Final Exam Flashcards
What happens during diastolic phase?
- the ventricles relax and fill with blood
- deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cavae and passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
- the pulmonary valve is closed during this time, keeping the blood in the right ventricle.
- simultaneously, oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein and passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
- the aortic valve is closed during this time, keeping the blood in the left ventricle.
Suffixes meaning “pertaining to”
- ac
- al
- ar
- ary
- eal
- ic
- ical
- ile
- ory
- ous
- tic
What is the covering for the surface of the heart?
The visceral pericardium or epicardium.
Acr/o
extremities
Deference between -opia vs. -opsia
- opia is a condition of sight/ visual organs: refractive errors.
- opsia is a visual condition associated with retinal/ cerebral disease.
Suffix rules: combining vowel needed: cephalodynia
-when a suffix begins with a consonant, a combining vowel is used with the word root that attaches to the suffix
Suffix rules: combining vowel not needed: cephalagia
-when a suffix begins with a vowel, the word root attaches directly to the suffix without the aid of a combining vowel.
Suffix rules for defining medical terms:
when defining a medical term, being the definition by defining the suffix first, the prefix second, and the root(s) last.
Suffix rule for changing singular to plural forms of words:
- when the singular form of a word ends in -a, change the a to ae to form the plural. (pleura becomes pleurae)
- ends in -ax, change -ax to aces (thorax becomes thoraces)
- ends in -is, change -is to es (crisis becomes crises)
- ends in -ix, -ex, or -yx, change to ices (appendix becomes appendices)
- ends in -on, change -on to a (ganglion becomes ganglia)
- ends in -um, change -um to a (bacterium becomes bacteria)
- ends in -us, change -us to i (thrombus becomes thrombi)
- ends in -ma, change -ma to mata (fibroma becomes fribromata)
Medical term that mean “out of place”
Ec/topic: out of place
Ect/o: outside
top/os: place
What is the plural of thrombus?
thrombi
Medical term for “removal of a portion of the spinal vertebrae”?
Laminectomie
Define organs, systems, tissues
Organs: tissue arranged together to perform a special function.
Systems: organs that work together to perform the many functions of the body as a whole.
Tissue: a group of cells that perform specialized functions.
Opposite of leuk/o (white)
melan/o (black)
Define phlebotomy
the surgical opening or puncture of a vein in order to withdraw blood or introduce a fluid, or (historically) as part of the procedure of letting blood.
Function of the integumentary system:
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.
Function of the skeletal system:
The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, as well as a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connects them. The skeletal system performs vital functions — support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation — that enable us to survive.
Function of the muscles & joints
The body’s bones (the skeletal system), muscles (muscular system), cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together comprise the musculoskeletal system. Most importantly, the system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
Function of blood and lymphatic system:
- Blood: Transportation of gases (oxygen O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), chemical substances (hormones, nutrients, salts), and cells that defend the body.
- Lymph: responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues. It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle from the digestive system. It transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into the bones.
Function of the cardiovascular system:
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. This system has three main functions:
-Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).
Functions of the respiratory system:
The primary organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which function to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breathe. The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.
Functions of the digestive system:
- Ingestion
- Secretion
- Mixing and movement
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Excretion
skin
The human skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has multiple layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs.
ossification
Ossification is the process in which cartilage is transformed into bone. Bone grows in three stages: first, tissue forms a mesh of collagen fibers, then the body creates a polysaccharide that acts like cement to hold the tissues together.
bone processes
projections or outgrowths of bones
buccinator
a thin broad muscle forming the wall of the cheek and serving to compress the cheek against the teeth and to retract the angle of the mouth—called also buccinator muscle.
latissimus dorsi
Either of two broad, flat, triangular muscles with origin from the spinous processes of the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the iliac crest, that insert into the humerus and whose action adducts, medially rotates, and extends the arm.
meninges
The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular: meninx). The outside meninx is called the dura mater, and is the most resilient of the three. The center layer is the arachnoid membrane and the thin innermost layer is the pia mater.
