Final Exam Flashcards
Masjid-i Ja’mi, Isfahan, Iran (9th, 11th, 12th, 16th c), Safavid
- Iranian architecture
- Glazed tiles, soaring portals, bulbous domes, slender minarets
- Composition based on addition and symmetry
- Little structural innovation
- Colorful tile revetments conceal structural banality
- Built and decorated vast structures in a short time
- Urban ensemble encompasses commerical, religious and political functions
Grand National Assembly, Ankara (1938)
- Architect = Clemens Holzmeister
- Turkey changed language and assembly post-Ottomans
Frere Hall, Karachi, Pakistan (1865)
- Architect = H. St. Clair Wilkins
Fatih Complex, Istanbul (1459-70), Ottoman
- Architect was Usta Sinan
- Located on the fourth hill of Istanbul, formerly occupied by the Church of the Holy Apostles
- Plan of the complex was rigidly symmetrical
- Mosque in the center of court
- Court sides lined with eight madrasas
- Contained a primary school, hospital, soup kitchen, market with 400 shops
- “…to repair and fill with light the house of knowledge and to convert the imperial capital into a realm of learning”
Khedival (Royal) Opera House, Cairo, Egypt (1869, no longer existent)
- Architect = Pietro Avoscani
Imam Reza, Mashhad (9th, 15th, 17th c), Safavid
Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore (1635), Mughal
- Persian kishi-kari tile work
- Motifs of star-shaped flowers and grapevines
- Portal features Quran’ic inscriptions
- Interior frescos depict trees, wine, fruit = allusions to paradise
- Iwan features muquarnas
Amir Juffali Mosque, Jeddah (1986)
- Architect = Abdel Wahed El-Wakil
- Aniconic
- Fortess-like in its extrustion
Al Fahidi Fort, Dubai (1799)
Dubai Museum, Dubai (1997)
Saadiyat (Happiness) Island Cultural District, Abu Dhai (ongoing)
Tomb of Nur Jahan, Lahore (1632), Mughal
- Constructed for empress
- Red sandstone mausoleum
- Vaulted ceilings covered with marble and flower mosaics
- Epitaph: ‘On the grave of this poor stranger, let there be neither lamp nor rose. Let neither butterfly’s wing burn nor nightingale sing’
Masjid-i Shah (Mosque of the Shah), Isfahan, Iran (1612-30), Safavid
- Central court surrounded by arcades
- Iwan in the middle of each side
- Domed sanctuary beyond iwan on qibla side
- Domed sanctuary flanked by rectangular chambers covered by eight domes
- Served as winter prayer halls
- Twin minarets extruded from portal and iwan
- Marble dado with upper surfaces of polychrome glazed tiles (mainly blue)
- Double-shelled dome
- Edge of iwan inscribed with relgious text written in white thuluth script
Dubai National Bank, Dubai (1997)
- Architect = Carlos Ott and NOR
Great Mosque of Xian, China (1368-98)
- Arabic and Chinese inscriptions
- Combines indigenous architecture with Islamic functionality
- 3-tiered octagonal pagoda may have served as minaret
Red Fort, Delhi, India (c. 1638-48), Mughal
- Diwan-i Am (Hall of Public Audience)
- Place for complaints or public affairs
- Ornate interior
- Throne halls become important
- Where king sat, was attended to and made appearances
- King sat on mosaic marble throne
Red Fort, Agra, India (completed in 1571), Mughal
- Fort is symbolic of military strength
- Mughals felt like a minority, surrounded by Hindus, Christians and Jews
- 500 buildings within the fort
- Made of red sandstone
- Palace as a paradisal space
- The river provides access - ready for seige
The Jahangiri Mahal
- Palace as a paradisal space
Empress Market, Karachi, Pakistan
Mayo College, Ajmer, India (1879)
- Architect = Robert Chisholm
- 20th century British take on imperial identity
- Architecture mix of Britain and Mughal
- Clocktower on every municipal building
- Clock tower topped with a crown
Tawhidkhana (Hall of Unity), Isfahan, Iran, Safavid
Central Post Office, Casablanca, Morocco (1920)
- Architect = Laforgue
- Metonymic features of Islamic architecture = arches
- Without arches it appears international
65, Rue Foucauld, Tangier, Morocco (1910-30)
- Naming of cities (imposes colonial culture onto colony)
- Photography a tool to capture Islamic urbanism
Government Secretariat Buildings, Islamabad, Pakistan (1966)
