Final Exam Flashcards
Agonist
Muscles that, when contracting concentrically, cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion
Primary movers–> most involved
Antagonist
Muscles that have the opposite concentric action from agonist
Have to relax for agonist to perform
Stabilizer
Surround joint or body part and contract to stabilize the area and allow other limb or body segment to exert force and move
Sagittal plane = _______ axis
Frontal axis
Frontal plane = _______ axis
Sagittal axis
Transverse plane = _______ axis
Longitudinal
Example of sagittal plane/frontal axis
sit ups
Example of frontal plane/sagittal axis
jumping jacks
Example of transverse plane/longitudinal axis
spinal rotation to left/right
Neutralizer
Counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesired movements
Synergist
Assist in action of agonist, but are not necessarily prime movers
Action potential
Electrical signal transmitted from the brain and spinal cord through axons to muscle fibers in a particular motor unit
Passive tension
Externally applied forces; muscle is stretched beyond normal resting length
Active tension
Active contraction of respective muscle fibers in that muscle
Uniarticular
Cross and act directly on the joint that they cross
Ex: brachialis of the elbow
Biarticular
Cross and act directly on two different joints
May contract to cause, control or prevent motion at either one or both of its joints
Multiarticular
Act on three or more joints due to the line of pull between their origin and insertion crossing multiple joints
Active insufficiency
Muscle becomes shortened to the point where it cannot generate or maintain active tension
Passive insufficiency
If the opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement
GHJ: Horizontal abduction
SM:
Retraction
Motions in Glenohumeral Joint
Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension Internal rotation External rotation Horizontal adduction Horizontal abduction
Scapular movements
Upward rotation Downward rotation Elevation Depression Protraction Retraction
What is a carrying angle?
Small degree formed between the axis of a radially deviated forearm and the axis of the humerus.
What is a UCL tear?
What are the common mechanisms of injury for a UCL tear?
How can you treat a UCL tear?
Tear of the ulnar collateral ligament on the inside of the elbow.
Valgus stress applied to lateral side of elbow.
Surgery to repair the tear, physical therapy
What is medial epicondylitis?
What are the common mechanisms of injury for medial epicondylitis?
How can you treat medial epicondylitis?
Aka golfer’s elbow.
An overuse injury caused by pain on inner side of elbow.
Over use in arm motion, often seen in golfer’s swing
RICE
Limit movements
What is lateral epicondylitis?
What are the common mechanisms of injury for lateral epicondylitis?
How can you treat lateral epicondylitis?
Aka tennis elbow.
An overuse injury cause by pain on outer side of elbow
Overuse in arm movement, often seen in the backhand motion of a tennis swing
RICE
Limit movements
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
What are the common mechanisms of injury for carpal tunnel syndrome?
How can you treat carpal tunnel syndrome?
The median nerve is compressed as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel and causes pain, numbness and tingling, in the part of the hand that receives sensation from the median nerve.
Overuse injury cause by increased pressure in wrist flexors on median nerve. Inflammation and swelling adds to pressure
RICE
Limiting movement
In some cases surgery
Open Kinetic Chain
Distal portion is not fixed
Examples of open kinetic chain
Bicep curl
Overhead press
Raises
Leg extension
What is scapular winging?
What are the causes of scapular winging?
When the shoulder blade protrudes from a person’s back
Damage to the long thoracic nerve and/or weakness in the Serratus Anterior muscle.
Function of rotator cuff:
Work together to stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
Muscles of rotator cuff:
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Anterior pelvic tilt:
What muscles are weak?
What muscles are tight?
Weak:
Abdominals
Hamstrings
Tight:
Erector Spinae
Tight Illiacus (Hip flexors)
Posterior pelvic tilt:
What muscles are weak?
What muscles are tight?
Weak:
Erector Spinae
Tight Illiacus (Hip flexors)
Tight:
Abdominals
Hamstrings
Trendelenburg gait
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
Often due to overuse on one side of muscles, runners going around track only one way
Weak gluteus medius
Hip dip
Strengthening of gluteus medius, single limb, abduction
Piriformis Syndrome
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
Overuse injury
Inflammation of sciatic nerve/bundle due to irritation of piriformis
Limit activity and gradually strengthening surrounding muscles
IT Band Syndrome
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
Overuse of hip flexion
IT band is tight and irritated, pain
Foam rolling can be effective, ice cup massage
ACL sprain/tear
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
Plant, twist, pop
Hyperextension
PCL sprain/tear
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
Plant, twist, pop
Hyperextension
Dashboard Injury
Fall on a hyper-flexed knee
Screw Home Mechanism
Locking the knee in full extension requires about 10° of ER
Twisting of the knee (tibia) during last 30° of extension
Mechanism:
Caused by unequal sizes of the femoral condyles and tightening of the cruciate ligaments as they wind upon themselves
Lateral pull of the quadriceps
Knee stability for standing upright, is the rotation between the tibia and femur. It occurs at the end of knee extension, between full extension (0 degrees) and 20 degrees of knee flexion
LCL sprain/tear
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
Separate from joint capsule
Prevent varus stress (from inside)
Prevent extreme IR & ER
Meniscus tear
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
Shock absorbers
Increase joint contact area, decreases pressure of joint
Talocrual Joint Motions to cause pronation/supination
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Subtalar Joint Motions to cause pronation/supination
Inversion
Eversion
Pes Cavus
Abnormally high medial longitudinal arch
Metatarsal heads – more perpendicular to ground
Callus formation
Pes Planus
Overstretch of plantar fascia
Subtalar joint over-pronated
Pain
Shin splints
Bone spurs
Fascia inflammation
Plantar faciitis
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
In inflammation of plantar facia
*MOI:* Pronation High arches Flat feet Tight Achilles tendon
Signs and Symptoms:
Stabbing pain near the heel
Pain might be worst in the morning.
*Treatments:* Physical therapy Shoe inserts Steroid injections Surgery
Medial ankle sprain
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
MOI:
Everson
Valgus stress
*Signs and Symptoms:* Immediate pain Rapid swelling Bruising may develop Difficulty weight bearing Limited motion
Treatments:
RICE
Ankle strengthening
Lateral ankle sprain
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
MOI
Inversion
Varus stress
*Signs and Symptoms* Immediate pain Rapid swelling Bruising may develop Difficulty weight bearing Limited motion
Treatment
RICE
Ankle strengthening
High ankle sprain
MOI:
Signs and symptoms:
Treatment:
Occurs when there is tearing and damage to the high ankle ligaments
MOI
External rotation, when the foot is turned towards the outside
Signs and Symptoms
Pain over the junction between the tibia and fibula just above the level of the ankle
Treatment
RICE
Put in a boot
GHJ: Abduction
SM:
Upward rotation
GHJ: Adduction
SM:
Downward rotation
GHJ: Flexion
SM:
Elevation/Upward rotation
GHJ: Extension
SM:
Depression/Downward rotation
GHJ: Internal rotation
SM:
Protraction
GHJ: External rotation
SM:
Retraction
GHJ: Horizontal adduction
SM:
Protraction
