Final Exam Flashcards
Anglophone
An English speaking person. Consider to be one of the three distinct nations that the basis of Canada was founded on.
Francophone
A French speaking person. Consider to be one of the three distinct nations that the basis of Canada was founded on.
Appeasement
The policy of avoiding further arguments or war by accepting the conditions or demands of an aggressor. Example: After WWI there was a lot of devastation so in order to avoid another war, France and England turned to appeasement. They did little to stop Hitler if it did not conflict with their interests.
Asymmetrical Federalism
A federal system in which the division of powers (and specific arrangements pertaining to them) are not the same from province to province, a concept that not all Canadian provinces and territories share power with the government in the same way. The Constitution of Canada is broadly symmetric but contains certain specific sections that apply only to certain provinces. The differing needs of provinces and territories allow them to exercise different degrees of control in critical areas such as immigration. Attempts at asymmetrical federalism include the Meech Lake accord and the Charlottetown accord.
Authoritarianism
The enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom. A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.
Autonomous
(of a country or region) having self-government, at least to a significant degree.
Bilateralism
Two nations or nation-states co-operate to pursue each nation’s interests. Type of foreign policy. Example: bilateral relationships between Canada and the US.
Unilateralism
One state or nation state acts independently to pursue its interests; this is the opposite of multilateralism. Type of foreign policy. Superpowers like the US usually favor this.
Bourgeoisie
The middle class. They demanded France to change the ancien regime. With great education and literacy, they resented both the arrogance of the first and second estates and the heavy taxes they had to pay while being excluded from privileges. This along with other factors led to the French Revolution. Made up more than 90% of the population. Wanted a voice.
Canadian Bill of Rights
Paved the way for the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights was the country’s first federal law to protect human rights and fundamental freedom. Considered groundbreaking at the time, it was eventually superseded by the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
A bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982. Guarantees rights such as: freedom of religion, of thought, of expression, of the press and of peaceful assembly, the right to participate in political activities and the right to a democratic government, the freedom to move around and live within Canada, and to leave Canada, legal rights such as the right to life, liberty and security, equality rights, and language rights. Guarantees presumption of innocence, the right to life liberty and security, and security against unreasonable search and seizure, right to vote.
Civic Nationalism
Citizenship refers to the membership and participation of individuals in a political community, most times a nation state. The citizenship of a nation state creates a sense of belonging in a very real way through legal documentations such as laws, charters, passports, and birth certificates. Participation can include paying taxes, obeying laws, serving in the armed forces, voting, respecting other people’s rights, and defending one’s own rights and the rights of others. Shared experiences.
Collective consciousness
The set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society. A group may feel this way when its members collectively share similar values, beliefs, and internalized feelings based on their shared experiences. Can develop when the people focus on their identity as a group rather then as individuals. Example: The United States. Although they come from many different backgrounds, Americans may share a collective consciousness as seen through gathering at events, the Boston tea party, American revolution, civil war, and the American dream.
Crimes against humanity
Certain acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population or an identifiable part of a population. Example: genocide.
Cosmopolitan
Familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures.
Diversity
Variety, differences.
Domestic policy
Administrative decisions that are directly related to all issues and activity within a nation’s borders.
Economic nationalists
Economic nationalism is a body of policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor, and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital.
Ethnic nationalism
Members of a nation may share ethnic ties such as ancestry, characteristics, family ties, history, and language, as well as cultural values, beliefs, and traditions. Can create a sense of belonging and nationalism because of their shared experiences. People may also feel connected because of a sense of pride or loyalty to an ethnicity. Although, many nation states have lots of different ethnicities. For example in Africa, there are many different groups within countries.
Equalization Payments
In Canada, the federal government makes equalization payments to less wealthy Canadian provinces to equalize the provinces’ “fiscal capacity”—their ability to generate tax revenues. A province that does not receive equalization payments is often referred to as a “have province”, while one that does is called a “have not province”. Canada’s territories are not included in the equalization program. Goes to a province with below-average revenue per capita, intended to ensure that all provincial governments provide comparable levels of service and taxation.
Federalism/Federalist
Strong central government. The Quebec liberals held onto this position while acknowledging the need to improve Quebec’s relationship with the rest of Canada.
The federal principle or system of government. Following the Quebec referendum on separatism where voters chose to stay, Trudeau followed up on his promise to renew federalism by patriating the constitution BNA Act from Britain. Once this happened, Canada could amend the constitution for the needs of groups, including the Quebecois. Support of confederation in opposition to Quebec separatism.
Feudal System
The medieval feudal system is typically depicted as pyramid. The king is always at the top, followed b the nobles and knights, while the greatest number of people, peasants and surfs ae located at the bottom. In France, fear and panic led to attacks on the estates of nobility because of rumours of a poor economy and the scarcity of food. The National Assembly abolished the Estates-General ending the feudal system and gaining legislative power in France.
