FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Which of the following is a political act
Gossiping, running for president, or protesting
all of these
in most of the worlds cultures, when people have disputes they are most concerned with willing and losing true or fa;se
FALSE
A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu’s perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if chiefs play a role in decision making true or false
TRUE
you and your siblings are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you. This is an example of…
mediation
a society with no governmental head is an _____ government
acephalous
the importance of structural functionalism is that it…
showed colonial governments that non western societies have order without formal goverenment
the importance of a phenomenon like revenge suicide inn Papua new guinea is that it…
demonstrates that the nonpoweful have ways of exercising political power
which of the following social structure was identified as a way that African societies maintained order
associations, religious practices, kinship, or all of the above
all of the above
which of the following English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating a strong government
Hobbes and Locke
a society’s legal and constitutional domain that is the source of aw, order, and legitimate force is the ____
Government
an important dimension of political is
All of the above
people living in non centralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized (nation state) political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them true or false
FALSE
the legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a division is…
adjudication
for a big man in a non state society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool
persuasion
the practice in which a third party intervenes in a dispute to aid the parties in reaching an agreement is called…
authority
all forms of political power require
legitimacy
for anthropologist, political power refers to
how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
french existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir argued in her book the second sex that
throughout history women have been treated as infrerior
sexual dimorphism refers to
all of the above
according to some feminist anthropologists a critical limitation of second wave feminism is that it..
all of above
which of the following is dilemma facing an ethnographer of transgender people in the US
how one’s research or advocacy can reinforce social inequalities and suffering
individual who diverge from the male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female are called…
intersexed
Indiana university biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 1940s and found that…
most people are hederosexual
why did liberian rebel soldiers cross dress during the civil war in the 1990s
it distinguished them from the governments soldiers
a number of societies have the notion that men are ____ and women are ____
Created;natural
a key finding of anthropologist Matthew Gutmanns fieldwork on masculinity in mexico is that…
women challenge mens domination over them by arguing and issuing ultmatums
which issue(s) would you focus on if you wanted to understand changing ideas about masculinity in the US
all of the above
one of the reasons it is important to develop culturally sensitive campaigns to adress a health crisis like HIV or AIDS is that
what some people think is gay sex is not considered to be the case by others
all societies differentiate between male and female, but one way Americans do so is by linking gender to what
colors
____ is the set of cultural expectations for how males and females should behave
penal code
Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are
a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female
anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize male female and those who do not fit in either category as…
gender/sex system
a common misconception about hormones in human bodies is that
all of the above
which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the dominant male and female norms of most societies
gender variance
images knowledge and concepts of the physical landscape that effect how humans will actually interact with it (the landscape) is called
a cultural landscape
sometimes the very landscape that Westerners want to conserve without people on them are actually the result of indigenous involvement and manipulation. these are called ___ landscapes
artifactual
one of the primary reason indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
they assume nature must be uninhabited by people
Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because
all of the above
many non western societies have conservation traditions that are based on distinct principles of human/nature relationship true or false
TRUE
a key feature of ____ movements is there a tension to the linkages between social marginalization and environmental desegregation
environmental justice
___ development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
sastainable
which of the following methods allow Fairhead and Leach to make their conclusions that forest in Guinea are expanding rather than shrinking
all of the above
___ are important because they demonstrate that many landscapes that seem wild are actually the product of human shaping
artifactual landscapes
Jared Dimond’s veiw that nature and environmental conditions (availability of oxygen, for example) shape the characteristics and life ways of a group of people is known as environmental ____
determanism
what relationship between nature and human does western (particularly evolutionary) thought emphasise
oppositional
what part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to western ecological understandings
the idea that maize has a sole
Traditional ecological knowledge is not well known in the west because
all of the above
what is fortress conservation
an approach to conservation that assumes that all people are threatening to nature
what do environmental anthropologists study
all of the above
all knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally baased
TRUE
mother nature and natural resources are a good example of
metaphors of human-nature interaction
__ is a major world religion that is neither monotheistic or polytheistic
budisum
stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities
rituals
___ can be understood as raw supernatural power that is not caused by a person or spirit
mana
which of the following is an example of american totenism
sports team
Geertz’s approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often refereed to as…
the interpretive approach
