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Cultural Anthropology > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a political act

Gossiping, running for president, or protesting

A

all of these

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2
Q

in most of the worlds cultures, when people have disputes they are most concerned with willing and losing true or fa;se

A

FALSE

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3
Q

A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu’s perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if chiefs play a role in decision making true or false

A

TRUE

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4
Q

you and your siblings are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you. This is an example of…

A

mediation

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5
Q

a society with no governmental head is an _____ government

A

acephalous

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6
Q

the importance of structural functionalism is that it…

A

showed colonial governments that non western societies have order without formal goverenment

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7
Q

the importance of a phenomenon like revenge suicide inn Papua new guinea is that it…

A

demonstrates that the nonpoweful have ways of exercising political power

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8
Q

which of the following social structure was identified as a way that African societies maintained order
associations, religious practices, kinship, or all of the above

A

all of the above

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9
Q

which of the following English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating a strong government

A

Hobbes and Locke

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10
Q

a society’s legal and constitutional domain that is the source of aw, order, and legitimate force is the ____

A

Government

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11
Q

an important dimension of political is

A

All of the above

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12
Q

people living in non centralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized (nation state) political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them true or false

A

FALSE

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13
Q

the legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a division is…

A

adjudication

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14
Q

for a big man in a non state society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool

A

persuasion

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15
Q

the practice in which a third party intervenes in a dispute to aid the parties in reaching an agreement is called…

A

authority

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16
Q

all forms of political power require

A

legitimacy

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17
Q

for anthropologist, political power refers to

A

how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

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18
Q

french existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir argued in her book the second sex that

A

throughout history women have been treated as infrerior

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19
Q

sexual dimorphism refers to

A

all of the above

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20
Q

according to some feminist anthropologists a critical limitation of second wave feminism is that it..

A

all of above

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21
Q

which of the following is dilemma facing an ethnographer of transgender people in the US

A

how one’s research or advocacy can reinforce social inequalities and suffering

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22
Q

individual who diverge from the male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female are called…

A

intersexed

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23
Q

Indiana university biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 1940s and found that…

A

most people are hederosexual

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24
Q

why did liberian rebel soldiers cross dress during the civil war in the 1990s

A

it distinguished them from the governments soldiers

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25
Q

a number of societies have the notion that men are ____ and women are ____

A

Created;natural

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26
Q

a key finding of anthropologist Matthew Gutmanns fieldwork on masculinity in mexico is that…

A

women challenge mens domination over them by arguing and issuing ultmatums

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27
Q

which issue(s) would you focus on if you wanted to understand changing ideas about masculinity in the US

A

all of the above

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28
Q

one of the reasons it is important to develop culturally sensitive campaigns to adress a health crisis like HIV or AIDS is that

A

what some people think is gay sex is not considered to be the case by others

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29
Q

all societies differentiate between male and female, but one way Americans do so is by linking gender to what

A

colors

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30
Q

____ is the set of cultural expectations for how males and females should behave

A

penal code

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31
Q

Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are

A

a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female

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32
Q

anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize male female and those who do not fit in either category as…

A

gender/sex system

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33
Q

a common misconception about hormones in human bodies is that

A

all of the above

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34
Q

which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the dominant male and female norms of most societies

A

gender variance

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35
Q

images knowledge and concepts of the physical landscape that effect how humans will actually interact with it (the landscape) is called

A

a cultural landscape

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36
Q

sometimes the very landscape that Westerners want to conserve without people on them are actually the result of indigenous involvement and manipulation. these are called ___ landscapes

A

artifactual

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37
Q

one of the primary reason indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is

A

they assume nature must be uninhabited by people

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38
Q

Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because

A

all of the above

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39
Q

many non western societies have conservation traditions that are based on distinct principles of human/nature relationship true or false

A

TRUE

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40
Q

a key feature of ____ movements is there a tension to the linkages between social marginalization and environmental desegregation

