Exam I Flashcards
Gram + Bacteria stains ______, while Gram - stains ______.
Blue; pink/red
What does PRR stand for?
Pattern Recognition Receptors
What does TLR stand for?
Toll like Receptors
True or False: TLR’s are PPR’s?
TRUE
Are PPR’s part of the innate or adaptive immune system?
Innate
What do PPR’s recognize?
PAMP’s (pattern recognition molecular patterns)
Which type of cell has PPR’s on it’s surface?
Macrophages
Which immune system is the complement system found it?
Innate
What are four constitutional factors that make one organism innately more susceptible to certain infections and one organism resistant?
Age
Genetic makeup
Metabolic factors
Environment
The flow of fluid in different systems of the body is an example of what kind of barrier?
Mechanical
Two examples of a chemical barrier for the body are?
Lysosomes in tears and nasal cavity/ sebum on the skin
Normal gut flora is an example of what kind of protections barrier for the body?
Microbiological
Type 1 interferons include ______, _______, and _______. Which two are involved in antiviral action?
Alpha, Beta, Gamma
What are the three purposes of Type 1 alpha and beta interferons?
Increase resistance to viral replication in cells, increase MHC I expression in cells, and activate NK cells to kill virus infected cells.
Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages are all examples of _________.
Phagocytes
What do B cells produce and which part of the adaptive immune system do they belong in?
Antibodies; humeral
Lymphocytes include three types of cells, what are they?
B cells; T cells; NK cells
These cells help B cells make Ab and are involved in the cell mediated response of the adaptive immune system….what are they?
T cells
What does a phagosome fuse with in order to digest captured material?
A lysosome
What does MHC stand for? Which branch of immune system is it involved in?
Major histocompatibility complex; adaptive
Which type of cell has the primary job of phagocytizing bacteria and yeast pathogens in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
What blocks an NK cells from killing a cell? What activates an NK cell to kill?
MHC I molecules on surface of cell; virus infection-association ligand
True or False: All cytokines are interferons.
False, interferons are cytokines, but not all cytokines are interferons
What type of cells are important in defense against helminths?
Eosinophils
Which type of bacteria needs a host in order to survive?
Obligate symbionts
Structural or functional damage caused by a pathogen is called _______.
Disease
This structure is normally found on gram - bacteria, is important for movement, and has H-antigens.
Flagella
Fimbria( pili) is a structure on bacteria that enables bacteria to _______ to another cell. There is a special sex pili that is responsible for ______.
adhere; bacterial conjugation( plasmid transfer)
Which type of exotoxin disturbs cell metabolism by binding to a receptor? What are some examples of the bacteria it comes from?
Type I; streptococci, staphylococci, clostridium
What type of exotoxin originates from staphylococcus aureus (penicillin producing) and causes cell wall damage
Type II
Type III exotoxins occur __________ and some examples include _______, __________, and ___________.
Intracellularly ; Heat labile toxin, tetanospasmin, and shiga toxin
What is an example of a Gram - endotoxin?
LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
LTA, LAM, and peptidoglycan are examples of what type of endotoxin? What part of cell do these damage?
Gram + ; cell wall
What part of the immune system involves complement pathways? What are the three types?
innate; classical, lectin, and alternative
What is the first step to activation of the classical complement pathway?
Antibody-antigen complex formation
Which antibodies recognize antigens on pathogenic cells and activated the classical complement pathway? More specifically, which ones can bind onto C1?
IgM and IgG
The part of an antibody which recognizes an antigen; the antigen-binding site of an antibody is called a _______.
paratope
What are the four consequences of complement activation?
- Cell Lysis
- Opsonization
- Inflammation
- Clearance of Immune complexes
What is the order of C proteins from the beginning to the end of the classic complement pathway?
C1-C4-C2-C3 convertase-C5 convertase-C6-C7-C8-C9-C9-C9-MAC (membrane attach complex)
What activates the lectin complement pathway?
MBL binds with a protease
The order of C proteins in the lectin pathway is?
C4-C2-C3 convertase-C5 convertase-C6-C7-C8-C9-C9-C9-MAC (membrane attach complex)
When a C3 protein directly comes in contact with the cell wall of a microbe, it activates what complement pathway?
Alternative
What the is order of C proteins in the alternative pathway?
C3-Factor B-Factor D-properdin-C3 convertase-C5 convertase-C6-C7-C8-C9-C9-C9-MAC (membrane attach complex)
What action does a MAC take in the cell of a pathogen?
Lysis
What is the process called where bacteria targeted for destruction by a phagocyte?
Opsonization
Which protein in the complement system is responsible for opsonization?
C3b
The inflammatory response is activated by which complement protein?
C3a and C5a
B cells secrete antibodies which mediate ________, which is part of the adaptive immune system.
Humoral
What cells secrete cytotoxins and are important in cell-mediated immunity of the adaptive immune system?
T cells
Which type of T cells activate macrophages in delayed type hypersensitivity?
CD4+ T cells
CD8+ T cells function as what in cell mediated immunity?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
In what part of an immunoglobulin are paratopes found?
FAB
What are epitopes?
Antigen determinants
Which receptors are able to recognize native antigens without processing MHC?
B cell receptors (BCR) and antibodies
What do T Cell receptors (TCR) recognize on MHC of protein?
