Final Exam Flashcards
What is the product of the classical, alternative, and lectin complement pathways?
C3b
What are the end effects of complement?
Cell lysis
Inflammation
Opsonization
Clearance of immune complexes
What is the difference between a facultative anaerobe and an obligate anaerobe?
A facultative anaerobe makes ATP by aerobic respiration in presence of oxygen, but can switch to anaerobic respiration if no oxygen is present. An obligate anaerobe makes ATP in the presence of oxygen, but will die without oxygen.
In which type of bacteria are flagella normally found?
Gram Negative
What is a veterinarian’s role when it comes to parasites?
We must be able to figure out what kind of parasite it is, if a host species is infested/invaded, where the parasite came from, what harm it can cause, can we eliminate it and how, and if can infect people.
What are the three classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans?
Helminths
Ectoparasites
Protozoa
What does SIS stand for?
Host species
Site of Infection
Size of Parasite
What are the two classes of arthropods?
Insects
Arachnids
Mites and ticks are considered ________ because they have four pairs of legs.
Arachnids
Flea, flies, and lice are considered _______ because they have three pairs of legs.
Insects
Do insects or arachnids have antennas?
Insects
Tapeworms, roundworms, and flukes are all considered ________.
Helminths
Which type of helminth has the ability to live freely or become parasitic? (indirect or direct lifecycle)
Nematodes aka roundworms
This parasite has a scolex and is a hermaphrodite…name that parasite.
Cestode aka tapeworm
A trematode (fluke) has what characteristics?
Leaf shaped, dorso-ventrally flattened with oral/ventral suckers. Indirect life cycle.
Which type of parasite is eukaryotic and unicellular?
Protozoa
How does a protozoa move?
Pseudopodia
Flagella
Gliding movements
Cilia
Why are virus infected cells more likely to be recognized by NK cells as “non-self”?
More MHC I on surface of cell
Which type of cell increases very rapidly right after viral infection of a host?
NK Cells
What stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes in the body?
The release of cytokines produced by infected cells and dendritic cells.
What are the two methods that can be used in AST?
Dilution and Agar Diffusion
What does MIC and MBC stand for?
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Minimum Bacterial Concentration
T or F: MIC and MBC measurements are accurate.
A range is given which is not exactly accurate.
When is an agar dilution method of AST used?
Used for research purposes when many strains have to be tested for one drug.
Which method, diffusion or dilution, has higher reproducibility and it more expensive?
Dilution
What are some of the most critical factors affecting reproducibility of AST?
- The inoculum density
- Depth of the agar
- The type of medium
What is a breakpoint?
A drug-specific value to interpret results of susceptibility testing of an antibacterial to determine if it would be useful in treating a bacterial infection.
What is a romanowsky stain (Diff-Quick, Wrights) used to detect?
Bacteria and parasites
Which type of media selects for gram positive bacteria? What about gram negative?
+ Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA)
- Eason Methylene Blue Agar (EMB)
What are the three types of agar cultures?
- Nutrient
- Selective
- Differential
What is biochemical testing using enzymes and fermentation helpful for detecting?
The ID of a pathogen
When would you decide to not use a culture in diagnostics?
When you are dealing with a virus/parasite or the organism grows slowly
What is an acid-fast stain?
Identification of acid-fast organisms; organisms that have a very resistant impenetrable cell wall
Mycobacterium, Cryptosporidium, and Nocardia can all be seen under what type of stain?
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain (acid-fast)
What are the four steps taken when using a gram stain?
- Apply purple dye
- Apply iodine mordant
- Alcohol wash
- Apply safranin (counterstain)
