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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Pride of Barbados/Poinciana/Bird of Paradise:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Sign

A

Toxin: Tannic Acid

Clinical Signs: Constipation, Depression, Diarrhea

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2
Q

Anemone and Ranunculus:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Protoanemonin

Clinical Signs: Severe GI Irritation and Dermatitis

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3
Q

Treatment for Xylitol Toxicosis

A

Decontamination- Inducing Vomiting

50% Dextrose IV- Treat Hypoglycemia

*Activated Charcoal is not very Effective

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4
Q

Plant that Causes:

Methemoglobinemia

Abortion

Hypocalcemia

Kidney Damage

Renal Failure in Ruminants

A

Pigweed

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5
Q

Sources of which Industrial Toxin:

Gasoline

Kerosene

Lubricating Oils

Fuel Oils

Oil Spills

A

Petroleum

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6
Q

Toxic Plant that accumulates Nitrate and Soluble Oxalate and an unknown toxin that commonly causes Renal Failure in Livestock

A

Pigweed (Amaranthus)

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7
Q

The Primary Effect of Coral Snake Toxins

A

Neurotoxic

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8
Q

Mechanism of action of which Plant Toxicosis:

A

Ptaquiloside

*Braken Fern

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9
Q

Yew:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Taxine Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Cardiotoxic and GI Signs

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10
Q

Ethanol and Methanol Toxicosis cause CNS ______

A

Depression

*Ataxia progressing to CNS Depression

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11
Q

Milkvetch:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Nitropropanol Glycoside

Clinical Signs: Respiratory and Neurological Signs

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12
Q

Two plants that cause Quinones Toxicosis

A

St. Johns Wort (Hypericum Perforatum)

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum)

*Cause Primary Photosensitization

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13
Q

Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum):

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

Clinical Signs: Irriation of the Oral Mucosa

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14
Q

Illicit Drug that works on CB1 and CB2 Receptors. CB1 is widely distributed in the Brain and has effects on Memory, Perception and Control of Movement

A

Marijuana

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15
Q

Three Main Organs Affected in Bufo Toad Intoxication

A

Heart

Blood Vessels

CNS

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16
Q

Which Species is Most Sensitive to Phenolic Compounds

A

Cats

*Phenolic Compounds are Metabolized through Glucuronidation, which cats are Deficient in

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17
Q

Mechanism of action of which Plant Toxicosis:

Cardiotoxic by Inhibiting Na/K ATPase

A

Cardiac Glycosides

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18
Q

Lesions of ______:

Burns

Pulmonary Changes- Presence of Soot, Pulmonary Edema ect.

Cerebral Edema

A

Smoke Inhalation

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19
Q

Species that is most susceptible to Marijuana Toxicosis

A

Dogs

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20
Q

Toxicosis caused by Ingestion of Disinfectants, Antiseptics, Germicides, and Household Cleaners

A

Phenolic Compounds

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21
Q

Lesions associated with which Household Toxicosis:

Ulceration and Necrosis of the GI Mucosa and Skin

Fatty Degeneration and Necrosis of Liver

Renal Tubular Degeneration and Necrosis

A

Phenolic Compounds

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22
Q

Clinical signs of ______:

Cough

Dyspnea

Tachypnea (Rapid Breathing)

Wheezing

Tachycardia

Hypoxemia

A

Smoke Inhalation

*Many Clinical Signs- Also Include, Conjunctivitis, Drooling, hoarseness, Edema, Mucosal Ulcerations, Confusion, Ataxia, Surface Burns

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23
Q

Castor Bean:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Sign

A

Toxin: Lectins (Phytotoxin in Seeds)

Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs, Bloody Diarrhea

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24
Q

Sources of which Toxic Gas?

Decomposing Manure in confined Animal Houses

Burning Nylon/Plastic

Agricultural Fertilizers

A

Ammonia (NH3)

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25
Q

Most Susceptible Species to Nitrate Poisoning

A

Ruminants (Mainly Cattle)

*Nitrate Reductase is Present in the Rumen Microflora and converts Nitrate to Nitrite, which is Toxic

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26
Q

Cocklebur:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Sulfated Glycoside

Clinical Signs: Liver Damage

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27
Q

Treatment for Cocaine Toxicosis

A

Inducing Vomiting

Gastric Lavage

Diazepam- Control Seizures

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28
Q

Physic Nut:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Diterpene Esters

Clinical Signs: Skin and Eye Irritation, GI Signs

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29
Q

Which Toxic Plant Toxin is a Volatile Gas with a Characteristic Bitter Almond Odor?

