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Intro to Mediated Comm > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Clear and present danger

A

-a restriction on speech when it meets both of the following conditions:
1-it is intended to incite or produce dangerous activity (as with falsely shouting Fire! in a crowded theater)
2-it is likely to succeed in achieving the purported (false) result

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2
Q

Trademark

A

a type of intellectual property that refers to signs, logos or names; also includes slogans and numbers (7 eleven)

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3
Q

Obscenity

A
  • an average person, applying contemporary community standards; must find that the material as a whole appeals to the prurient (unwholesome) interest or desire
  • the material must depict or describe, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable law
  • the material, taken as a whole, must lack serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value
  • restricted by age; regulated but not outlawed
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4
Q

First Amendment

A
  • “Congress shall make no laws abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.”
  • the right to free speech includes other forms of expression that communicate a message
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5
Q

Chilling effect

A

-the phenomenon that occurs when journalists or other media producers decide not to publish stories on a topic after a journalist has been punished or jailed for such a story

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6
Q

Fairness doctrine

A

adopted by the FCC in 1949, it required broadcasters to seek out and present all sides of a controversial issue they were covering; it was discarded by the FCC in 1987

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7
Q

Hypodermic needle model/ propaganda/ magic bullet

A
  • propaganda theory: people are swayed by images they see
  • media has an immediate and direct influence
  • “inject” information, ideas, etc into the public
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8
Q

Encoding/ decoding

A
  • sees meaning as a negotiation between sender/ message/ receiver
  • media encodes meaning in messages –> meanings are decoded by audiences
  • can accept, reject and apply or negotiate
  • ie: popular show that you don’t like but everyone else does
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9
Q

The FCC

A
  • Federal Communications Commission
  • created by the Communications Act of 1934
  • jurisdiction over any form of broadcast communication
  • Goal=to protect natural resource (bandwith) and audiences from content and big business
  • serves as police of the airwaves: content/political fairness
  • does not cover content on cable of the internet; but government industry pressures prevent channels from doing it
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10
Q

Bobo Doll studies

A
  • related to hypodermic needle/ propaganda/ magic bullet
  • media-effects experiments in the 1950s that showed children who watched TV episodes that rewarded a violent person were more likely to punch a Bobo doll than children who saw episodes that punished a violent person
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11
Q

White privilege

A
  • the default (privilege) or aspirational

- upper class

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12
Q

Reception analysis (fan studies)

A

-social patterns of media production and power relations between different groups within/outside of fandom

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13
Q

Intersectionality on TV (Rosenberg)

A
  • interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class and gender…regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination and disadvantaged
  • as much about institutions as identities
  • also recognizes that “privilege” extends in multiple directions
  • for media representations, it offers specificity over stereotypes
  • racial identity, gender, nationality, disability, sexuality
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14
Q

Patent

A

protects the right to produce and sell an invention, rather than a literary or artistic work

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15
Q

Intellectual property

A

ideas that have commercial value, such as literary or artistic works, patent, business methods and industrial processes

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16
Q

Copyright

A

the exclusive right to use, publish, and distribute a work such as a piece of writing, music, film or video; literary or artistic work

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17
Q

Slactivism

A

-activism with minimal (usually digital) involvement; more about feeling good than doing something

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18
Q

Prior restraint

A
  • can’t suppress materials prior to publication
  • the FCC does not practice prior restraint
  • reactive not proactive; FCC relies largely on public complaints
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19
Q

Produser

A

can be both users and producers of media content

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20
Q

Googlebombing

A
  • used to be a way you could manipulate the results on Goodle; “I’m feeling lucky” button
  • used to make political points
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21
Q

Meme

A

an idea, behavior, style or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture

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22
Q

Discussion boards/ web forums

A
  • electronic “bulletin boards” where users can read/post information
  • asynchronous, no-limit features made it one of the earliest and most durable forms of social media; no limit to how much you write
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23
Q

Wikis

A

web pages that allow anyone to edit them; Wikipedia is the most famous; can see earlier entries

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24
Q

Astroturfing

A
  • creating a movement controlled by a large organization or group designed to look like a citizen-founded, grass roots campaign
  • actually created by an organization with a vested interest in the outcome
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25
Q

Third-party cookies

A
  • cookies put on your computer other than the website being visited
  • advertisers-where you were before/after and how long
  • internet service providers sometimes use supercookies/ zombie cookies to track all online history; users currently can’t delete them
26
Q

Uses and gratifications

A
  • media used to satisfy needs; can identify them (why we like Facebook, why we watch a movie, etc.)
  • despite differences in ways people use media there are common patterns among people
27
Q

Equal time rule

A

the requirement that broadcasters make available equal airtime, in terms of commentaries and commercials, to opposing candidates running for election. It does not apply to candidates appearing in newscasts, documentaries or news-event coverage

28
Q

Mean world syndrome

A

a syndrome in which people perceive the world as more dangerous than it actually is, the result of viewing countless acts of media violence

