Final Exam

Question 1

What is the product of the classical, alternative, and lectin complement pathways?

Answer 1

C3b

Question 2

What are the end effects of complement?

Answer 2

Cell lysis
Inflammation
Opsonization
Clearance of immune complexes

Question 3

What is the difference between a facultative anaerobe and an obligate anaerobe?

Answer 3

A facultative anaerobe makes ATP by aerobic respiration in presence of oxygen, but can switch to anaerobic respiration if no oxygen is present. An obligate anaerobe makes ATP in the presence of oxygen, but will die without oxygen.

Question 4

In which type of bacteria are flagella normally found?

Answer 4

Gram Negative

Question 5

What is a veterinarian’s role when it comes to parasites?

Answer 5

We must be able to figure out what kind of parasite it is, if a host species is infested/invaded, where the parasite came from, what harm it can cause, can we eliminate it and how, and if can infect people.

Question 6

What are the three classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans?

Answer 6

Helminths
Ectoparasites
Protozoa

Question 7

What does SIS stand for?

Answer 7

Host species
Site of Infection
Size of Parasite

Question 8

What are the two classes of arthropods?

Answer 8

Insects

Arachnids

Question 9

Mites and ticks are considered ________ because they have four pairs of legs.

Answer 9

Arachnids

Question 10

Flea, flies, and lice are considered _______ because they have three pairs of legs.

Answer 10

Insects

Question 11

Do insects or arachnids have antennas?

Answer 11

Insects

Question 12

Tapeworms, roundworms, and flukes are all considered ________.

Answer 12

Helminths

Question 13

Which type of helminth has the ability to live freely or become parasitic? (indirect or direct lifecycle)

Answer 13

Nematodes aka roundworms

Question 14

This parasite has a scolex and is a hermaphrodite…name that parasite.

Answer 14

Cestode aka tapeworm

Question 15

A trematode (fluke) has what characteristics?

Answer 15

Leaf shaped, dorso-ventrally flattened with oral/ventral suckers. Indirect life cycle.

Question 16

Which type of parasite is eukaryotic and unicellular?

Answer 16

Protozoa

Question 17

How does a protozoa move?

Answer 17

Pseudopodia
Flagella
Gliding movements
Cilia

Question 18

Why are virus infected cells more likely to be recognized by NK cells as “non-self”?

Answer 18

More MHC I on surface of cell

Question 19

Which type of cell increases very rapidly right after viral infection of a host?

Answer 19

NK Cells

Question 20

What stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes in the body?

Answer 20

The release of cytokines produced by infected cells and dendritic cells.

Question 21

What are the two methods that can be used in AST?

Answer 21

Dilution and Agar Diffusion

Question 22

What does MIC and MBC stand for?

Answer 22

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Minimum Bacterial Concentration

Question 23

T or F: MIC and MBC measurements are accurate.

Answer 23

A range is given which is not exactly accurate.

Question 24

When is an agar dilution method of AST used?

Answer 24

Used for research purposes when many strains have to be tested for one drug.

Question 25

Which method, diffusion or dilution, has higher reproducibility and it more expensive?

Answer 25

Dilution

Question 26

What are some of the most critical factors affecting reproducibility of AST?

Answer 26

1. The inoculum density 2. Depth of the agar 3. The type of medium

Question 27

What is a breakpoint?

Answer 27

A drug-specific value to interpret results of susceptibility testing of an antibacterial to determine if it would be useful in treating a bacterial infection.

Question 28

What is a romanowsky stain (Diff-Quick, Wrights) used to detect?

Answer 28

Bacteria and parasites

Question 29

Which type of media selects for gram positive bacteria? What about gram negative?

Answer 29

+ Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA) | - Eason Methylene Blue Agar (EMB)

Question 30

What are the three types of agar cultures?

Answer 30

1. Nutrient 2. Selective 3. Differential

Question 31

What is biochemical testing using enzymes and fermentation helpful for detecting?

Answer 31

The ID of a pathogen

Question 32

When would you decide to not use a culture in diagnostics?

Answer 32

When you are dealing with a virus/parasite or the organism grows slowly

Question 33

What is an acid-fast stain?

Answer 33

Identification of acid-fast organisms; organisms that have a very resistant impenetrable cell wall

Question 34

Mycobacterium, Cryptosporidium, and Nocardia can all be seen under what type of stain?

Answer 34

Ziehl-Neelsen Stain (acid-fast)

Question 35

What are the four steps taken when using a gram stain?

Answer 35

1. Apply purple dye 2. Apply iodine mordant 3. Alcohol wash 4. Apply safranin (counterstain)