A

Cyanide

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30
Q

Clinical Signs of which Industrial Toxin:

Aspiration Pneumonia

Shivering

Incoordination/Ataxia

Abnormal Lung Sounds

Smell of Oil or Kerosene

A

Petroleum

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31
Q

Narcissus:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Lycorine Alkaloid

Clinical Signs: Severe Vomiting and Diarrhea

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32
Q

Chinese Lantern:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Solanine and Solanidine Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Vomiting, Diarrhea

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33
Q

Best Specimen to take for Cyanide Poisoning after Death of the Animal

A

Brain and Heart

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34
Q

Coffeeweed, Senna:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical signs

A

Toxin: Anthraquinone and Unknown Toxin

Clinical Signs: Diarrhea, Skeletal muscle Myopathy

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35
Q

Christmas Candle:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Diterpene Esters

Clinical Signs- Eye and Skin Irritation and Allergy

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36
Q

Lesions from which Industrial Toxicosis:

Dental Lesions- Severe in Developing Teeth

Bone Lesions

A

Fluoride

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37
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:

Hypocalcemia and Precipitation of Insoluble Calcium Oxalates in Soft Tissues and Kidney Damage

A

Soluble Oxalate

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38
Q

Soot if Finely Carbonaceous Particulate Matter suspended in the Gases and Hot Air of Smoke. _____ Adheres Highly to Soot

A

Sulfur Dioxide

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39
Q

Oak Tree:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Tannic Acid

Clinical Signs: Constipation, Depression, Diarrhea

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40
Q

Characteristic Odor associated with Cyanide Poisoning

A

Bitter Almond

*Cyanide is a Volatile Gas

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41
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:

Competitive Blockade of the Nicotinic Receptors at Muscle Endplate

A

Diterpene Alkaloids

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42
Q

Treatment for Detergent Toxicosis

A

Nonionic- Rinse with Copious Water

Anionic- Water/Milk for Ingestion, Activated Charcoal

Cationic- Water, Milk, Egg Whites or Activated Charcoal

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43
Q

Which I_llicit Drug_ undergoes Enterohepatic Recirculation

A

Marijuana

*Enterohepatic Circulation- Therefore need multiple Doses of Activated Charcoal

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44
Q

Main Clinical Signs associated with Insoluble Calcium Oxalate Toxicosis

A

Irritation and Pain of the Oral Mucosa

*Insoluble Calcium Oxalates are not absorbed, therefore they only have Local Mechanical Effects

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45
Q

_____ of the Smoke Inhalation Toxin is the most important Determinant of Respiratory Injury

A

Solubility

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46
Q

Dumbcane:

Toxin Present

Clinical Signs

A

Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia)

Toxin Present: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

Clinical Signs- Irriation of Lips and Mouth

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47
Q

Senecio, Ragwort:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Hepatotoxic- Photosensitization and Encephalopathy

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48
Q

True/False: Activated Charcoal is not effective in adsorbing Marine Toad (Bufo) Toxins

A

False

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49
Q

Benzodiazepines may cause CNS Stimulation and are NOT Recommended for Treatment of _____

A

Amphetamine Toxicosis

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50
Q

Monstera, Swiss Cheese Plant:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

Clinical Signs: Irritation of Mouth and Lips

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51
Q

Lesions of which Plant Toxicosis:

Congestion in Various Organs

Brown-Chocolate Color Blood

A

Nitrate/Nitrite Poisoning

*Brown-Chocolate color of Blood due to Methemoglobin

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52
Q

Devils Trumpet/Angels Trumpet:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Tropane Alkaloid (Atropine)

Clinical Signs: Mydriasis, Dry Mouth, Tachycardia, Hypertension, Hallucinations Seizures

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53
Q

Phenolic Compounds are Metabolized mainly in the liver via _______

A

Glucuronidation

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54
Q

Milkweed:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Cardiac Glycosides

Clinical Signs: Severe GI signs, Dilated Pupils, Convulsions

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55
Q

Treatment for Nitrate/Nitrite Poisoning

A

Methylene Blue 1% IV- Converts Methemoglobin back into Hemoglobin

Supportive Treatment- Activated Charcoal, Ruminal Lavage

*Animals normally die before treatment because death is RAPID

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56
Q

Black Nightshade (Solanum Niger):

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Solanine and Solanidine Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Vomiting, Mydriasis

*Berries are Toxic when they are Green

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57
Q

Name the Plant

What Toxins are Present?