- Architect = G. Ponti
- Secure military space
- Italian source
- Replica of corbusier’s functional style
Great Mosque, Huangzhou, China (1314-20)
Burj Khalifa, Dubai (2010)
- Architect = SOM
Uaddan Hotel and Casino, Tripoli, Libya (1935)
- Architect = Di Fausto
- Trained western architects brough out to colonies
- Proximity between Italy and North African produced familiar architecture
- The colony was a space of experimentation
Allahverdi Khan Bridge, Isfahan, Iran (1602), Safavid
- Across the Zayandeh river
- 2 rows of 33 arches on either side
Qaysariya Bazaar (Imperial Bazaar), Isfahan, Iran (1590-5, 1600-5), Safavid
- 2km bazaar that connected the old maydan to Maydan-i Naqsh-i Jahan
- Illuminated by 50000 lamps at night
- Spandrels revetted with tile mosaix depicting Sagitarius (Isfahan was founded under Sagitarius)
- Interior facades = frescos of Abbas’ victories over Shibanids
- Portal has high iwan flanked by arched galleries
Guggenheim Abu Dhabi
- Architect = Frank Gehry
Taj Mahal, Agra, India (1631-47), Mughal
- Built by Shah Jahan for his wife
- Intended to build a second for himself
- Along the river
- Endowment = income of 30 villages
- Anniversary of the queen, huge celebration
- White marble is now distressed
Tomb of Humayun, Delhi, India (1571), Mughal
- Sandstone, highlighted with marble
- Ornamental pavillions derived from Hindu architecture
- 6-point star represents Solomon
- Solomon considered the epitome of kingship
- Endowment used to distribute food on holidays
Badshahi Mosque, Lahore (1673-4), Mughal
- Red standstone with white marble inlay
- Hallway with 3 primary domes
- Congregation gathered outside on Friday
- Typical white marble domes
- Interior clad in marble
- Apex = upturned lotus
Jami al-Jadid (New Mosque), Algiers, Algeria (1910-30)
Port Office, Basra, Iraq (c. 1927)
- Architect = J. M. Wilson
Jumeirah Mosque, Dubai (1979)
- Architect = Hegazy Engineers
Tomb of Babur, Kabul, Afghanistan (c. 1530), Mughal
- Built in white marble
- Open-air tomb = sign of piety and orthodoxy
- Orthodox believe covered tomb is idolatrous
- Worshipping space or person
- Funerary headstone mentions descendant’s true right to rule
- Built by his son (tombs often built by sons)
- Appropriates the authority of a sacred space
King Faisal Mosque, Islamabad (1986)
- Architect = Vedat Dalokay
- Replace Ottoman dome with Saudi ‘tent’
- Isolated and surrounded by landscaped garden
- Often empty, used as a commerative structure
- Mihrab as an open book
- Large scale hinders sense of community
Amjadiyeh Public Pool, Tehran (c. 1942)
- City in response to the needs of the people
- Art deco changing room
Villa Salvi, Tripoli, Libya (1936)
- Architect = Pelligrini and Agujari
- Domestic architecture under explored
- Colonizer being domesticated
Selimiyye Mosque, Edirne (1569-75)
- Orhan Pamuk said central dome = centralizing political and economic changes
- Designed by Sinan
- Four identical minarets placed around the court
- Light filtered in to decorate the interior
Mosque of Shaykh Lutfullah, Isfahan, Iran (1602-19), Safavid
- East facade of Maydan-i Naqsh-i Jahan
- Single domed room surrounded by service areas
- Covered with low vaults resting on four octagonal piers
- Lack standard accoutrements of mosques
- Courtyard, iwans, minarets
- More similar to domed mausoleum
- Dome covered with ocher-colored arabesques
Tomb of Jahangir, Lahore (1627-37), Mughal
- Built by his wife
- Near the river Ravi
- Rivers provide irrigaton lending itself to gardens
- Porcelain motifs on the exterior
- Red sandstone inlaid with white marble
- Simple roof to appease Sunni tradition
National Museum of Iran, Tehran (1936 -39)
- Architect = Andre Goddard
- Iranians are francophiles
- Import foreign artists (westernization of architecture)
- Blank, geometric, modernist interior - museum vernacular
Plan for Greater Baghdad, Baghdad (1957-58)
- Architect = Frank Lloyd Wright
- Cultural center, opera house, and university
- Fake island on Tigris
Dar al-‘Adiyel, Fez, Morocco (restored 1920)
- Conserving a past
- Built into the image of locality and simplicity
- Stucco of Moroccan craftsmen