29
Q

Digital divide

A

the gap between regions and demographics that have access to modern, digital-communications technology and those that have limited or no access

30
Q

Third-person effect

A
  • idea that people underestimate the effect a persuasive message will have on them, while overestimating the effect it will have on others
  • ie: “we must think of the children”
31
Q

Spiral-of-silence Hypothesis

A
  • seeks to explain why people may be unwilling to express publicly their opinions when they think they are in the minority
  • people have fear of isolation
  • because of this fear people are afraid to express publicly views that they think are in the minority
  • people have “sixth sense” to gauge the prevailing climate of opinion
32
Q

WASP

A

-White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant

33
Q

Lurking

A

only reading what others write in online discussion boards but not contributing to the discussions

34
Q

Media ecology

A

the study of media environments and their effects on people and society

35
Q

Agenda setting

A

media’s role in deciding which topics to cover and consequently which topics the public deems important and worthy of discussion

36
Q

Fair use

A

-allowable use of someone else’s copyrighted work that does not require payment of royalties
-Categories of fair use:
1- purpose and nature of use (educational/news)
2- character of work
3- amount and extent of excerpt
4- effects of the use on work’s market potential

37
Q

The “social” in social media

A

multiple senders and receivers

38
Q

Choice

A

users more proactive in finding content that suit their tastes

39
Q

Conversation

A
  • defining characteristic of social media; scale and impact
  • potential of something that was intended to be private can become public
  • hashtag like Black Lives Matter became very popular
40
Q

Curation

A
  • users gather and classify content on their own or via network
  • through tagging/liking/sharing
  • from “gatekeepers” to “gatewatchers”
  • Googlebombing
41
Q

Creation

A

digital tools make it easy to create and distribute content

42
Q

Collaboration

A

can move online to offline; quickly videos can get millions of views; slacktivism

43
Q

Types of social media

A

e-mail, discussion boards/web forums, chat rooms, blogs, wikis, social networking sites

44
Q

Social Networking Sites

A

Classmates.com, Friendster, MySpace, Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram, Snapchat)

45
Q

Big Data

A

collection of data so large that traditional analytical techniques do not work

46
Q

Dialogic communication

A
  • social media model of many-to-many communication

- con broadcast opinions to many people at once via the internet/social media

47
Q

Need for Facebook satire “tag”

A
  • people calling for fake news stories
  • lack of context clues in headlines, tweets, etc
  • overloaded with snippets of information; everything is breaking news
  • media grammar of headlines misleads
  • political wish fulfillment
48
Q

Tradtional vs. social media

A
  • traditional=limited feedback options to multiple opportunities for discussions and critique
  • social=multiple senders and receivers
  • change from monologue model of one-to-many to dialogic model of many-to-many communication
49
Q

Telecommunications Act of 1996

A

the first major regulatory overhaul of telecommunications since 1934, designed to open the industry to greater competition by deregulating many aspects of it

50
Q

Indecent speech

A

language or material that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory organs or activites

51
Q

Trusting online reviews

A
  • more diverse sources of information and expertise

- need more media literacy to see through false stories

52
Q

Uses-and-gratifications research

A
  • media used to satisfy needs; can identify them (why we like Facebook, why we watch a movie, etc.)
  • despite differences in ways people use media there are common patterns among people
53
Q

Marking white culture

A

.

54
Q

Race-based stress (D-Angelo)

A
  • racism as a system that protects whiteness from race-based stress
  • challenges to objectivity, meritocracy, authority
55
Q

Stereotypes of fans

A

-socially inept-antisocial
-immature-infantile
-obsessive
-unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality
-unhealthy- dangerous
-cross the line between liking something and being a cult or looking at it like a religion
(however being a superfan of sports is socially acceptable)

56
Q

Fan studies foci

A
  • what uses and gratifications is fandom serving for individuals and groups?
  • fan communities as sites of interpretation
  • interpersonal/organizational dynamics of fan groups
  • social hierarchies among different fandoms (include and exclude people)
  • cultural production of fans
57
Q

Challenges of analyzing audiences

A
  • people are not texts; access, trust, impact of study on participants
  • reactivity: observers affecting behavior (changes the dynamic of group)
  • mind reading: guessing at motives
  • validity: can’t replicate the “experiment”
58
Q

Critiques of media effects research

A
  • audience is seen as passive and easily duped; audience will fall for that
  • other intertwining social, cultural, psychological factors in how we are influenced by media
  • need to look at how media texts are produced
  • must examine the intricacies of audience in more detail
59
Q

Distributed computing

A

individual, autonomous computers work toward common goal

60
Q

Carlin’s “7 Dirty Words” case

A

.

61
Q

Children’s Television Act (CTA)

A

created in 1990, it limits the amount of commercial content that programming can carry; forces stations to carry certain amounts of educational programming

62
Q

Information society

A

a society where information production has supplanted industrial production, dramatically transforming cultural, economic and political activity

Intro to Mediated Comm (2 decks)

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