EB Taylor identified ____ as the belife that inanimate objects such as trees, hills, clifs, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings
Animism
a good illustration of a ____ is a funeral, wedding, graduation, or initiation in which an individual or group of individuals change social position
rite of passage
in some Pentecostal and charismatic christian religions adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening which is known as
speaking in tongues
a central assertion of the ____ is that religious thinking is gradually giving way to secular thought without relying on references to any form of supernatural power
secularization hypothesis
why do fundamentalists often use the language of returning to traditional values in their ideologies and rituals
all of the above
a voodoo doll is a good illustration
magic that follows the law of similarity
what are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called
fundamentalists
the corner of Anthony F.C. Wallace’s understanding of religion was the belief in
supernatural things
magical techniques may involve
all of the above
what is a life cycle ritual that marks a person’s or group of person’s transition from one social state to another
rite of passage
___ is the system of thought that associates particular social groups with specific animal or plant
totemism
a key feature of religious beliefs and behaviors is that they are rooted in
social behavior and social action
the religious leader who communicates the needs of the living with the spirit world, usually through some form of ritual trance or other altered state of consciousness, is called a _____
Shaman
Race can become biology, by shaping people’s biological outcomes due to disparities in access to certain kinds of healthcare and diets exposure to certain kinds of diseases
TRUE
a key difference between castes and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
censuses interest anthropologists became they
all of the above
saying race is culturally construed is not enough because race has real ___
evolutionary suppoort
the state of tension between one’s belief and ones behavior which compels the mind to acquire or intent new thoughts
cognitive dissonance
why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens
to justify slavery
after the US Civil War the biologizing of race became extreme extreme and people were defined as black if they had a single ancestor this was call
one drop rule and hypodescent
which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups
all of the above
a preformed usually unfavorable opinion about people who are different is
prejudice
the one drop rule enlarged the slave population by
including the mixed race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
when Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situation if their families, they are recognizing the existence of
class
anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because
it shows how cultural , political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based
all biological approaches to race are problematic because
all of the above
genetically speaking humans are a remarkably homogeneous species there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them
TRUE
which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races
Scientist
the natural order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by
social institutions
negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is
discrimination
Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?
all of the above
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
The major goal of “development” is
all of the above
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
expanding capitalist markets
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development actually functions
objective observers
The theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness (awareness of the value of one’s own culture) is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is
to expand state power
A synonym for hybridization is
hybridization theory
________________ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
syncretism
According to anthropologists, _____________ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.
globilization
Often, anthropologists use the term “_______________” rather than “globalization” to refer to the “global” circulation of goods and people.
transnational
Localization is the flip side of globalization.
TRUE
When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.
FALSE
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
localization
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
Which of the following is NOT true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world
A multisited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork
all of the above
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize
the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
which word is closely linked to the Marxist perspective
rationallity
according to anthropologist economies are shaped by which factors
all of the above
economies in which people seek high social rank prestige and power instead of money is
prestige economy
the exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or payment of bride price is an example of the use of
limited purpose money
when a parent pays for a childs piano lesson they are engaged in what
generalized reciprocity
A substantivist would be most likely to explain the Kula cycle as
closely tied to important social institutions, such as kin networks, trading ties, and political structure`
the themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
all of the above
exchange is a human universal
true
a good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
a worker makes one 30$ sweater every hour but only makes 15$
which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time labor and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction
neoclassical economics
the colection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of the society is called
redistribution
the main reason men of the malaysain langkawi fishing community hand over their money ti the women is that
women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the house hold
people who live through object and images not of their own making are ___
consumers
when you are consuming an object the process of taking possession of it is called
approriation
from an anthropological point of view people take the price tag off of gifts and wrap birthday presents because
people have mixed emotions about expressing their connections with impersonal gifts
the cooperative organization of work into specialized tasks and roles in industry is
division of labor
the use of money is human universal.