A

environmental justice

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41
Q

___ development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

A

sastainable

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42
Q

which of the following methods allow Fairhead and Leach to make their conclusions that forest in Guinea are expanding rather than shrinking

A

all of the above

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43
Q

___ are important because they demonstrate that many landscapes that seem wild are actually the product of human shaping

A

artifactual landscapes

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44
Q

Jared Dimond’s veiw that nature and environmental conditions (availability of oxygen, for example) shape the characteristics and life ways of a group of people is known as environmental ____

A

determanism

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45
Q

what relationship between nature and human does western (particularly evolutionary) thought emphasise

A

oppositional

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46
Q

what part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to western ecological understandings

A

the idea that maize has a sole

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47
Q

Traditional ecological knowledge is not well known in the west because

A

all of the above

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48
Q

what is fortress conservation

A

an approach to conservation that assumes that all people are threatening to nature

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49
Q

what do environmental anthropologists study

A

all of the above

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50
Q

all knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally baased

A

TRUE

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51
Q

mother nature and natural resources are a good example of

A

metaphors of human-nature interaction

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52
Q

__ is a major world religion that is neither monotheistic or polytheistic

A

budisum

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53
Q

stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities

A

rituals

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54
Q

___ can be understood as raw supernatural power that is not caused by a person or spirit

A

mana

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55
Q

which of the following is an example of american totenism

A

sports team

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56
Q

Geertz’s approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often refereed to as…

A

the interpretive approach

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57
Q

EB Taylor identified ____ as the belife that inanimate objects such as trees, hills, clifs, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings

A

Animism

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58
Q

a good illustration of a ____ is a funeral, wedding, graduation, or initiation in which an individual or group of individuals change social position

A

rite of passage

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59
Q

in some Pentecostal and charismatic christian religions adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening which is known as

A

speaking in tongues

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60
Q

a central assertion of the ____ is that religious thinking is gradually giving way to secular thought without relying on references to any form of supernatural power

A

secularization hypothesis

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61
Q

why do fundamentalists often use the language of returning to traditional values in their ideologies and rituals

A

all of the above

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62
Q

a voodoo doll is a good illustration

A

magic that follows the law of similarity

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63
Q

what are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called

A

fundamentalists

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64
Q

the corner of Anthony F.C. Wallace’s understanding of religion was the belief in

A

supernatural things

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65
Q

magical techniques may involve

A

all of the above

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66
Q

what is a life cycle ritual that marks a person’s or group of person’s transition from one social state to another

A

rite of passage

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67
Q

___ is the system of thought that associates particular social groups with specific animal or plant

A

totemism

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68
Q

a key feature of religious beliefs and behaviors is that they are rooted in

A

social behavior and social action

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69
Q

the religious leader who communicates the needs of the living with the spirit world, usually through some form of ritual trance or other altered state of consciousness, is called a _____

A

Shaman

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70
Q

Race can become biology, by shaping people’s biological outcomes due to disparities in access to certain kinds of healthcare and diets exposure to certain kinds of diseases

A

TRUE

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71
Q

a key difference between castes and social class is

A

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

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72
Q

censuses interest anthropologists became they

A

all of the above

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73
Q

saying race is culturally construed is not enough because race has real ___

A

evolutionary suppoort

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74
Q

the state of tension between one’s belief and ones behavior which compels the mind to acquire or intent new thoughts

A

cognitive dissonance

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75
Q

why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens

A

to justify slavery

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76
Q

after the US Civil War the biologizing of race became extreme extreme and people were defined as black if they had a single ancestor this was call

A

one drop rule and hypodescent

77
Q

which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups

A

all of the above

78
Q

a preformed usually unfavorable opinion about people who are different is

A

prejudice

79
Q

the one drop rule enlarged the slave population by

A

including the mixed race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population

80
Q

when Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situation if their families, they are recognizing the existence of

A

class

81
Q

anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

A

it shows how cultural , political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

82
Q

all biological approaches to race are problematic because

A

all of the above

83
Q

genetically speaking humans are a remarkably homogeneous species there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them

A

TRUE

84
Q

which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races

A

Scientist

85
Q

the natural order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by

A

social institutions

86
Q

negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is

A

discrimination

87
Q

Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?