Clinical Signs?

A

Johnson Grass

Toxins: Nitrate and Cyanide

Clinical Signs: Respiratory Signs

*Side Note: Sudan Grass ALSO contains Nitrate and Cyanide

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58
Q

Plant that causes these Clinical Signs in Horses

A

Yellow Starthistle

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59
Q

Caladium (Caladium Tricolor):

Toxin

Clinical Signs

A

Caladium (Caladium Tricolor)

Toxin- Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

Clinical Sign- Irritation of Lips and Mouth

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60
Q

Cocoa and Coffee:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Xanthine Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Vomiting, Salivation, Colic, Diarrhea, CNS Stimulation, Convulsive Seizures

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61
Q

Mineral that causes Signs of Copper Deficiency including:

Watery Diarrhea

Anemia

Dipigmentation

Demyelination

A

Molybdenum

*Treatment for Molybdenum Toxicosis- Copper

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62
Q

Which Industrial Toxin is mainly stored in Bones and Teeth of Cattle

A

Fluoride

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63
Q

Christmas Kallanchoe:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Cardiac Glycoside

Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs

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64
Q

Autumn Crocus/Meadow Saffron:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Colchicine

Clinical Signs: GI Signs, Cardiovascular Signs (Arrhythmias), Respiratory Signs, Renal Failure, Hepatic Failure

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65
Q

Which Plant toxicosis cause Severe Liver Damage and Liver Necrosis

A

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

*Hepatotoxic

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66
Q

Two Plants that commonly Cause Soluble Oxalate Poisoning

A

Halogeton

Greasewood

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67
Q

Specimen of Choice for Nitrate Poisnoing in Animals that have Died

A

Ocular Fluid

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68
Q

Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa):

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Isocupressic Acid

Clinical Signs: Abortion in Cattle

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69
Q

Lesions for which Toxic Gas Toxicosis:

Blood is Bright Red

Brain Edema, Hemorrhage and Necrosis on Necropsy

A

Carbon Monoxide

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70
Q

Clinical Signs of which Toxicity:

A

Methylxanthine Toxicity

*Death may occur due to Cardiac Arrhythmias, Respiratory Failure, or Terminal Seizures

*Methylxanthine- CNS Stimulation (Seizures), Massively High Heart Rates and Arrhythmias

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71
Q

Treatment for Carbon Monoxide Toxicity

A

Oxygen Administered with Positive Pressure

*Recovery may or may not occur

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72
Q

True/False: Human Urine Tests for Marijuana are not Effective in Dogs

A

True

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73
Q

Mechanism of action of which Toxic Gas?

Combines with Hemoglobin to form Carboxyhemoglobin which cannot Carry Oxygen. Carboxyhemoglobin interferes with release of Oxygen carried by Normal Hemoglobin

A

Carbon Monoxide

*Binds with Hemoglobin and Dispaces Oxygen and prevents Oxygen from Binding

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74
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:

Plant cells have Needle Shaped Calcium Oxalate Crystals that Penetrate the Oral Mucosa, Tongue and Throat causing Irritation

A

Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

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75
Q

True/False: Ethanol is:

Widely Distributed in the CNS

Metabolized by Hepatic Alcohol Dehydrogenase to Acetaldehyde

A

True

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76
Q

Alsike Clover and Red Clover:

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Hepatotoxicity and Secondary Photosensitization in Horses Only

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77
Q

Chronic ____ Poisoning causes Hemolytic Crisis in Sheep

A

Copper

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78
Q

Mechanism of action of which Plant Toxicosis:

A

Thiaminase

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79
Q

Clinical Signs of which Illicit Drug?

