is the ear canal, made up of both a cartilage and osseous portion.

60
Q

What is the Tragus?

What is the Scapha

A
61
Q

What is an Aural Haematoma?

A

It is where the skin comes away from the cartilidge in the Pinna and the space fills with blood.

62
Q

Looking down into an ear at the Tympanic Membrane what can you see?

A

You see Tense and flaccid portions of the Tympanum/eardrum and you see the handle of the malleus

63
Q

Label A, B, C, D of this picture of the middle ear

A
64
Q

Where is the Oval Window And Round window?

A
65
Q

Explain the Nature of the Middle Ear

A

It is a semi sealed, air filled, mucous-membrane-lined area of the ear. It contains the Malleus, Incus and the Stapes. These ossicles transmit and amplify sound from the tempanic membrane through to the oval window.

Tensor Tympani and stapedius muscles dampen vibration.

The only opening is via the Auditory tube/Eustachian Tube which leads down to the nasopharynx allowing equalisation.

66
Q

What part of the inner ear is for sound?

A

The Cochlear

67
Q

What is the fluid surrounding the Bony Labyrinth of the inner ear? (Including the vestibule, bony cochlea & semicircular canals, two aqueducts)

A

perilymph

68
Q

What is the fluid surounding the Membranous labyrinth (including the utricle, saccule, cochlear duct, semicircular ducts)

A

Endolymph

69
Q

If you move your head where is this movement detected?

A

In the Semicircular canals at the Ampulla (little bulges at the end of each semicircular canal)

The movement is detected by the fluid in the amoulla pushing or pulling on the Crista which is contained withing each Ampulla

70
Q

What detects position from gravitational pull on otoliths?

A

Maculae which is contained within the utricle and saccule

71
Q
  1. Within the Cochlea there is a Scala vestibuli and a Scala tympani which are continuous at apex. Which one touches the Round window and which one touches the Oval window?

Scala = Staircase

  1. What fluid are these filled by?
A
  1. Oval Window -> Scala vestibuli -> Apex -> Scala tympani -> Round window
  2. Filled by Perilymph
72
Q

On the brain what is the tract that the Vistiblocochlea nerve follows?

A

In the picture below it is the light blue line. Behind the pons

73
Q

Name the componants of the Vestibular Appartus

A

3 Semicircular Canals, Utricle and Saccule

74
Q

The Semicircular canals are filled with what fluid?

A

Endolymph

75
Q

Explain the Structure of the Ampullae

A
76
Q

What is the Cupula?

A

The Gelatinous mass inside the Ampullae that the Receptor Hair cells extend into to

77
Q

What are the hairs in the Cupula called

What is the longest hair called?

A

Stereocilia.

Kinocilium

78
Q

What part of the Vestibular Apparatus detects linear accelerations (Fwd and Back & Up and Down)

A

The Saccule and Utricle

79
Q

What direction of movement does the Saccule detect?

A

Linear Movement Up and Down

Due to the Saccular Macula orientated vertically

80
Q

What part of the Vestibular system will dectect movement forward or backwards?

A

The Utricle via the utriclar macula which is oriented horizontally

81
Q

How does movement get transduced into electrical signals in the Vestibular System

A

As the Stereocilia is pushed towards the Kinocilium Potassium Gated Channels (TRPA1 Channels) are opened allowing Potassium to rush into the Hair Cell causing depolerisation.

If the Stereocilia is pushed the other way the Mechanically gated Channels close and hyperpolerisation happens

82
Q

IN the Vestibular Apperatus the hairs move due to the endolymph fluid moves the Cupula, however this is not the case within the Utricular Macula. What causes the hairs to move and theirfor fire the action Potentials?

A

Otoconia sitting on a Otolithic membrane gelatinous layer moves (with gravitational pull) bending the hairs

83
Q

List the 4 main targets to which signals from Crainial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear) project

A
84
Q

Explain the Vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

during head movement by producing eye movements in the direction opposite to head movement, thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field

85
Q

Explain the sequence of events that occurs in Physiologic Nystagmus

A
86
Q

Explain the function and pathway of the vestibulo-cervical reflex

A

The Medial vestibulospinal tractmediates the vistibulo-cervical reflex.

