Final Exam Flashcards
Women’s strategies to cope with work and family dilemmas include…
Demographic, occupational, and situational
What do demographic strategies focus on?
They focus on the family and include women’s decisions and plans concerning marriage and fertility.
- Delay children and marriage, and “marrying down”
What do occupational strategies focus on?
They focus on the workplace, women’s work arrangements, and career choices and aspirations
- Choose jobs that accommodate family obligations
What do situational strategies focus on?
They are aimed at coping with and improving the situation at hand.
- Hiring out and efficient time management
Sexual harassment involves everything from ___ to ___.
From creating a “hostile environment” via sexual innuendo or blatant vulgarities
To unwelcome touching, unwanted and persistent advances, promising promotions for engaging in sexual activity, and attempted rape
The women’s movement recognized that…
The idea of gender equality must be actively promoted, both at the institutional and personal levels, and that ideas promoting gender inequality must be actively resisted.
What was the backlash against the women’s movement?
The backlash against the women’s movement included the anti-feminists’ attack against the Roe v. Wade decision; there was also a volatile atmosphere surrounding the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment
What is feminism?
The advocacy of women’s rights on the ground of political, social, and economic equality to men.
What is intersectionality?
The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
What is the wealth gap?
Refers to the unequal distribution of assets among residents of the United States. Wealth includes the values of homes, automobiles, personal valuables, businesses, savings, and investments.
What is the debt anchor?
It acts to prevent aspiring savers from accessing many of the components of the wealth escalator. Women are more likely to be affected by the debt anchor due to their higher interest rates on their debts.
What is the wealth escalator?
Describes the variety of legal, institutional, and societal mechanisms that help some convert income into wealth at a much faster pace than is possible by savings alone.
Functionalist paradigm
Separation of men and women in to a public and private sphere
Structural approach
It questions the assumptions that the choice is free and points instead to the constraints imposed by society. Its focus is on basic societal institutions, such as:
- Organizations, religion, the family, the law, and practices of the economy are responsible for women getting into low-wage jobs
- Passes judgement on the structure instead of the victim, and it suggests a different strategy for improving women’s labor-force status
Social problem model
The social problem model asks why women work (implies acceptance of women’s traditional place “at home”; contrasts cultural norm that men ordinarily work throughout their lives; unusual factors influence women into the labor force such as being single, child-free, divorced, having a low income)
Many women enjoy their work, and state that they would work even if they didn’t need to. They display few psychological distress symptoms and have greater feelings of competence and self-fulfillment. They are found to be more assertive, more involved in the family’s financial planning, and receive greater respect from their children and husbands.
Superwoman model
The woman who can
- Make a full, nourishing breakfast for her wonderful well-dressed children
- Then go to work and chair a meeting of the board of trustees in the morning, and meet with new clients during the course of the afternoon
- After work, she comes home to cook and serve a gourmet dinner for her family
- She is a woman who entertains in her spotless house, and has a warm, nonproblematic relationship with her husband
Gender socialization
Each society emphasizes particular roles that each sex should play, although there is wide latitude in acceptable behavior for each gender. It generates inequalities between the sexes in income, prestige, power, and life choices in general.
What is the glass ceiling?
The barrier that prevents many women from attaining the most powerful, the most prestigious, and the highest-paying jobs in work organizations.
What is the second shift?
Social science research indicates that to combine work and family life during the course of us one year, women must work the equivalent of an extra month of twenty-four work days compared to men.
Who was the author of “The Feminine Mystique”? What is it known for?
Betty Friedan. The Feminine Mystique was known for influencing the beginning of the second-wave feminism in the U.S. It discusses the lives of several housewives who were unhappy and unsatisfied with solely taking care of the home.
Individualistic approach
Women’s inferior economic position implies that the individual is the locus of the problem and that therefore the solution to the problem lies within the individual.
Human Capital Theory
Women do not invest in qualities–education, training, or job-related experience–that lead to a “return on investment” in the labor market.
Dual Labor Market Theory
Primary sector & Secondary sector
Sectors further divided into tiers (upper and lower tiers)
“Crowding” effect—women crowding the lower-tier primary sector
The Equal Pay Act of 1963
It stipulates that men and women must receive equal pay on jobs for which performance requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which are performed under similar working conditions.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
It makes it unlawful to “discriminate because of race, color, religion, or national origin, in hiring or firing; wages; fringe benefits; classifying, referring, assigning, or promoting employees; extending or assigning facilities; training or retaining or apprenticeship; or any other terms, conditions, or privileges in employment.
Affirmative action
Employers were required to seek out and give preference to women and minorities for those occupations in which they were underrepresented, even if male candidates appeared to have better credentials.
