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Functional Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Agonist

A

Muscles that, when contracting concentrically, cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion

Primary movers–> most involved

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2
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles that have the opposite concentric action from agonist

Have to relax for agonist to perform

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3
Q

Stabilizer

A

Surround joint or body part and contract to stabilize the area and allow other limb or body segment to exert force and move

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4
Q

Sagittal plane = _______ axis

A

Frontal axis

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5
Q

Frontal plane = _______ axis

A

Sagittal axis

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6
Q

Transverse plane = _______ axis

A

Longitudinal

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7
Q

Example of sagittal plane/frontal axis

A

sit ups

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8
Q

Example of frontal plane/sagittal axis

A

jumping jacks

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9
Q

Example of transverse plane/longitudinal axis

A

spinal rotation to left/right

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10
Q

Neutralizer

A

Counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesired movements

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11
Q

Synergist

A

Assist in action of agonist, but are not necessarily prime movers

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12
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical signal transmitted from the brain and spinal cord through axons to muscle fibers in a particular motor unit

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13
Q

Passive tension

A

Externally applied forces; muscle is stretched beyond normal resting length

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14
Q

Active tension

A

Active contraction of respective muscle fibers in that muscle

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15
Q

Uniarticular

A

Cross and act directly on the joint that they cross

Ex: brachialis of the elbow

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16
Q

Biarticular

A

Cross and act directly on two different joints

May contract to cause, control or prevent motion at either one or both of its joints

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17
Q

Multiarticular

A

Act on three or more joints due to the line of pull between their origin and insertion crossing multiple joints

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18
Q

Active insufficiency

A

Muscle becomes shortened to the point where it cannot generate or maintain active tension

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19
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

If the opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement

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20
Q

GHJ: Horizontal abduction
SM:

A

Retraction

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21
Q

Motions in Glenohumeral Joint

A 
Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Internal rotation
External rotation
Horizontal adduction
Horizontal abduction
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22
Q

Scapular movements

A 
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
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23
Q

What is a carrying angle?

A

Small degree formed between the axis of a radially deviated forearm and the axis of the humerus.

24
Q

What is a UCL tear?

What are the common mechanisms of injury for a UCL tear?

How can you treat a UCL tear?

A

Tear of the ulnar collateral ligament on the inside of the elbow.

Valgus stress applied to lateral side of elbow.

Surgery to repair the tear, physical therapy

25
Q

What is medial epicondylitis?

What are the common mechanisms of injury for medial epicondylitis?

How can you treat medial epicondylitis?

A

Aka golfer’s elbow.
An overuse injury caused by pain on inner side of elbow.

Over use in arm motion, often seen in golfer’s swing

RICE
Limit movements

26
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis?

What are the common mechanisms of injury for lateral epicondylitis?

How can you treat lateral epicondylitis?

A

Aka tennis elbow.
An overuse injury cause by pain on outer side of elbow

Overuse in arm movement, often seen in the backhand motion of a tennis swing

RICE
Limit movements

27
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

What are the common mechanisms of injury for carpal tunnel syndrome?

How can you treat carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

The median nerve is compressed as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel and causes pain, numbness and tingling, in the part of the hand that receives sensation from the median nerve.

Overuse injury cause by increased pressure in wrist flexors on median nerve. Inflammation and swelling adds to pressure

RICE
Limiting movement
In some cases surgery

28
Q

Open Kinetic Chain

A

Distal portion is not fixed

29
Q

Examples of open kinetic chain

A

Bicep curl
Overhead press
Raises
Leg extension

30
Q

What is scapular winging?

What are the causes of scapular winging?

A

When the shoulder blade protrudes from a person’s back

Damage to the long thoracic nerve and/or weakness in the Serratus Anterior muscle.

31
Q

Function of rotator cuff:

A

Work together to stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa

32
Q

Muscles of rotator cuff:

A

SITS

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

33
Q

Anterior pelvic tilt:
What muscles are weak?
What muscles are tight?