A

Cocaine

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80
Q

Toxicity caused by Ingestion of Cacao Beans and Chocolate Products

A

Methylxanthine Toxicity

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81
Q

Acute _____ poisoning is directly responsible for more deaths in closed animal facilities than any other gas

A

Hydrogen Sulfide

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82
Q

Horsetail:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Thiaminase

Clinical Signs- Thiamine Deficiency- Neuronal Damage in Horses

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83
Q

Chronic _____ Toxicosis will cause Hoof and Hair Abnormailites

A

Selenium

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84
Q

Nitrate is Reduced by Rumen Microflora to Nitrite, which is Converted to _____, and converted into Amino Acids and Microbial Proteins

A

Ammonia

*The rate of conversion of Nitrite to ammonia is slower than the rate of converstion of Nitrate to Nitrite

*Toxicity is due to NITRITE- Lipid Soluble and can cross Membranes

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85
Q

Chinese Evergreen:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

Clinical Signs: Irritation of Lips and Mouth

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86
Q

Methylxanthines are readily absorbed from the GIT and are widely distributed throughout the body, including the CNS. They are Metabolized in the liver and Undergo _____

A

Enterohepatic Recycling

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87
Q

Three Specific Treatments for Cyanide Poisoning

A

Sodium Nitrite 20% IV

Sodium Thiosulfate 20% IV

Sodium Thiosulfate Orally

*All of these are treatments that can be used

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88
Q

Lesions associated with which Plant Toxicosis:

Plant Present in Rumen

Petechial Hemorrhage in the GI Mucosa

Mouth and Esophagus filled with Blood-Tinged Froth

Oxalate Crystals in Renal Tubules

A

Soluble Oxalate Poisoning

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89
Q

Rhubarb and Beets can cause what type of Toxicosis?

A

Soluble Oxalate

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90
Q

Treatment for Petroleum Toxicity

A

Removal of Oil from Body Surfaces by Soap and Water

Activated Charcoal

*Emetics and Gastric Lavage are CONTRAINDICATED due to Tracheal and Mucosal Ulceration

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91
Q

Treatment for Snake Bite Intoxication

A

First Aid Measures

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92
Q

St. Johnswort:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Quinones

Clinical Sign: Primary Photosentitization- Erythema, Prutitis, Edema and Necrosis of Skin

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93
Q

Which Illicit Drug is:

Highly Lipid Soluble

Rapidly Absorbed by Ingestion or Inhalation

Binds Extensively to Plasma Proteins (99%)

Widely Distributed all over the Body including CNS

A

Marijuana

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94
Q

Test Kit that can be used to Diagnose Cyanide Poisoning

A

Sodium Picrate Paper Test

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95
Q

This is Chokecherry (Prunus):

Which Toxin is Present in this Plant?

A

Cyanide

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96
Q

Lesions of which Toxic Gas Toxicity:

Blood is Dark (Black) and may not Clot

Tissue Dark or Greenish Purple

Carcass has Odor of Sewage (Rotten Eggs)

GI Contents may be Black

A

Hydrogen Sulfide

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97
Q

Three Classifications of Combustion Products associated with Fire

A

Simple Asphyxiants- Inert Gases that Displace Oxygen in Air

Chemical Asphyxiants- Prevent Uptake of Oxygen

Irritants- Chemically Reactive on Mucous Membranes

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98
Q

Which Toxicosis:

Stimulates Insulin Release

Causes Hypoglycemia in Canines

A

Xylitol

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99
Q

True/False: Cocaine is:

Highly Lipid Soluble

Crosses the Blood Brain Barrier and Alveolar Capillaries

A

True

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100
Q

Rattlesnake Vaccine for Dogs protects against Rattlesnake Species Venom, Including Copperhead Bites, in North America except for _____

A

Mojave Rattlesnake

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101
Q

Moldy, Damaged Sweet Clover:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Coumarin Glycosides

Clinical Signs: Hemorrhage

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102
Q

Calla Lily (Zantedeschia Aeithiopica)

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

Clinical Signs: Irritation to Oral Mucosa

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103
Q

Toxicosis caused when by Ingestion of Ethanol containing Beverages, Fermented Bread Dough, or Rotten Fruits

A

Ethanol Toxicosis

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104
Q

Name the Plant

What is the Toxic Effect?