87
Q

Explain the Function and pathway of the Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex

A

Mediated by the Lateral Vestibulospinal tract, coordinating limb, trunk and head movements in responce to vestibular signals

Faciliatory to ipsilateral neurons of extensors on onside but inhibitrally to the contralateral extensors on the other..

88
Q

What are the general signs of Vestibular Disease?

A
89
Q

What is Ataxia

A

Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality.

90
Q

Unilateral Vestibular Disease produces abnormal posture and Ataxia. What is the reason for the concavity towards the affected side?

A
91
Q

If we see an abnormal Nystagmus in a stationary animal how do we tell what side it the lesion?

A

Always with fast phase away from the abnormal side

92
Q

Draw and Label a diagram showing the main structures of the mammalian eye.

A
93
Q
  1. What type of Vison does Cones allow for?
  2. What type of vision does Rods allow for?
A
  1. Colour Vision
  2. Black and White Vision
94
Q
A
95
Q

Explain how retinal receptors convert light energy into electrical activity

A

In rods the is Rhodopsin and there is cGMP, along with cGMP gated Sodium channels meaning in the dark rods are in a state of Depolarization.

When light hits the Rhodopsin it splits it starting a chain reaction which in turn changes the cGMP to just GMP, which then closes the cGMP Gated Channels. Potassiumj is still rushing out but no Na+ can enter the cell which hyperpolarizes the cell.

96
Q

Name the 3 structures in the brain other than the visual cortex, to which the signals from the eyes project. Describe the function associated with each projection/structure

A
  1. Hypothalamus - Regulation of circadian rhythms
  2. Pretectum - Reflex control of pupil and lens
  3. Superior Colliculus - Orienting the movements of head and eyes
97
Q

Explain the 9 steps to the Pupillary Constrictor Pathway

A
98
Q

In relation to Sympathetic Innervation of the Eye

Normal tone in smooth muschle structures of eye keeps

A
  • Eye Ball Protruded
  • palpebral fissure widened
  • 3rd eyelid retracted
  • pupil partially dilated

Postganglionic axons from cranial cervical ganglion also supply blood vessels and sweat glands of head and cranial cervical area

99
Q

Explain the 14 steps in the Menace Response

A
100
Q

List the Clinical Signs you would see if ther has been damage to the Retina or Optic Nerve in a single eye.

A
  • Blindness on the affected side
  • No Palpebral closue in response to menace test on affected side
  • On affected side, normal to partially dilated pupil that is unresponsive to light.
  • Light directed into unaffected eye will elicit a consensual response in affected eye
101
Q

Compare the clinical signs of visual deficit for the below table

A
102
Q

What is the terminalogy for this dogs eye condition?

A

Anisocoria - asymmetric pupils

103
Q

Relating to Pupil Diameter

What is Miosis (miotic)

A

Miosis (miotic) = Constricted pupil

104
Q

Relating to pupil Diameter :-

What is Mydraisis (mydraitic)

A

Mydriasis (mydraitic) - Dilated Pupil

105
Q

What is Anisocoria?

A

Aniscoria = asymmetric pupils

106
Q

What are the clinical signs of Horners Syndrome?

A
  • Ptosis - Eyelid is drooping
  • Enophthalmos - Eyelid is sunken in
  • Miosis - Pupil Constricted
  • Sweating on the affected side (in horses)
107
Q

Explain how these signs of Horners Syndrome come about

  • Miosis
  • Enophthalmos
  • Prolapse of 3rd eyelid
  • Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
  • Peripheral casodilation
A
108
Q

What is Pitch with regard to Sound waves

A

Pitch is determined by the frequency of waves - Expressed as waves per second, or Hertz (Hz)

109
Q

List the pathway followed by soundwaves from when the enter the external ear to when they are sensed by the inner ear

A
110
Q

There are 3 three types of papillae which contain tastebuds, what are they and their locations?

A
111
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes detected by the human tongue?

A
112
Q

There are 3 types of taste receptor cells, Type I, II, III, what tastes do each type detect?

A
113
Q

What are the 3 crainial nerves involved in the afferent taste pathways?

A

VII (Facial)

IX (Glossopharyngeal)

X (Vagus)

114
Q
A

VET274 (4 decks)

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