false
which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create value used in society
all of the above
a paradigm that emphasizes humans that are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is
biocultural
when humans are born their brain is what percentage of its eventual weight
25%
the human mind is
all of the above
Ethnopsychology is largely concerned with
understanding how other societies make sense of selves, persons, and emotions
Slight, unpredictable variation in the genetic code that occurs during reproduction is called
mutation
in some cultures, people are born as full persons but gain that as they fulfill social obligations
true
the movement of genes through interbreeding or intermarriage among humans from distinct populations is
gene flow
random sampling effects that bring changes to the distribution of of traits within a population
genetic drift
an illustration of the bioculture of humans is
mental stress from losing a job causing insomnia
cultural models help us make sense of the world because
they provide a pattern for explaining human evolution
intelligence is
not marked by a single fixed gene
according to Mauss and Durkheim a key feature of teh concept of person hood in many other cultures is
defined socially
a cross cultural perspective on manic depression would
all of the above
Which of the following would most interest an anthropologist who studies culture bound syndromes
koro in china and anorexia in cali
the set of visible characteristics of an individual is called
a phenotype
anthropologists are deeply skeptical of grandiose claims about biological destiny and the belief that nature explains all of our behavior
true
western psychological terms and treatments are globalizing, and now there is evidence of mental illnesses in places where they never existed before
true
the application of genetic explanations for breast cancer
Geneticization
when anthropologists go into the field
all of the above
the people anthropologist gather data from are called
informants
research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is
action anthropology
if you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use
genealogical
field work involves
all of the above
systematic conversations with informants to collect data are called
interviews
this type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants
participant observation
using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person’s age affects his or her role in the community
Central anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
in order to study culture one must travel to distant, far off places
false
which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships
Intersubjective
An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in
A study of a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located
The comparative method
Uses data from many different societies
A________ __________ is when anthropologists drop into a community for just a few weeks to collect data
Rapid appraisal
Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences
False
Which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cnacer in a given population?
Genealogical method
Anthropologists of the 1800s are referred to as “armchair anthropologists” because they never traveled abroad and they gathered data from other people’s reports
True
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner’s analysis, the American flag is an example of
A summarizing symbol
Ferdinand de Saussure made a distinction between the formal rules of language (_______) and the ways people speak it (_______)
Langue; parole
The set of sounds and movementsthat animals make to communicate is called a
call system
For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol?
Elaborating symbol
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings (on the street) rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
Parole
Animal call systems
Can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
Most people are unaware of the stucture of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake
True
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called
morphology
A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?
Symbol
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and ______
Red
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff’s study of gendered speech, you might find that “talking like a lady”
Marginalizes women’s voices in work contexts
anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except
Key scenarios
_______ refers to the structure of speech sounds
Phonology
Units that are made up of a combination of the smallest meaningful bits of sound are
Phonemes
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
A creole
______ is the study of how sociocultural norms and contexts shape language use in society
Sociolinguistics
______ are the structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production distribution and consumption of food
Foodways
Anthropologists study food holistically which means they focus on
all of the above
The human diet is
Omnivorous
Anthropologist Sydney Minz obvseres that most people around the world usually
Eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-friage foods
Why was meat eating important for human evolution
It provides high-quality protein for human brain development
Mary Douglas compared food’s structure in society with __________ and a formal dinner with ________
Language; sentence
Which mode of subsistence inlcudes the search for edible things?
Foraging
Foodways describes a perspective that approaches food as
All the above
Why do foragers turn to agriculture?
Increase population density causes too much competition for resources
The ablity to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase ______
Persistence
_____ refers to both a physical sensation and social distinction and prestige
Taste
There are four major modes of _____ that includes the social relationship and practices necessary for procuring producing and distributing food
substances
What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.822 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways
meat consumption increase
Foragers tend to work less to survive the agriculturalists or pastoralists
True