A

all of the above

88
Q

Financial globalization has allowed for

A

corporations to move factories from one country to another

89
Q

The major goal of “development” is

A

all of the above

90
Q

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

A

expanding capitalist markets

91
Q

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development actually functions

A

objective observers

92
Q

The theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness (awareness of the value of one’s own culture) is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is

A

to expand state power

93
Q

A synonym for hybridization is

A

hybridization theory

94
Q

________________ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

A

syncretism

95
Q

According to anthropologists, _____________ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.

A

globilization

96
Q

Often, anthropologists use the term “_______________” rather than “globalization” to refer to the “global” circulation of goods and people.

A

transnational

97
Q

Localization is the flip side of globalization.

A

TRUE

98
Q

When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

A

FALSE

99
Q

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of

A

localization

100
Q

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

A

they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity

101
Q

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

A

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

102
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about hybridization theories?

A

it explains why conflict is growing in the world

103
Q

A multisited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork

A

all of the above

104
Q

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize

A

the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

105
Q

which word is closely linked to the Marxist perspective

A

rationallity

106
Q

according to anthropologist economies are shaped by which factors

A

all of the above

107
Q

economies in which people seek high social rank prestige and power instead of money is

A

prestige economy

108
Q

the exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or payment of bride price is an example of the use of

A

limited purpose money

109
Q

when a parent pays for a childs piano lesson they are engaged in what

A

generalized reciprocity

110
Q

A substantivist would be most likely to explain the Kula cycle as

A

closely tied to important social institutions, such as kin networks, trading ties, and political structure`

111
Q

the themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because

A

all of the above

112
Q

exchange is a human universal

A

true

113
Q

a good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is

A

a worker makes one 30$ sweater every hour but only makes 15$

114
Q

which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time labor and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction

A

neoclassical economics

115
Q

the colection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of the society is called

A

redistribution

116
Q

the main reason men of the malaysain langkawi fishing community hand over their money ti the women is that

A

women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the house hold

117
Q

people who live through object and images not of their own making are ___

A

consumers

118
Q

when you are consuming an object the process of taking possession of it is called

A

approriation

119
Q

from an anthropological point of view people take the price tag off of gifts and wrap birthday presents because

A

people have mixed emotions about expressing their connections with impersonal gifts

120
Q

the cooperative organization of work into specialized tasks and roles in industry is

A

division of labor

121
Q

the use of money is human universal.

A

false

122
Q

which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create value used in society

A

all of the above

123
Q

a paradigm that emphasizes humans that are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is

A

biocultural

124
Q

when humans are born their brain is what percentage of its eventual weight

A

25%

125
Q

the human mind is

A

all of the above

126
Q

Ethnopsychology is largely concerned with

A

understanding how other societies make sense of selves, persons, and emotions

127
Q

Slight, unpredictable variation in the genetic code that occurs during reproduction is called

A

mutation

128
Q

in some cultures, people are born as full persons but gain that as they fulfill social obligations

A

true

129
Q

the movement of genes through interbreeding or intermarriage among humans from distinct populations is

A

gene flow

130
Q

random sampling effects that bring changes to the distribution of of traits within a population

A

genetic drift

131
Q

an illustration of the bioculture of humans is

A

mental stress from losing a job causing insomnia

132
Q

cultural models help us make sense of the world because

A

they provide a pattern for explaining human evolution

133
Q

intelligence is

A

not marked by a single fixed gene

134
Q

according to Mauss and Durkheim a key feature of teh concept of person hood in many other cultures is

A

defined socially

135
Q

a cross cultural perspective on manic depression would

A

all of the above

136
Q

Which of the following would most interest an anthropologist who studies culture bound syndromes