A

Weak:
Abdominals
Hamstrings

Tight:
Erector Spinae
Tight Illiacus (Hip flexors)

34
Q

Posterior pelvic tilt:
What muscles are weak?
What muscles are tight?

A

Weak:
Erector Spinae
Tight Illiacus (Hip flexors)

Tight:
Abdominals
Hamstrings

35
Q

Trendelenburg gait
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

Often due to overuse on one side of muscles, runners going around track only one way

Weak gluteus medius
Hip dip

Strengthening of gluteus medius, single limb, abduction

36
Q

Piriformis Syndrome
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

Overuse injury

Inflammation of sciatic nerve/bundle due to irritation of piriformis

Limit activity and gradually strengthening surrounding muscles

37
Q

IT Band Syndrome
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

Overuse of hip flexion

IT band is tight and irritated, pain

Foam rolling can be effective, ice cup massage

38
Q

ACL sprain/tear
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

Plant, twist, pop

Hyperextension

39
Q

PCL sprain/tear
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

Plant, twist, pop
Hyperextension
Dashboard Injury
Fall on a hyper-flexed knee

40
Q

Screw Home Mechanism

A

Locking the knee in full extension requires about 10° of ER

Twisting of the knee (tibia) during last 30° of extension

Mechanism:
Caused by unequal sizes of the femoral condyles and tightening of the cruciate ligaments as they wind upon themselves

Lateral pull of the quadriceps

Knee stability for standing upright, is the rotation between the tibia and femur. It occurs at the end of knee extension, between full extension (0 degrees) and 20 degrees of knee flexion

41
Q

LCL sprain/tear
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

Separate from joint capsule
Prevent varus stress (from inside)
Prevent extreme IR & ER

42
Q

Meniscus tear
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

Shock absorbers

Increase joint contact area, decreases pressure of joint

43
Q

Talocrual Joint Motions to cause pronation/supination

A

Dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion

44
Q

Subtalar Joint Motions to cause pronation/supination

A

Inversion

Eversion

45
Q

Pes Cavus

A

Abnormally high medial longitudinal arch

Metatarsal heads – more perpendicular to ground

Callus formation

46
Q

Pes Planus

A

Overstretch of plantar fascia

Subtalar joint over-pronated

Pain

Shin splints

Bone spurs

Fascia inflammation

47
Q

Plantar faciitis
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

In inflammation of plantar facia

*MOI:*
Pronation
High arches
Flat feet
Tight Achilles tendon

Signs and Symptoms:
Stabbing pain near the heel
Pain might be worst in the morning.

*Treatments:*
Physical therapy
Shoe inserts
Steroid injections
Surgery
48
Q

Medial ankle sprain
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

MOI:
Everson
Valgus stress

*Signs and Symptoms:*
Immediate pain
Rapid swelling
Bruising may develop
Difficulty weight bearing 
Limited motion

Treatments:
RICE
Ankle strengthening

49
Q

Lateral ankle sprain
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

MOI
Inversion
Varus stress

*Signs and Symptoms*
Immediate pain
Rapid swelling
Bruising may develop
Difficulty weight bearing 
Limited motion

Treatment
RICE
Ankle strengthening

50
Q

High ankle sprain
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:

A

Occurs when there is tearing and damage to the high ankle ligaments

MOI
External rotation, when the foot is turned towards the outside

Signs and Symptoms
Pain over the junction between the tibia and fibula just above the level of the ankle

Treatment
RICE
Put in a boot

51
Q

GHJ: Abduction
SM:

A

Upward rotation

52
Q

GHJ: Adduction
SM:

A

Downward rotation

53
Q

GHJ: Flexion
SM:

A

Elevation/Upward rotation

54
Q

GHJ: Extension
SM:

A

Depression/Downward rotation

55
Q

GHJ: Internal rotation
SM:

A

Protraction

56
Q

GHJ: External rotation
SM:

A

Retraction

57
Q

GHJ: Horizontal adduction
SM:

A

Protraction

Functional Anatomy (13 decks)

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