Antigens
What is different about a secondary immune response versus a primary immune response?
It has a shorter lag phase, greater magnitude, and class switched IgG
Do gram + or gram - bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer susceptible to penicillin?
Gram +
What makes up the scaffolding structure of the peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) of bacteria?
NAM and NAG
How does bacteria replicate?
Binary Fission
What type of bacteria has a structure which is toxic to penicillin? What is this structure?
Gram -/ Lipid A
Capsule, toxins, invasions, adhesions, and the cell wall are all ________ which bacteria do what?
virulence factors; infect body
A rancher wants to keep his healthy herd of steer protected against infection and decides to used antimicrobials in order to achieve this goal. This is called _______ use of antimicrobials.
Prophylactic
When is metaphylactic antimicrobial use in a group of animals is utilized?
When you have healthy animals and sick animals; you want to prevent further infection in the healthy animals and treat the animals that are already sick .
True or False: All antimicrobials are antibiotics, but not all antibiotics are antimicrobials.
False; all antibiotics are antimicrobials, but not all antimicrobial are antibiotics.
A pharmacokinetic index refers to the ___________ of the drug in the body.
movement/metabolism; the body’s effect on the drug
The effects a drug has on the body can be measured by a ________ index.
pharmacodynamic
Clostridium and Bacillus are both produce _________, which ensure the bacteria’s survival during adverse environmental conditions.
Endospores
When is a time-dependent antimicrobial the most effective? Name examples of some antimicrobials.
When the concentration is maintained above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for as long as possible. Cephalosporins, Penicillins, LIncosamides, Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Sulfonamides.
If the concentration of an antimicrobial exceeds the MIC and is the most effective at that point, this is called a _______ antimicrobial.
Concentration dependent
Are Aminoglycosides concentration or time-dependent drugs?
Concentration
What type of bacteria has a layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by LPS?
Gram -
Teichoic acids are found on the peptidoglycan layers of which type of bacteria?
Gram +
What is the purpose of a capsule?
It mediates attachment of bacteria to surfaces and protects from engulfment by protozoa and phagocytes.
If a bacteria can only grow in 02 rich environments, what is it called? What is the main example?
Obligate aerobe; Gram + penicillin producing staphylococcus
A facultative anaerobe like non-penicillin producing gram + cocci has what characteristic?
These bacteria prefer to grow in 02 rich environments, but can survive without 02.
Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides, and actinomyces can only survive in an 02 free environment; therefore; they are considered _________.
Obligate Anaerobes
E. coli, Salmonella, Proteus, and Klebsiella are all considered Gram ______, which are ________ because they grow in 02 rich environments, but can survive without 02.
- rods; facultative anaerobes
What is considered the most effective treatment for E. coli? Worst?
Cephalosporins and Fluoroquinolones; sometimes amoxicillin/clavulanate if anaerobic conditions exist. //Penicillin, aminopenicillin, metronidazole, lincosamides, macrolides
If a dog presents with an non-penicillin producing gram -cocci infection, what is the first medication of choice? Last?
Aminopenicillin and Penicillin// Metronidazole
Sulfonamides attack folic acid synthesis in enterobacteriaceae and are best at attacking a cell which has a thin peptidoglycan layer. What type of bacteria is it most effective against?
Gram - rods
Aminoglycosides are best at treating __________ bacteria and worst at treating ________ bacteria.
Penicillin producing gram - cocci and Gram - rods//Anaerobes
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Carbapenems are all considered _______.
Beta-Lactams
What three groups of antibiotics depend on both the concentration level and time at that level in the body in order to be most effective? What else is unique about these groups?
Lincosamides, Macrolides, Tetracyclines’ they are bacteriostatic and used protein synthesis as their mode of action.
Which group of antibiotics attacks folic acid synthesis in bacteria cells and is bacteriostatic?
Sulfonamides
Macrolides are highly ineffective against _________. What are two specific examples of macrolides?
Gram - rods; erythromycin and tiamulin
Streptomycin, Gentamicin, and amikacin are all examples of ________. These are effective against _______ and ________.
Aminoglycosides; gram - rods and penicillin producing staphylococcus.
Why is amoxicillin/clavulanate the only penicillin based antibiotic effective against penicillin producing gram + bacteria?
The clavulanate is a beta lactamase inhibitor and beta lactamase inactivates penicillin; therefore, the amoxicillin is able to damage the cell wall due to no Beta lactamase trying to inactivate it.
What type of parasite doesn’t multiply in the definitive host?
Helminths
What is a host called that harbors larval state of a parasite?
Intermediate host
Which stage in a parasite’s life cycle can be found in a definitive host?
Adult aka sexual
What are the three groups of helminths?
Cestodes, Nematodes, and Trematodes
If a parasite elicits protection in body against reinfection but the parasite remains in the body, this is called _______.
Concomitant immunity
What is premunition?
It is the host’s resistance to superinfection by presence of parasites kept in check by the host.
what are the three main classes of parasites that cause infections in humans?
Helminths, protozoa, and ectoparasites
What does SIS stand for?
Host species
Size of infection
Size of parasite
Which parasite has separate sexes and a direct life cycle?
Nematodes
Cestodes have a ______ life cycle and are considered __________.
Indirect; hermaphrodites
Which class of parasite has oral and ventral suckers, as well as an indirect life cycle?
Trematodes
