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Radiation Protection > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is Photoelectric Absorption?

A
  • in the body
  • Photon hits inner electron, knocks it out of place and gets absorbed. Outer shell electrons drop to fill spot releasing characteristic radiation
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2
Q

What is Coherent Interaction?

A

Incident photon interacts with atom and excites it. Photon changes direction with no energy loss.
-Occurs at low energies

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3
Q

What is a Compton INteraction?

A

Photon hits outer shell electron. Electron gets ejected from shell (Compton electron) and has kinetic energy. Incident photon loses some energy and moves in new direction

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4
Q

What is Pair Production?

A

Occurs between high energy incident photon and nucleus.Photon gives up all of its energy

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5
Q

What is Photodisintegration?

A

High energy photon collides with nucleus of an atom which absorbs photons energy. Nucleus emits a neutron to become stable

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6
Q

When does photoelectric absorption occur?

A

1-50 KeV

Incident photon needs to have higher charge than binding energy

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7
Q

When will Coherent occur?

A

Low Energies

Less than 10MeV

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8
Q

When will Compton Scatter Occur?

A

50KeV-2MeV
Incident photon needs enough energy to eject electron
Increased probability with INCREASED KVP

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9
Q

When does pair production occur?

A

1.022 MeV-10MeV

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10
Q

When will photodisintergration occur?

A

Higher than 10 MeV

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11
Q

What are the products of photodisintegration?

A

Neutron

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12
Q

What are the products of pair production?

A

Negation and Positron

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13
Q

What are the products of Compton?

A

Scattered photon, compton electron, positive ion

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14
Q

What are the products of photoelectric?

A

Photoelectron, characteristic radiation, positive ion

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15
Q

What 3 Factors need to be considered when designing and x-ray room?

A
  1. Adjoining rooms
  2. Location within building
  3. Barriers
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16
Q

What 3 types of radiation do we protect against?

A

Primary
Scatter
Leakage

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17
Q

What is the Occupancy Factor of the Area(T)?

A

Takes into account the time that the space behind barrier is occupied in a work week

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18
Q 
T=1
T=1/2
T=1/5
T=1/8
T=1/20
T=1/40
A
  • Offices, lab, wards, nursing stations, living quarters, play areas
  • Patient exam and treatment rooms
  • COrridors, patient rooms, staff lounge, staff restroom
  • Public restroom, vending areas, storage rooms, outdoor areas, waiting rooms
  • outdoor areas with pedestrian or vehicle traffic, parking lots, stairways, closets
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19
Q

What is a controlled area?

A

Radiographic exam rooms and work areas must limit to no more than 1 mSv/week

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20
Q

What is an Uncontrolled area?

A

Occupied by non-monitored personnel or general public

No more than 1mSv/year

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21
Q

What is the workload?

A

Weekly radiation use of the X-ray unit

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22
Q

U=1
U=1/4
U=1/16
U=1

A
  • Floor of radiation rooms, walls near detector, doors, ceiling areas exposed to direct radiation
  • Doors and wall areas not normally exposed to direct beam
  • Ceiling areas not normallly exposed to direct beam
  • Always considered U=1
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23
Q

Scatter at 1 meter from the patient is defined as ___% intensity of useful beam?

A

0.1%

24
Q

Ionizing radiation has the ability to produce gene_______ and chromosome __________in cells

A

Mutations, abnormalities

25
Q

Greatest concern is for ________ and rapidly _________ cells

A

Immature/non-specialized, divinding

26
Q

__________in reproductive and dividing cells may be passed on to further generations or effects may be amplified

A

Genetic Effects

27
Q

Reducing gonadal dose to individual patients can help to reduce the _________ significant dose to the population

A

Genetically

28
Q

Assuming a _____________ dose response makes it important to minimize any radiation to the sensitive tissues

A

Non-threshold

29
Q

Define and Describe Primary or Secondary Barriers

A

Primary-any wall to which a primary beam may be directed
Materials-lead bonded to drywall or wood panels, conrete, brick

Secondary-less thick than primary, provide shielding from leakage and scatter
Materials-lead not required
Control booth

30
Q

Define and Describe the Distance from the Radiation Source

A

Distance between the nearest point of area to be shielded and main position of the tube

31
Q

Define and Describe Maximum and average tube potential and output

A

KVP is used to measure penetrability of beam

32
Q

When and why are spermatogonia most radiosensitive?

A
  • immature are still dividing =super sensitive

- mature or specialized or not dividing=less sensitive

33
Q

When and why are Ova most radiosensitive?

A

Immature ova=really sensitive
20-30=least sensitive
30-menopause=increased sensitivity

34
Q

What are the recommended limits for pregnant radiation workers?

A

4mSv once pregnancy declared

35
Q

Who is required to calculate fetal exposure?

A

Radiation Safety Officer/ Medical Physicist

36
Q

What are 4 considerations for irradiating a pregnant patient?

A
  1. When is it the best interest to have exam?
  2. Use shielding when possible
  3. Prone vs. Supine to decrease fetal dose
  4. Close Collimation
37
Q

What are the possible effect of irradiation in utero?

A

-spontaneous abortion
-congenital abnormalities
-metal retardations
-impaired growth and development
`

38
Q

How is a DRL different than a maximum permissible dose?/

A

DRL’s are an average acceptable dose to patient. MPD’s are the maximum dose levels acceptable for radiation workers

39
Q

What is the cause of most repeats?

A

Tech errors- positioning and technique selection

40
Q

What is LET?

A

-Measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to matter

Linear Energy Transfer

41
Q

What is High LET?

A

Causes dense ionization along its length of track
Interacts with tissue
More destructive

42
Q

What is Low LET?

A

Electromagnetic radiation that is sparsely ionizing
Random interactions along path
Indirect damage

43
Q

What is Target Theory?

A

Key/master molecule that is necessary for the survival of the cell, if it is damages by radiation the cell will die

44
Q

What is the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau?

A

Most radiosensitive cells are the ones that have the least maturity and least specialization and highest reproductive activity

45
Q

Indirect action?

A

Effects of radiation that results from the production of free radicals produced by the Interaction of radiation with water

46
Q

Direct Action?

A

When ionizing particles interact directly with biological macromolecules and damage them

47
Q

What is RBE?

A

Relative Biological Effectiveness

-Describes relative capabilities of radiation with different LET’s to produce a specific biologic reaction

48
Q

What is ARS/

A

Acute Radiation Syndrome

Symptoms associated with high-level radiation exposure

49
Q

What is Equivalent dose?

A
  • radiation quantity used to compare exposures from different types of ionizing radiation
  • specifies the differences in biologic harm produces by different types of radiation
50
Q

What is Direct Transmission?

A

X-ray photons that pass through a patient without Interaction

51
Q

Protraction?

A

Continuous dose delivered at a lower dose rate

52
Q

Fractionation?

A

Dose delivered at the same rate but separated into equal fractions

53
Q

Ld 50/30 ?

A

Lethal Dose

Kill 50% in 30 days

54
Q

What is Absolute Risk?

A
  • predicts a number of excess cancer that will occur as a result of exposure
  • at least 2 different doses are known
  • non threshold linear dose
55
Q

Relative Risk?

A

Used to estimate late radiation effects without knowing precise dose exposure

56
Q

What is Excess Risk?

A

Number of cases of a particular effect over and above the expected number

57
Q

What are Stochastic/ Probabilistic Effects?

A

Probability of the biologic response to radiation as a function of the radiation dose. NO THRESHOLD

Radiation Protection (2 decks)

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