Exam 1 Flashcards
Digital Rights Management (DRM)
- technologies that let copyright owners control the level of access or use allowed for a copyrighted work, such as limiting the number of times a song can be copied
- restricts illegal copying
- limits creative expression?
Radio Act of 1927
an act of Congress that created the Federal Radio Commission, intended to regulate the largely chaotic airwaves and based on the principle that companies had a civic duty to use airwaves, a limited good, responsibly
War of the Worlds broadcast (when; impact)
- October 30, 1938
- Orson Welles
- fake world terror; people fell for it; sounded like a news event; people believed Martians were invading the east coast; panic ensued and people hid in their basement or fled their homes
- demonstrated the power of mass media
USA Today redesign
colorful graphics and easy-to-read sections, design inspired by television; most other newspapers like the NY times had long columns of text and were only black and white with no pictures
George Melies
- fantasy films with trick shots
- used imagery to create illusions; pioneered special effects
- the first double exposure, split-screen shot and first dissolve
Lumiere Brothers
- cinematographe (1895): project images to am audience
- short film actualities: short documentaries
- real scenes recorded outdoors: ie train coming in
Podcasts
- micro targeting: news, sports, music
- more flexibility: can listen anytime; download or subscribe
- famous one: Serial
Matthew Brady
- Civil War photographer; first war documented by photography
- explicit imagery shocked nation
- criticized for “arranging bodies” for greater impact of photo; manipulating image; distorting the truth
- beginnings around photographic ethics
Relationship between movie and TV industries
- same functions: entertainment and cultural transmission
- movie industry first combats then co-opts TV
- Combats: what movies had that TV did not: 3-D, bigger screen, stereo sound; competitor
- Co-opts: sell old films to TV and make money
Global e-book marketplace
- electronic tablets capable of downloading books
- impacting sales and publishers
Virtual assistants
- voice functions as conversational interfaces
- essential advantage over human-computer interfaces: makes it easier and more natural than typing: only have to talk
- do choosing for us; we don’t select the source of information
Most popular radio programming genres
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Emoticons
a group of keyboard characters that are used to represent facial expressions :) :( :/ used to convey writer’s emotion or clarify intent; try to prevent misunderstanding
Emojis
alphanumeric-size graphics used to illustrate or take the place of words; similar size to letters; provide emotional clarity; express how you feel
Development of User Interface (TV)
- the junction between a medium and the people who use it
- how to use everyday media technology is learned; teaching our parents how to use it
- that media technology is so interactive it makes us more aware of interface issues
- ease of interface is a key component of media success
- example is a remote control for a TV
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Freemium
subscriptions that provide some content for free but require a monthly subscription to take advantage of all the site has to offer
Daypart
a segment of time radio and television program planners use to determine their primary audience during that time of the day or night
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
computer interface that shows graphical representations of file structures, files and applications in the form of folders, icons and windows
Penny Press
Newspapers that sold for a penny, making them accessible to everyone. Supported by advertising rather than subscriptions, they tried to attract as large an audience as possible
Windowing (movie industry)
order in which movies appear in different forms; first theatre, then on demand, then DVD, then Netflix, then cable; distribution process
Tentpoles (movie industry)
massive franchise films that will support all other studio releases; all money on one film that will pay off big if other smaller films don’t do as well; sequels or spinoffs done by Disney
Broadcasting
originally reference to casting seeds widely in a field that was subsequently applied to the fledgling electronic medium of radio and later television; terrestrial over the air transmission
Kinetoscope
created by Thomas Edison in 1891; a “peep-show” precursor to the motion picture viewer
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
established in 1934, the principal communications regulatory body at the federal level in the U.S.
Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
Formed by the Radio Act of 1927, the commission, the precursor to the FCC, created a policy that favored fewer high-power radio broadcasting stations rather than more numerous low-power stations
Payola
cash or gifts given to radio disc jockeys by record labels in exchange for greater airplay of the label’s artists or more recent songs. After several scandals in the 1950’s, the practice is now illegal
Print-on-demand (POD)
publication of single books or tiny print runs based on customer demand using largely automated, nontraditional book-printing methods such as the color laser printer
Augmented reality (sports on TV)
digital overlays of information on a screen that correspond to what is being looked at in the real world through the screen
Phonograph
first patented by Thomas Edison in 1877 as a “talking machine” it used a tinfoil cylinder to record voices from telephone conversations
Freesheets
free daily newspaper in Stockholm for subway commuters; designed to be read in 15 min; called the Metro; colorful tabloid with short articles; target audience was young, affluent and urban; during a time when newspapers were struggling targeted the audience that had stopped reading newspapers; remain the fastest growing segments of newspapers worldwide
Muckrakers
Journalists, particularly magazine journalists, who conduct investigative reporting on major corporations and government; they were dubbed muckrakers in the early twentieth century for the “muck: they uncovered
The desktop metaphor
a type of graphical user interface (graphical representations of file structures and applications); makes your computer screen look like a desktop
Open world gaming
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Internet of things
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Trolling
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Intuitive Interfaces
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Peak TV
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User-generated content (UGC)
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Evolution of audio recording technology
- 1870s tinfoil cylinder (Edison)
- 1890s-1970s DISCS
- 1940s-1990s MAGNETIC TAPE
- 1980s/1990s CDs
- 2000s DIGITAL
Broadcasting (radio & TV)
wireless communications; a transmitter sends messages over a part of the electromagnetic spectrum to a receiver or antenna that translates the message to the radio or TV; the receiving device decodes the audio or visual electromagnetic spectrum waves so that they can be heard or seen
Distinctive Functions of Radio
- news and entertainment
- disseminates important information
- emergency broadcast system for severe storms, natural disasters and military conflict
- talk radio provides information, debate and audience interactivity
- breaking news, traffic and weather reports, school closings
- broadcasting of recorded music for entertainment
Radio industry today
declining American radio revenues every year since 2006 but now increasing and projected to increase to $16 billion in 2018; online radio revenues are growing; turnaround due to rise in digital revenues
Podcasts
dowloaded (don’t have to listen at the actual time of report); episodic/belonging to a series
Persistence of vision
illusion upon which motion pictures are based; movement of frames; flip books looks like it is moving
Growth of T.V. in the U.S.
- 1946: 0.02% of households have TV; 100,000 sets sold
- 1947: 200,000 sets sold
- 1948: 1 million sets sold
- 1950: 9% of households have TV
- 1955: 65% of households have TV (eclipses radio)
- 1960: 87% have TV
(1946-1960)
Dime Novels
sold for ten cents; accessible to everyone even the poor; first paperback book form; adventure stories marketed to boys and men
Fifty Shades of Grey publishing phenomenon
huge success; made possible because of print-on-demand: high-quality color laser printer and binding machines that prints a book in a few minutes; and e-books
Mass Market paperbacks
a line of plastic-laminated books adorbed with its familiar kangaroo mascot; inexpensive softcover books small enough for a back pocket; sold in book stores, grocery stores, drugstores and other public places; aka pulp fiction
Contemporary book industry trends
- media consolidation affects cost and profits
- publishers often part of larger conglomerates
- e-books, print-on-demand (POD) impacting sales and publishers: Fifty Shades of Grey Phenomenon
Distinctive Functions of Movies
entertainment and cultural transmission
Distinctive Functions of Photography
Surveillance and cultural transmission
Distinctive Functions of Print Media
transmission of culture, diffusion of ideas and knowledge and entertainment
3 Types of TV
broadcast, cable and satellite
3 Types of Radio
regular radio, podcasts and satellite & subscription radio (Pandora)
Newspaper readership and circulation
newspaper readership (number or percentage who read a newspaper) is larger than circulation (number of copies sold or distributed) because of pass-along readership which is readers who read the same copy; diminished readership and time spent reading; reading online is higher
Intuitive interfaces
translator is needed to allow communication between computers and humans; keyboards, computer mouse, touch screens and natural input methods (electronic stylus or voice assistants)
Historical development of the internet and WWW
the first national computer network connected many universities around the country; but computers could not yet transmit information easily via the network because there was no “common language” or protocol; next development was email; then Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) part of the main protocol that allows computers to communicate easily over a network; first decade had to know arcane commands and terminology and principal users were academic and govt researchers; WWW opened the internet to a much wider group of users
Importance of interactivity
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Narrowband
small band-width; like dial-up
Broadband
high-speed connection that enable a large amount of bandwith to be transmitted; audio and video
Peer-to-Peer model
Original model for internet; all computers are equal; all can talk to one another; decentralized; limited bandwith/ power of PCs
Client/Server Model
dominates today’s internet; centralized computer (server) that stores content for an audience (client) to access; ie: can check email on phone and computer
Natural Input methods
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How and why emojis work
efficient; softens declaritive sentences; fill in non-verbal gaps in text based mediated comm; helps counter the “meanness” of the internet; need/demand for constant communication
Gamification
the use of game-like mechanics in non-game settings, such as earning points, badges or rewards for performing certain actions
Modem
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Benefits of gaming
socialization, cognitive, mental/emotional, physiological, physical, critical thinking, learning
Issues of gaming
violence, representation, productivity, addiction, children
The Internet Today
the internet as the medium that encompasses all other media (convergence); internet of things: network of devices that connect to internet: DVR, baby monitor, cellphone: data is sent automatically without human interaction;
1-decrease in costs of software and hardware: free to download apps they collect your data
2-increase in costs of telecomm/ web services; need lots of data