erythrocyte
a mature RBC
plasma
the watery, straw-colored, fluid portion of the lumph and the blood in which the leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets are suspended.
pericardium
The conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels. The pericardium’s outer coat (the parietal pericardium) is tough and thickened, loosely cloaks the heart, and is attached to the central part of the diaphragm and the back of the breastbone.
left atria
The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart, located on the left posterior side. Its primary roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs and to act as a pump to transport blood to other areas of the heart.
right ventricle
The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. The right ventricle is one of the heart’s four chambers. It is located in the lower right portion of the heart below the right atrium and opposite the left ventricle.
what is the simplest form of sugar in the body?
Monosaccharides are simple sugars= glucose or dextrose
what is the tightly coiled tubule that houses the sperm until they mature?
Epididymis
Orchidopexy-Orchiopexy
Surgical fixation of an undescended testicle.
introitus
In anatomy, an introitus is thus an entrance, one that goes into a canal or hollow organ such as the vagina. The vagina is a muscular canal extending from the cervix to the outside of the body.
proximodistal
growth and developmental proceeds from the center outward or form the midline to the periphery.
oncology
the medical specialty concerned with the study of malignancy
oncologist
the physician who specializes in the study and treatment of neoplastic diseases, particularly cancer.
What is the Physicians Desk Reference? PDR
is a commercially published compilation of manufacturers’ prescribing information (package insert) on prescription drugs, updated annually.
what are hallucinogens?
substances that cause excitation of the central nervous system, characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, mood changes, anxiety, increased pulse and blood pressure, and dilation of pupils.
geriatrician
a physician who has specialized postgraduate education and experience in the medical care of the older person.
medical term for pinkeye
conjunctivitis
What is obstructed meibomian?
Dysfunctional meibomian glands often cause dry eyes, one of the more common eye conditions. They may also contribute to blepharitis. Inflammation of the meibomian glands causes the glands to be obstructed by thick waxy secretions.
Describe “increased intraocular pressure”
The pressure created by the continual renewal of fluids within the eye. The intraocular pressure is increased in glaucoma. In acute angle-closure glaucoma, the intraocular pressure rises because the canal into which the fluid in the front part of the eye normally drains is suddenly blocked.
medical term for “removal of toxins from the blood”
Hemodialysis
medical term for “inflammation of the glans penis”
balanitis
medical term for “low sperm count”
oligospermia
what is a common contraindication for using any type of medical contraceptive?
breast cancer
what is the medical term for “absence of menstrual flow:?
amenorrhea
what are the “presumptive signs of pregnancy”?
- Absent menstrual periods (amenorrhea)
- Nausea and/or vomiting (morning sickness)
- Unexplained fatigue.
- Frequent urination.
- Breast tenderness and changes.
- Excessive salivation (ptyalism)
- Skin changes.
- A sensation of movement in abdomen (quickening)
biochemical indicators associated with malignancy
tumor markers
adverse reactions
the bodys reaction to a drug in an unexpected way that may endanger a patients health and safety.
toxicology
the study of poisons, their detection, and their effects and establishing antidotes and methods of treatment for conditions they produce and prevention of poisoning.
fear of spiders
Arachnophobia
Naegele rule
formula used to calculate the date of birth.
Braxton Hicks
irregular, ineffective contractions of the uterus that occur throughout pregnancy.
Chadwicks sign
the bluish-violet hue of the cervix and vagina after approximately the sixth week of pregnancy.
Gooddell’s sign
the softening of the uterine cervix, a probable sign of pregnancy.
Hegars sign
softening of the lower segment of the uterus; a probable sign of pregnancy.
newborn:
birth to 1 month
infancy:
1 month to 1 year
toddlerhood:
1 to 3 years
Preschool age:
3 to 6 years
School age:
6 to 12 years
Adolescents:
12 to 18 years or 21 years
Dementia
Cognitive disorder
Narcissism
Personality disorder
Obsessive-compulsive
anxiety disorder
Passive-aggressive
Personality disorder
Sadism-masochism
sexual and gender identity disorders
