Final Exam

Question 1

What is leadership? And how is it different than management?

Answer 1

• Leadership is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals.
• Leaders create visions of the future for the organization or group
• A manager is appointed, a leader emerges from within a group/organization

Question 2

Explain impression management and discuss which impression techniques are most effective in an interview.

Answer 2

-Impression management: the process by which individuals attempt to control the impression other form of them.
-Sometimes includes being fake to win approval by others and being perceived positively to get a job or promotion
-Techniques of IM effectively in interviews start with self-promotion(call attention to your achievements)
(take credit for successes, explain away failures, enhance your accomplishments)
Also emphasizing where you fit best in an organization tend to do better in the interview process.

Question 3

Define sexual harassment and identify ways in which managers can protect themselves and their employees from it.

Answer 3

• Sexual harassment: Unwanted activity of sexual nature that affects an individual’s employment and creates a hostile work environment
• Managers can protect themselves and their employees from sexual harassment by making sure the company has an active policy that defines what sexual harassment is and what constitutes it.
• The manager needs to investigate any report of SH no matter who it’s from or what it concerns.
• Managers must make sure that offenders are punished severely or even terminated. (zero tolerance policy of SH)

Question 4

List and discuss the base of formal power.

Answer 4

-The bases of formal power include coercive power, which is a power base that is dependent on fear of the negative results from failing to comply with orders from someone above you in the chain of command. (This can include threats of infliction of pain of physiological torment.)
-REWARD power: compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that other view as valuable. (includes holding pay raises and bonuses over others heads)
LEGITIMATE power: the power a person receives as a result of their position in the formal chain of command in an org

Question 5

In terms of intraorganizational behavior, all things equal, why is integrative bargaining preferable to distributive bargaining?

Answer 5

Integrative bargaining tends to provide outcomes that satisfy all parties and build lasting relationships. Distributive bargaining can resolve disputes, but often reduces the satisfaction of one or more parties because it is confrontational and focused on the short term.

Question 6

Describe the various ways in which the negative impact of downsizing can be minimized.

Answer 6

• Companies can reduce the negative impact that downsizing has on employees in short, by showing it cares about the employees and it has valued their contribution to the company.
• They could extend the healthcare benefits to cover the employee for a period while they are looking for new job. OR offer the employee an option, such as voluntary retirement

Question 7

Compare and contrast centralized and decentralized organizations

Answer 7

-Centralized organizations have the top management making all the decision, while the lower management of the organization just carrying out the orders from the top. Centralized organizations are better at avoiding commission errors.

• Decentralized organizations decision making is pushed down to the managers closed to the action or even work groups are formed to do the decision making. Decentralized organizations act more quickly to solve problems because more people provide input into decisions and problem solving.
• employees are less likely to feel alienated from those who make decisions that affect their work lives.

Question 8

What can management do to create a more ethical culture within an organization?

Answer 8

• To create a more ethical culture within the organizations managers must first be a positive role model.
• Employees will look to action of top management as a benchmark for appropriate behavior.
• The manager needs to display and inforce a positive ethical culture to the employee
• This manager will also need to communicate their expectations of ethical behaviors
• Company can provide ethical training for employees

Question 9

What are the various ways in which the organizational culture can be transmitted to the employees?

Answer 9

1st- transmit culture through stories
2nd- through rituals
3rd- material symbols
4th- language or unique terms, acronyms

Question 10

Discuss the various individual approaches toward managing stress

Answer 10

• Time management
• Physical exercise
• Breathing techniques (meditation)

Question 11

What are the various individual sources of resistance to change?

Answer 11

_some individual sources of resistance to change start with habit

• next is peoples need for security
• fear of the unknown
• selective information processing

Question 12

Describe Lewins 3 step model used for managing change

Answer 12

• unfreezing the status
• movement to a desired state
• refreezing the new change to make it permanent