What are the Toxins?

A

Pigweed

Toxins- Soluble Oxalate, Nitrate, Unknown Toxin

Toxic Effects- Hypocalcemia, Methemoglobinemia, Renal Failure, Abortion

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105
Q

Cyanide in the presence of Thiosulfate is metabolized by the Serum and Liver Sulfurtransferase to _____, which is Relatively Less Toxic and is excreted in Urine

A

Thiocyanate

*Acutely it does not cause any problem, but chronically can cause Antithyroid Effect

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106
Q

Sources of which Industrial Toxin:

Forages and Pastures can be Contaminated

Natural Waters

Feed and Mineral Supplements

A

Fluoride

*Fluoride is a normal Constituent of Forages and plants that grow in Flouride Rich Soil

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107
Q

Two Poisnonous Snakes from North America

A

Pit Vipers (Crotalidae)- Rattlesnakes, Copperheads

Coral Snakes (Elapidae)

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108
Q

Clinical Signs associated with Which Toxicosis:

Weakness/Ataxia

Seizures

Liver Failure

A

Xylitol

Hypoglycemia- Causes Weakness, Ataxia and Seizures

Dogs suffering from Liver Failure may not show signs of Hypoglycemia

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109
Q

Toxicity caused by Accidental Exposure to Household Products and Swimming Pool Products that Contain Sodium Hypochlorite

A

Bleach Toxicity

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110
Q

Best Specimen for Laboratory Diagnosis of Fluoride Toxicity

A

Bone

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111
Q

Chronic ____ Toxicity leads to Neuronal Degeneration and Demyelination in the Spinal Cord in Brain

A

Cyanide

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112
Q

More than 80% of Fire-Related Deaths are from ______

A

Smoke Inhalation

*Younger animals are more likely to present for smoke inhalation but recover

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113
Q

Clinical Signs of which Toxic Gas:

Red Mucous Membranes

Coughing and Nasal Discharge

Decreased Growth Rate

Dyspnea

A

Ammonia

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114
Q

True/False: Bites by Coral Snakes are Rare and 60% of bites are nonenvenomating

A

True

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115
Q
A

Carbon Monoxide

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116
Q

Greasewood (Sarcobatus Vermiculatus) is a Toxic Plant that commonly causes which Toxicity?

A

Soluble Oxalate Toxicity

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117
Q

Enzyme that converts Nitrate To Nitrite, that can occur either in the Plant or after absorption of Nitrate in the Blood

A

Nitrate Reductase

*Lethal Synthesis- Nitrite is Toxic

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118
Q

Lesions associated with which Toxicosis:

Congestion of GI Mucosa

Congestion of Liver, Kidney, and Lungs

A

Ethanol/Methanol

*Diagnosis based on Clinical Signs, History and Blood Alcohol Levels

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119
Q

Monkshood:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Diterpene Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Sudden Death in Cattle, Cardiac Arrhythmias

120
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Toxic Plant Toxicity:

Combines with Calcium Ion to Form Calcium Oxalate. This leads to Hypocalcemia and Tetany in Acute Cases or affects Bone and Milk Production in Lower Levels

A

Soluble Oxalate Poisoning

*Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Kidney Tubules cause Kidney Damage

121
Q

Combustion Product that is in an Oxygen-Deprived Environment

A

Simple Asphyxiants

122
Q

Ethanol is Metabolized to ______, which is a Vasodilator and Induces Vomiting

A

Acetaldehyde

123
Q

Which Toxicosis can be caused by Ingestion of Onion, Garlic, Shallots, Chives, and Leeks that causes Hemolytic Anemia

A

Propyl Disulfide

124
Q

Flamingo Plant (Anthurium)

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin- Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

Clinical Signs- Irritation of Oral mucosa, Tongue and Throat

125
Q

Rattlebox:

Name the Toxin

Name teh Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid

Clinical Signs: Hepatotoxic- Photosensitization and Encephalopathy

126
Q

Acute ____ Toxicity is characterized as a disease that causes Respiratory Insufficiency due to inability of the tissues to use Oxygen

A

Cyanide

*The Cells are unable to use Oxygen- Histotoxic Anoxia

127
Q

Alfalfa:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Phytoestrogens

Clinical Signs: Infertility in Males and Females

*Alfalfa can cause Selenium Toxicosis, Nitrate Poisoning, Phytoestrogen Toxicosis, and Triterpenoid Saponins

128
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:

Bind to Estrogen Receptors causing Infertility in Females and Males

A

Phytoestrogens

129
Q

Mechanism of action of which Toxic Gas?