- Colonial period was something to be erased
- Nows post-independents states consider it part of history
Anit Kabir of Mustafa Kemal, Ankara (1942-53)
- Architect = Emin Onat and Orhan Arda
Shrine of Fatima Masuma, Qum (9th c, 1519), Safavid
Yesil Camii (Green Mosque), Bursa (1412-20), Ottoman
- Zaviye-type mosque
- Complex built by Bayezid I’s son, Mehmed I Celebi
- Known as green mosque due to splendid green tile revetment
- Richly decorated interior = unusual for the time
- Iwans on either of central fountain with ribbed domes
- Royal balcony overlooks central hall
- Royal balcony paneled with cuerda seca tiles with a gilded ceiling and pierced tile balustrade
Chihil Sutun (Forty Columns) Pavilion, Isfahan, Iran
- Built in 1647 by ‘Abbas II and rebuilt in 1705
Baghdad Gymnasium, Baghdad, Iraq (1982)
- Architect = Le Corbusier, completed by Rifat Chadirji
- Concrete/steel
- Mobile
- Created on site
- Universal materiality
- In light of Baghdad’s olympic bid
- Functionalism of modern architecture
Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali (begun in 1906)
- Originally mud architecture
- Indigenous architecture of mud houses
- Curvature of mudhouses translated onto mosque
- Recovered in mud every year by the community
- Both maintenance and celebration
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Karamanli House, Tripoli, Libya (c. 18th c)
Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, India (1613), Mughal
- Completed by Jahangir, Akbar’s son
- Removes references to Timurids
- Four-tiered pyramid surmounted by a marble pavilion
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al Nahyan Mosque, Abu Dhabi (2007)
Shrine of Shaykh Salim Chishti, the Imperial City, India (1581), Mughal
- Constructed by Akbar
- Symbolic and practical use of water
- Water irrigates the garden
- King depicted simply but directorially
- Use of quarried stone
- Originally built with red sandstones
- Re-constructed as a white marble mausoleum
- Marble eaves resemble a temple
Tomb of Ayatollah Khomeini, Tehran (1989)
Baburi Mosque, Ayodhya, India (1524-7), Mughal
Beylerbeyi Palace, Istanbul, 1829-32
- Architect = Balyan brothers
Masdar City (begun 2007-8)
- Architect = Foster and Partners
Topkapi Palace (Yeni Saray), Istanbul (1478-19th c.), Ottoman
- Built by Mehmed II as a sign of self-confidence
- Represents an accretion of styles, as it was constantly remodeled and renovated
- Functioned as a royal residence, adminstrative center, dormitories and artistic center
- Extruded towers on either side of the gate
- Hierachical plan as only Sultan and his intimates enjoyed the innermost court
Hasht Bihist (Eight Paradises) Pavilion, Isfahan, Iran, Safavid
- Represents Muslim eight levels of paradise
- 8 chambers surrounding a central room
Shalimar Gardens, Lahore (1637), Mughal
- Consists of three terrace levels
- Contains over 400 fountains
- Garden pavillions
- King would sit in a garden pagoda
- Nocturnal spaces decorated with light and water art
Victoria Terminus, Bombay, India (1880)
- Architect = A. M. Haig
- India seen as the land of resources
Shrine of Shaykh Safi, Ardabil (14th c, renovated in 16th and 17th c), Safavid
- Dynastic shrine of the Safavid rulers
- Hall of readers
- Dome with qu’ranic verses
- Epigraphic band is not a verse - venerates shi’ism
- Safi was originally sun’i
- Changes his lineage to descend from propher Muhammed
- Become shi’ite
Great Mosque of Guangzhou, China (7th c, rebuilt in 1350)
- Based on the model of the Chinese courtyard house
- Indigenous architecture of the city
- Directed passage through thresholds until reaching prayer hall
- Constructed mostly in timber
- Initially merchant traders congregated in hosues
- Mosque constructed in the same style
- Minaret was one of the first freestanding cylindrical structures in China
- Doubled as a lighthouse
Hilton Hotel, Istanbul, Turkey (1955)
- Architect = Gordon Bunshaft and Natalie De Blois (Skidmore, Owings and Merrill) and Sedad Hakki Eldem
Tomb of Itimad al-Daula, near Agra, India (c. 1628), Mughal
- Queen is a huge patron and authority
- Engaged minaret-like structures
