final exam

Question 1

sensory memory

Answer 1

briefest division, holds image of stimuli experiencing at a given time, for maybe a few seconds at the most

Question 2

short term memory

Answer 2

brief storage of info you are currently using, can hold 7 plus or minus 2 items for 30 seconds at a time

Question 3

chunking

Answer 3

instead of memorizing individual things, memorizing things in groups

Question 4

rehersal (2 types)

Answer 4

1. maintenance: repeating over and over

2. elaborative rehearsal: giving new info meaning to remember

Question 5

working memory

Answer 5

• use when trying to understand new info, remember something, solving problems

Question 6

long term memory

Answer 6

: permanent storage for memory, unlimited capacity, up to you how much is in LTM, can hold them from minutes ago to years ago

Question 7

2 branches of LTM

Answer 7

declarative: explicit memory, consciously aware of, things you know are learning and consciously learning
nondeclarative: implicit memory, motor skills, and learning thru classical conditioning (walking)

Question 8

2 branches of declarative LTM

Answer 8

1. episodic: personal memory, you are subjectively

ii. Semantic: facts you know about the world, everyone knows it, general knowledge

Question 9

recall

Answer 9

producing required info, having to come up with answer then confirm

Question 10

recognition

Answer 10

: identifying the right answer

Question 11

relearning

Answer 11

retention that is expressed by percentage of time saved, how much of the memory you keep since the first time you learned something

Question 12

serial position effect

Answer 12

the order in which we learn something matters. More likely to remember thing in the beginning of list and end of list rather than those in the middle

Question 13

context and memory

Answer 13

: the best situation is that you learn something and are tested in the same context, if you learn something in one classroom and are tested in the same classroom then we are more likely to better when you are in that classroom

Question 14

ebbighaus

Answer 14

: nonsense syllables, told students to memorize them, forgetting curve: most forgetting people did happened right after they learned something, after you learned something, you will have most dramatic forgetting and then tapers off

Question 15

6 causes of forgetting

Answer 15

1. encoding failure
2. Decay: our memories fade bc we don’t use them for a long time
3. Interference:
4. Consolidation: failure at hippocampus, prevents from LTM from forming
5. Motivated forgetting: repression of a memory that isn’t prominent, trying to forget the memory
6. retrieval failure: not being about to retrieve something even though its in your LTM

Question 16

2 types of interference

Answer 16

1. proactive (info previously learned effecting info you just learned) and
2. retroactive (info you just learned interfering with info you previously learned)

Question 17

retrograde amnesia

Answer 17

not being able to remember events or things learned before the onset of disease or injury

Question 18

antereograde amnesia

Answer 18

can’t form new LTM (paitent HM)

Question 19

long term potentiation

Answer 19

LTP, strengthing of synapses in neural networks when you learn something new, when one or more axons bombard a dendrite at one particular time

Question 20

social psych explains what

Answer 20

o Explains how the preence of others effect an individual
o Other people affect the ABC’s of others:
 A: affect
 B: behavior
 C: Cognition

Question 21

the primacy effect

Answer 21

the tendency for our overall… based on what you have heard about someone

Question 22

attributions

Answer 22

: assignment of cause to explain a behavior of ourselves or our behavior

Question 23

situation attributions

Answer 23

: attributing a behavior or attitude to an external cause

Question 24

dispositional attributions

Answer 24

: attributing a behavior or attitude to their internal aspects of a person

Question 25

actor-observer effect

Answer 25

attributing your own short-comings to the situation, but looking at others short-comings as a disposition

Question 26

self-serving bias

Answer 26

: attributing your success to your disposition, your failures to your situation

Question 27

fundamental attribution error:

Answer 27

the tendency to attribute others behavior to disposition

Question 28

conformity

Answer 28

: the changes of the attitude or behavior to conform to social norms

Question 29

social norms

Answer 29

attitudes or standards or behavior that are expected of members of a group

Question 30

soloman asch study

Answer 30

: study where a group of people are in a room, line study

Question 31

obedience

Answer 31

: obeying rules and commands of an authority figure

Question 32

milgram study

Answer 32

shock experiement

Question 33

compliance

Answer 33

acting in accordance with wishes, suggestions, a dn requests of others

Question 34

foot in the door

Answer 34

: getting someone to agree to a very small request, and after they agree, asking a larger request

Question 35

door in the face

Answer 35

ask a very large unreasonable request, then ask for a smaller request

Question 36

low ball

Answer 36

start by making attractive offer and agree, terms of the offers less attractive (“ill pay you $500 to do my hw… jk $100)

Question 37

social loafing

Answer 37

idea when you work in a group, people are less likely to exert effort

Question 38

social roles

Answer 38

: socially defined behaviors considered appropriate for individual for a social groups

Question 39

zimbardo study

Answer 39

went to a college campus to be prison guards and prisoners

Question 40

attitudes

Answer 40

: relatively stable evals of people, objects, issues, anything

Question 41

3 components of attidues

Answer 41

 Cognitive: thoughts and beliefs about the thing
 Emotional: feelings about the object
 Behavioral: predispositions concerning actions toward that object,

Question 42

cognitive dissonance

Answer 42

: unpleasant state of mind that happens when attitudes don’t match behavior

Question 43

reducing dissonance

Answer 43

explaining inconsistencies, justify behaviors, change attitudes and behavior

Question 44

persuasion

Answer 44

delibertatly trying to change someones attitude or behavior or attitude on purpose

Question 45

4 components of persuasion

Answer 45

 Source of communitcation: the more credible someone is, is going to matter, more likely we will be persuaded by them
 Audience: lower IQ’s are eaiser to persuade, or not really informed will be persuaded
 Message: the phsycial content of what you are saying, does it make sense?
 Medium: how the message is transmitted (word of mouth, internet, etc)

Question 46

prosocial behavior

Answer 46

: behavior that benefits others

Question 47

altruism

Answer 47

form of P.B: person has to sacrifice something in order for helping someone
o PB is not performed for personal gain

Question 48

bystander effect

Answer 48

: idea that if an emergency is occurring, the more people there are to see the event occurring,, the less likely there is someone to help

Question 49

prejudice

Answer 49

attitudes that are normally negative pushed onto others to a group where they belong

Question 50

ingroup

Answer 50

people you can identify with

Question 51

outgroup

Answer 51

cant identify with at all, the more smeone is in your outgroup, the more likely you will be prejudice toward them

Question 52

discrimination

Answer 52

behaving negative toward someone bc they belong to a group

Question 53

sterotypes

Answer 53

widely shared beliefs about traits, attitudes, and behaviors about members of a a particular group