Direct Irritation of Mucous Membranes

Increased Susceptibility to Respiratory Infections due to Continuous Irritation

Decreased Growth of young Animals

Pulmonary Edema and Lung Congestion

130
Q

Specific Treatment for Methemoglobinemia

A

Methylene Blue 1% IV

131
Q

______ Accumulating Plants

A

Nitrate

*Pigweed is very common- Pigweed has High levels of Nitrate and Soluble Oxalates

*Keep in mind that a plant may have more than one toxin

132
Q

Clinical Signs of what Plant Toxicosis in Cattle:

A

Nitrate/Nitrite Poisoning

133
Q

Lobelia:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Pyridine Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Vomiting, Diarrhea, Salivation

134
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:

A

Dimethyl Disulfide

*Mustard

135
Q

Lesions associated with which Illicit Drug Toxicosis:

Myocardial Degeneration

Subendocardial and Epicardial Hemorrhage

Pericardial Effusion

A

Cocaine Toxicosis

136
Q

Cocaine has a direct effect on the _____, leading to Tachycardia and Tachyarrhythmias

A

Myocardium

137
Q

What Species is the Most Susceptible to Bufo Toad Intoxication

A

Dogs

*Mainly in the Evening- Most Toads are Nocturnal

138
Q

Illicit Drug used for treatment of Nausea associated with Anticancer Chemotherapy, Glaucoma and Multiple Scelerosis that may be Accidently Ingested by Pets

A

Marijuana Toxicosis

139
Q

Two Main Toxic Plants that contain Cyanide

A

Wild Cherry/Chokecherry (Prunus)

Sudan Grass/Johnson Grass

*Contain Cyanogenic Glycosides that can Liberate Toixc amounts of Cyanide (HCN)

140
Q

Plant Toxicosis that causes:

Hoof Seperation

Loss of Hoof

Loss of Hair

141
Q

True/False: During Treatment of Snake Bites, Control pain by continous IV Infusion of Morphine during the first 24 hours

A

False

*Control pain by Continuous IV of Fentanyl during the first 24 Hours

*Morphine should be avoided because of Histamine Release

142
Q

Toxicity caused by Ingestion of Sugar Free Gum, Candy, Diabetic Products, and Dental Care Products

143
Q

Treatment for Fluoride Toxicity

A

No Known way to Mobilize Fluoride from Bone

Supportive Treatment

144
Q

Plant that Causes Hemolytic Anemia, Hemoglobineamia and Heinz Body Formation in Horses

A

Wilted Red Maple

145
Q

Mechanism of action of which Plant Toxicosis:

Vasoconstriction and Decreased Uterine Blood flow that Stimulates Release of Fetal Cortisol and Abortion

A

Isocupressic Acid

146
Q

_____ Detergents are the Most Toxic and can cause Damage at 1% Concentration

147
Q

Which Toxicant Denatures and Precipitates Cellular Proteins leading to Direct Irritation causing Coagulative Necrosis

A

Phenolic Compounds

148
Q

Ammonia is Soluble in Water and Readily Reacts with Hydroxyl Ions in Moist Mucous Membranes to form _____, which is Irritant and Caustic

A

Ammonium Hydroxide

*Ammonia is converted to a strong irritant on mucous membranes

149
Q

Clinical Signs of Which Toxicosis:

Oropharyngeal, GI and Respiratory Irritation

Smell of Chlorine

A

Bleach Toxicosis

150
Q

Contraindication during Treatment of Phenolic Compounds

A

Emetics or Gastric Lavage

*Contraindicated for Phenolic Toxicity Treatment due to Mucosal Damage of the GI Tract

151
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Acute Plant Toxicity:

Excess Toxin binds with Ferric Iron and Cupric Copper of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase that blocks electron Transport and inhibits the Cells to Utilize the Available Oxygen resuling in Histotoxic Anoxia

152
Q

Sago Palm:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Cycasin Glycoside

Clinical Signs: GI Signs, Liver Damage, and Neurotoxic

153
Q

Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum):

Name the Toxin

Name the Toxic Principle

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Piperidine Alkaloids and Pyridine Alkaloids

Toxic Principle- Nicotine

Clinical Signs: Ataxia, Incoordination, Birth Defects, Vomiting, and Diarrhea

154
Q

Antivenin Available for Dogs that is Recommended in Moderate and Severe Snake Envenomation and animals showing Systemic Signs

A

Polyvalent Crotalid Antivenin

*Administer as soon as possible- Expensive

*May Cause Allergic Reactions- Treat with Epinephrine

155
Q

Clinical S_igns of which Illicit Drug Toxicity:_

Hyperactivity

Restlessness

Circling

Tremors

Seizures

Hypersalivation

A

Amphetamines

156
Q

True/False: Amphetamines are:

Highly Lipid Soluble

Widely Distributed in the CNS

A

True

*Amphetamines cause CNS Effects

157
Q

Match these Smoke Inhalation Irritants to their Pathology:

A. High Water Solubility

B. Intermediate Water Solubility

C. Poor Water Solubility

  1. Pulmonary Parenchymal Injury- Alveolar
  2. Upper and Lower Airway Injury
  3. Upper Airway Injury
A

High Water Solubility- Upper Airway Injury

Intermediate Water Solubility- Upper and Lower Airway Injury

Poor Water Solubility- Pulmonary Parenchymal Injury-Alveoli

158
Q

Which of these Factors favors Plant Nitrate Accumulation?

A. Plant Species

B. High Nitrate Soil

C. Rains or Moisture

D. Decreased Light

E. Use of Pheonxy Acetic Acid Herbicides

A

All of the Above

*Edible Plants accumulate Nitrate- Sweet Clover, Alfalfa, Wheat, Corn

*Soil Conditions that Enhance Nitrate Uptake- Rains, Acid Soil ect. there are several environmental factors that can increase Nitrate Accumulation in the Soil

*Decreased Light Reduces activity of Nitrate Reductase

159
Q

Azalea:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Grayanotoxins

Clinical Signs: Excessive Salivation, Vomiting, Diarrhea

160
Q

Source of which Toxic Gas:

Fires

Propane Powered Equipment/Space Heaters

Automobile Exhaust in Confined Spaces

A

Carbon Monoxide

*Odorless and Colorless

161
Q

Cationic Detergents are commonly Quaternary _____ Compounds that contain Halogen, such as Fabric Softners, Liquid Potpourri, and Sanitizers

162
Q

Plants of the ____ Family can cause Renal Failure only in Cats

163
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:

164
Q

Toxicity caused Accidental Ingestion or Dermal Exposure to:

General Home Cleaners

Liquid Potpourris

A

Detergents

165
Q

Three Organs affected by Phenolic Toxicosis

A

Hepatotoxic

Nephrotoxic

Neurotoxic

*Can see these systemic changes within 12-24 hours

166
Q

Toxic Gas Characterized by an Irritant Odor (Chlorine-Like) with Yellow Haze in the Air

A

Nitrogen Oxide

*Forms Nitric Acid upon contact with Mucous Membranes

167
Q

Clinical Signs of which Household Toxicosis:

Coagulative Necrosis

Chemical Burns- White Plaques/Ulcerations

Eschar Formation

Intense Pain Followed by Anesthesia

Ataxia, Weakness, Seizures

A

Phenolic Compound Toxicity

*Neurotoxic- Ataxia, weakness, Tremors, Seizures

Hepatotoxic- Icterus, Hemolysis

Nephrotoxic- Methemoglobinemia

168
Q

Treatment for Soluble Oxalate Poisoning

A

Usually of Little Value once Clinical Signs appear

Activated Charcaol

169
Q

Locoweeds:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Indolizidine Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Neuronal Signs- Ataxia, Circling, Incoordination