- Pietro duro - hard stone technique brought by Italian craftsmen
- Used semi-precious stones like jasper
- Laid within white marble
- Dome = translation of thatched roof
Zayed Museum
- Architect = Foster and Associates
Suleymaniyye Mosque, Istanbul (1550-7), Ottoman
- Only Sultanic mosque had four minarets
- Taller pair of minarets at the junction of mosque and court have 3 balconies
- Pair of minarets at the north end have 2 balconies
- 10 balconies = 10th Ottoman sultan
- Colonnaded peristyle courtyard with columns of marble, granite and porphyry
- Complex had four madrasa, hospital, public bath and soup kitchen
Orhan Gazi Camii, Bursa (1339), Ottoman
- Constructed with limestone and marble
- Inverse T plan = Zaviye-type mosque
- 5 bay porch preceding a domed vestibule and the central hall
- Main iwan covered with an elliptical vault
- Central hall sandwiched by raised and vaulted iwans
- Pencil-like minaret added later
The Revenue Board Building, Madras, India (1871)
- Architect = Robert Chisholm
Fatehpur Sikri, the Imperial City, India (1574-89), Mughal
- Attempt to move court from Delhi
- Imperial City has no infrastructure
Yeni Valide Mosque, Istanbul (1597-1665)
Harun-i Velayet Shrine, Isfahan, Iran (1513), Safavid
- Architect Mirza Shah Husayn
- Accentuated with turqouise and lapis
Grand National Assembly Mosque, Ankara, 1989
- Architect = Behruz Cinici
- Built by father and son
- Deconstruction of traditional Ottoman plan
- Prayer hall, courtyard retained
- No dome
- Truncated minarets
Ulu Camii (Great Mosque) of Bayezid I, Bursa (1396-1400), Ottoman
- Multi-domed hypostyle mosque
- Funded with booty from the defeat of Sigismund of Hungary
- 12 piers divide the interior into 20 domed bays in a 4x5 grid
- 2nd bay along the axis from portal to mihrab is a vestigal court
- Vestigal court is two steps lower than the rest of the mosque
- Vestigal court is paved with marble with open oculus over the pool
- Main doorway is opulent and decorated
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran (c. 1939)
- Pre-Islamic motifs
- Metonymic approach to Islamic architecture
- 3D figurations
Royal College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq (c. 1932)
- Architect = H. C. Mason
‘Ali Qapu Gatehouse and Palace, Isfahan, Iran, Safavid
- Intended as modest atrium for the royal gardens
- Changed and expanded over 60 years
Viceroy’s House, Delhi, India (1912)
- Architect = E. Lutyens
Louvre Abu Dhabi
- Architect = Jean Nouvel
Dubai Creek Golf and Yacht Club, Dubai, 1993
- Architect = Godwin Austen Johnson
Cinili Kiosk, Istanbul (1472), Ottoman
- Built by Sultan Mehmed II in the outer gardens of the New Palace
- Persianate pavilion
- One of three pavilions erected around a maydan
- Veranda supported by slender stones columns
- The porch was originally constructed in wood
- Interior tile revetment glazed turquoise, blue and white
- Banna’i used to decorate the facade and iwan
Corniche Mosque, Jeddah (1988)
- Architect = Abdel Wahed El-Wakil
- On the island of corniche
Kocateppe Mosque (1967)
- Architect = Vedat Dalokay
- 1967 competition winner
- Not structurally sound
Maydan-i Naqsh-i Jahan (‘Image of the Universe’ Plaza), Isfahan, Iran (1590-5, 1600-5), Safavid
- Connected to old maydan by Qaysariyya bazaar
- Originally for state ceremonies and sport
- Redevloped for commercial purposes
- Facades of polychrome glazed tiles
- Perimeter of low-rent shops to attract merchants
- 4 main portals on each side
- North = Qaysariya Bazaar
- East = Mosque of Shaykh Lutfallah
- South = Masjid’i Shah
- West = ‘Ali Qapu to the palace complex
Red Fort, Lahore (Pakistan) (c. 1580, 1617), Mughal
- Nomadic capital
- Huge fortress
- Quartered gardens
- Raised palace complex
- Imitates thatched roof of bangladeshi architcture in marble
- Ceiling decorated with angel figures
- King presented with halo
Plan Obus, Algiers (1933)
- Architect = Le Corbusier
- Grandeur honors city architecture
- Finds his ideas for new urbangism in Algiers and Buenos Aires
- Network of roads segregate city
Kocateppe Mosque, Ankara (1967-87)
Architect = Husrev Tayla and M. Fatin Uluengin 1987 renovation