Foreign Aid
Many governments around the world work together with one another to improve the quality of life of people in developing counties and to combat issues such as poverty, human rights violations, famine, AIDS, and other health concerns. Done primarily through financial aid and the funding of government programs. Canada’s International Development Agency, CIDA, work to do this. Example. The Tsunami of 2004, in which aid was given.
Foreign Policy
A course of action that sovereign nation takes in its conduct with other nation-states or international organizations. Some types include multilateralism, unilateralism, and bilateralism. Canadians usually go for multilateralism although we have bilateral relationships with the USA.
General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
A multilateral agreement regulating international trade. Its purpose was the substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers. GATT was signed by 23 nations in Geneva on October 30, 1947. Was replaced by the WTO.
Genocide
An act committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnic, or religious group. Examples: The Armenian genocide, the Holocaust, Cambodia (in which the educated were killed), Rwanda, Bosnia (because they declared themselves independent from Yugoslavia, and Darfur (in Sudan).
Geographic nationalism
The land in which we live on is a strong force in shaping our nations and creating a sense of nationalism. This is especially true for First Nation’s. Connections to the land that inspire nationalism may be defined by distinct political boundaries or may exist outside of borders like a specific landscape, climate or environment.
Homogenization
The process of making things uniform or similar. Can happen to cultures, people, etc.
Humanitarianism
A philosophy based on the belief that all human beings deserved to be treated with respect and dignity. Loyalty to humanitarianism drives people to save lives and alleviate suffering. People may be torn between humanitarianism and other loyalties. For example, if their country is at war, they would want to root for it but also feel bad for the people dying.
Intergovernmental organizations (IGO’s)
There are 1000’s but the best known is the United Nations. IGO’s are set up by formal agreements among nations and they represent individual nation’s interests and the collective interests of all nations. Nations feel it is in their own best interests to co-operate and contribute to the interests of all nations. Everyone benefits when, for example, they avoid a war or when a pandemic (outbreak of a disease) is contained. Can be involved in humanitarian actions. IGO’s usually have more money. Example: The Arctic Council
Inherent right
For some First Nation people, inherent rights are rights bestowed upon them by the Creator. Inherent rights are rights that are built in, they sometimes aren’t given in the constitution or anything like that. Rights you know that you have.
Institution
An organization established for and united by a particular purpose.
Internationalism
The belief in co-operation among nations for the benefit and well-being of humankind. Internationalism can be linked to ensuring economic stability within a nation-state. It can also be used for environmental protection, humanitarianism, and peace and security.
Internment
The state of being confined as a prisoner, especially for political or military reasons. Example: The internment of those who Canada was at war with during WWI and WWII.
Isolationism
A foreign policy in which a nation-state chooses not to involve itself in international affairs of other countries either militarily or through trade. The League of Nations was a dream of the US president at the time but instead the country chose isolationism after WWI. They seemed to come out during WWII when there was an attack on Pearl Harbor and in the creation of the UN. They continued during the Cold War, war in Korea, Vietnam but they then went back into isolationism–until 9/11.
Multilateralism
Type of foreign policy. An agreement whereby various nations or nation-states co-operate to pursue their interests and goals beyond their national borders, not alone, but in co-operation and coalitions with other states.
Unilateralism
One state or nation-state acts independently to pursue it interests; opposite of multilateralism. What America usually goes for because of issues of sovereignty.
Loyalties (national and non-national)
Nationalism requires that people feel a sense of loyalty to, commitment to, and identification with a particular nation. A person could have a loyalty to religion, culture, race, country, humankind, friends, employer, school, environment, region, political beliefs, and family which may or may not be a nation.
Maitres chez nous
Means masters in our own house. Francophones in Quebec wanted greater economic opportunities and political control in their province after it was revealed that Anglophones were earning more in Quebec and had more opportunities. This slogan was used by Jean Lesage and his liberal government was elected. This introduced the Quiet Revolution. The liberal government was undergoing modernization which was known as the Quiet Revolution. This modernization used this slogan.
Multiculturalism
When the Royal Commission on Bi and Bi held hearings across Canada, many different groups wanted a multicultural framework rather than a bicultural framework. The Commission recognized the cultural pluralism of Canada and agreed. So, Canada became the first country to adopt multiculturalism as an official policy. Basically, Canada affirmed the value and dignity of all Canadian citizens regardless of their racial or ethnic origins, their language, or religion (1971).
National interests
A national interest may be a cultural, economic, political, religious, or military goal of a nation. A nation’s pursuit of national interests is the purposeful activity of working towards this goal. Both nations and nation-states may pursue national interests. There are also nationalist and internationalist interests. Nationalist would be spending money on your own country first and only using leftovers in foreign aid. Internationalist would spend money for its own citizens and the world’s citizens.