A

koro in china and anorexia in cali

137
Q

the set of visible characteristics of an individual is called

A

a phenotype

138
Q

anthropologists are deeply skeptical of grandiose claims about biological destiny and the belief that nature explains all of our behavior

A

true

139
Q

western psychological terms and treatments are globalizing, and now there is evidence of mental illnesses in places where they never existed before

A

true

140
Q

the application of genetic explanations for breast cancer

A

Geneticization

141
Q

when anthropologists go into the field

A

all of the above

142
Q

the people anthropologist gather data from are called

A

informants

143
Q

research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is

A

action anthropology

144
Q

if you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use

A

genealogical

145
Q

field work involves

A

all of the above

146
Q

systematic conversations with informants to collect data are called

A

interviews

147
Q

this type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

A

participant observation

148
Q

using life history interviews, researchers are able to

A

understand how a person’s age affects his or her role in the community

149
Q

Central anthropologists do research by

A

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

150
Q

in order to study culture one must travel to distant, far off places

A

false

151
Q

which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships

A

Intersubjective

152
Q

An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in

A

A study of a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located

153
Q

The comparative method

A

Uses data from many different societies

154
Q

A________ __________ is when anthropologists drop into a community for just a few weeks to collect data

A

Rapid appraisal

155
Q

Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences

A

False

156
Q

Which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cnacer in a given population?

A

Genealogical method

157
Q

Anthropologists of the 1800s are referred to as “armchair anthropologists” because they never traveled abroad and they gathered data from other people’s reports

A

True

158
Q

According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner’s analysis, the American flag is an example of

A

A summarizing symbol

159
Q

Ferdinand de Saussure made a distinction between the formal rules of language (_______) and the ways people speak it (_______)

A

Langue; parole

160
Q

The set of sounds and movementsthat animals make to communicate is called a

A

call system

161
Q

For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol?

A

Elaborating symbol

162
Q

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings (on the street) rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on

A

Parole

163
Q

Animal call systems

A

Can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli

164
Q

Most people are unaware of the stucture of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake

A

True

165
Q

The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called

A

morphology

166
Q

A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?

A

Symbol

167
Q

The study of how people classify things in the world is called

A

ethnoscience

168
Q

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called

A

cognate words

169
Q

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and ______

A

Red

170
Q

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff’s study of gendered speech, you might find that “talking like a lady”

A

Marginalizes women’s voices in work contexts

171
Q

anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except

A

Key scenarios

172
Q

_______ refers to the structure of speech sounds

A

Phonology

173
Q

Units that are made up of a combination of the smallest meaningful bits of sound are

A

Phonemes

174
Q

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called

A

A creole

175
Q

______ is the study of how sociocultural norms and contexts shape language use in society

A

Sociolinguistics

176
Q

______ are the structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production distribution and consumption of food

A

Foodways

177
Q

Anthropologists study food holistically which means they focus on

A

all of the above

178
Q

The human diet is

A

Omnivorous

179
Q

Anthropologist Sydney Minz obvseres that most people around the world usually

A

Eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-friage foods

180
Q

Why was meat eating important for human evolution

A

It provides high-quality protein for human brain development

181
Q

Mary Douglas compared food’s structure in society with __________ and a formal dinner with ________

A

Language; sentence

182
Q

Which mode of subsistence inlcudes the search for edible things?

A

Foraging

183
Q

Foodways describes a perspective that approaches food as

A

All the above

184
Q

Why do foragers turn to agriculture?

A

Increase population density causes too much competition for resources

185
Q

The ablity to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase ______

A

Persistence

186
Q

_____ refers to both a physical sensation and social distinction and prestige

A

Taste

187
Q

There are four major modes of _____ that includes the social relationship and practices necessary for procuring producing and distributing food

A

substances

188
Q

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.822 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways

A

meat consumption increase

189
Q

Foragers tend to work less to survive the agriculturalists or pastoralists

A

True

Cultural Anthropology (3 decks)

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