The National Economy Act
Only allowed one federal salary per married couple, which forced women out of the workforce due to their husbands almost always earning higher wages
Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act
Caused female participation in team sports to grow enormously; also extended into admission policies and affirmative-action programs
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
Created by the Social Security Act of 1935, providing federal funding distributed by the state to assist single parent homes with little to no income.
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)
It intensified work requirements for women receiving welfare and a 5-year lifetime limitation on the amount of time a person can receive federal welfare funds.
The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
All public and private sector employers with more than 50 employees, now required to give their workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
It ended the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work, and marriage.
It also replaced the AFDC with TANF
Imposter syndrome
Defined as a collection of feelings of inadequacy that persist even in face of information that indicates that the opposite is true.
Tiara syndrome
A term used to describe someone who believes that if someone recognizes their excellent work, they will be applauded for it—or someone will place a “tiara” on their head.
Capitalism
An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Globalization
The tendency of businesses, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world, or the process of making this happen.
Global inequality
The systematic inequalities that exist between countries, allowing for the simultaneous existence of inequalities within countries. Competing measures of a country’s wealth are examined, namely Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI).
“Resegregation”
Occurs when men leave certain positions and women become statistical majority within that job category. It results in women being concentrated in the lower-prestige and lower-paying jobs within a given profession.
Gender evaluation
It is an evaluation tool for determining whether information and communication technologies are really improving or worsening women’s lives and gender relations, as well as for promoting positive change at the individual, institutional, community and broader social levels.
Old Boys Network
Important informal networks of communication that have grown up in and around the male-dominated workplace.
Clockwork of Male Careers
The belief that professional and managerial occupations are within the successful traditional male life cycles. Assumes early and intense devotion to career, with employees expected to devote countless hours pursuing it; men have an easier time doing this. Meanwhile, women who follow this “sprint” model are put to blame, making them less motivated and less committed to their jobs.
Glass escalator
Refers to how men in female-dominated careers, such as teaching and nursing, often rise higher and faster than women in male-dominated fields.
Concrete ceiling
Artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organizational into management level positions.
Comparable worth
Also called sex equity or pay equity; in economics, the principle that men and women should be compensated equally for work requiring comparable skills, responsibilities, and effort.
True or false: Men who are more traditional are less stressed.
False. They’re more stressed.
Which families have more flexibility?
Lesbian families
Who was the first elected president of the National Organization of Women (NOW)?
Betty Friedan
What does Miss Representation discuss?
It discusses how the media portrays women.
What is Makers: The Women who Make America about?
It examines how women have helped shape America by participating in political power and economic opportunity.
What does The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter discuss?
It discusses the lives of women back during WWII who participated in the labor force while men went to war and were then kicked out of the labor force once men came back.
What is Maid in America about?
It’s about Latina women who are trying to pursue the American Dream. They had to leave their families behind in order to pursue jobs in America, and send half of the little money that they earn with their jobs.
Which court case legalized abortion?
Roe v. Wade, 1973
True or false: both Howard and Heidi were rated equally competent.
True
True or false: Gender blind evaluations would be better for men.
True
History of working women in the U.S.: Industrial revolution
By the 1850s, immigrant women (both married and single) and men replaced women in the mills.
During the Industrial revolution period, there were clear differences between married women and single women: married women were expected to stay home while the husband provided for them; single women were encouraged to work in factories with extreme oppressive conditions, from 5 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., to prepare themselves for lives as wives and mothers.
History of working women in the U.S.: WWI
An increased number of white women entered new fields of industry, particularly in male-dominated occupations.
History of working women in the U.S.: The Great Depression
In 1933, the National Economy Act only allowed one federal salary per married couple, which forced women out of the workforce due to their husbands almost always earning higher wages.
History of working women in the U.S.: WWII and Post WWII
During WWII, the War Manpower Commission instituted a massive advertising campaign to attract women to the munitions factories and war industries.
Women had access to skilled, higher-paying industrial jobs during WWII.
At the end of WWII, there was tremendous public pressure on women that demanded that they abandon their work roles and return to the domestic sphere so men could take back their old jobs.
What is gender devaluation?
The subtle process by which women’s work is devalued or minimized, so that work or positions once deemed powerful and conferring high status frequently became devalued as women increasingly take on these roles.
True or false: Gender inequity still exists in academic settings.
True
According to the academia article, women make strong showings in…
Managerial positions, particularly in human resources, health care organizations, and educational administrations
According to the academia article, the average salary for female faculty is roughly __% of their male counterparts
80%
True or false: it is gender that imposes limits on women’s professional success.
False. It is children, family, and domestic duties.
What is collective action?
Refers to organized efforts to improve women’s conditions in the university through more proactive interpersonal processes.
When was Equal Rights Amendment ratified?
March 22, 1972