*More common in Horses

170
Q

The Primary Effect of Snake Bite Intoxication

A

Hypocoagulation

171
Q

Treatment for Ammonia Toxicity

A

Removal of the Source of Ammonia (NH3)

Soothing Ointments applied to the eyes and Antibiotics may Prevent Secondary Infections

172
Q

Ethanol and Methanol Poisoning causes Irritation to the Mucous Membranes. Ethanol inhibits _____, making the patient Urinate

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

173
Q

True/False: Both Crude Oil and Refined Petroleum Products are Irritant to the Mucous Membranes and Skin

174
Q

Cocaine is a CNS _____ and Symphathomimetic that Blocks the Reuptake of Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Serotonin

175
Q

Treatment for Ethanol/Methanol Toxicosis

A

Supportive Care- Fluids, Monitor Body Temperature

No Specific Antidote- Ethanol Toxicosis

Ethanol and Fomepizole- Antidote for Methanol Toxicosis

*Emetics if recently ingested- though absorption from GIT is very Rapid- 15 min.

*Activated Charcoal is generally not Effective

176
Q

Lesions associated with Which Toxicity:

Petechial Ecchymotic or GI Hemorrhages

Severe Hepatocyte Loss or Atrophy and Hepatic Necrosis

177
Q

These Three Toxic Plants Contain _____:

Milkweeds

Marijuana

Chinaberry

178
Q

Crown of Thorns:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Diterpene Esters

Clinical Signs: Eye and Skin Irritation

179
Q

Clinical Signs of which Illicit Drug:

Vomiting

CNS Depression

Ataxia

Incoordination

Tremor

Weakness

180
Q

This is a Sunflower:

What Toxin is Present?

Clinical Signs Associated?

A

Toxin- Nitrate

Clinical Signs- Methemoglobinemia, Respiratory Signs

181
Q

Fishtail Palm (Caryota Mitis):

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalates

Clinical Signs: Irritation of Lips and Mouth

182
Q

Source of which Toxic Gas?

Liberated from the Decomposition of Urine and Feces in Underfloor Waste Pits, Deep Litter, Manure Packs and Sewage

Liquid Manure Holding Pits for Swine

A

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

*When Liquid Manure Holding pits are Agitated during Cleaning then Hydrogen Sulfide is Released

183
Q

Larkspur:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Diterpene Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Sudden Death in Cattle

184
Q

Petroleum Products with ____ Boiling Points, Low Viscosity and Low Surface Tension generally have more Pneumotoxic Potential

A

Low

*Petroleum Products with LOW Boiling Points are More Toxic than Product with High Boiling Points

185
Q

Which Toxic Gas is Readily absorbed through the Lungs and GIT and is converted to Alkali Sulfides in the Blood, turning the Blood Black

A

Hydrogen Sulfide

186
Q

Four parts of the United States you can find Cane/Marine Toad (Bufo Marinus)

A

Florida

South Texas

Hawaii

Puerto Rico

187
Q

Bleach Toxicity is Dependent on the Products ______ Ion Concentration and resulting pH

A

Hypochlorite

*Bleach Toxicity is not Dependent on Ingested Dose/Quantity

188
Q

Horsebrush:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Tetradymol

Clinical Signs: Hepatic Photosensitization, Liver Damage, Anorexia, Depression

*Sheep are the Most susceptible

189
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Toxic Gas:

Direct Irritation of Mucous Membranes

Lung Damage

Death is from Hypoxia

A

Nitrogen Oxide

190
Q

Species that is Most Susceptible to Petroleum Toxicity

A

Cattle

*Small Animals are most Frequently Poisoned with Refined Petroleum Products

191
Q

Avocado causes _____ in Goats, Horses, Rabbits, and Caged Birds

A

Cardiotoxicity

192
Q

Treatment for Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicosis

A

Removal of the Source of H2S

Sodium Nitrite- Reactivates Cytochrome Oxidase

Oxygen Therapy and Supportive Treatment

193
Q

Toxicity caused by Accidental Ingestion of Caffeine, Coffee Beans, Tea Leaves, and Soda

A

Methylxanthines

194
Q

Treatment for Thiaminase Toxicity

A

Thiamine IV

195
Q

Halogeton (Halogeton Glomeratus) Causes what Type of Toxicity?

A

Soluble Oxalate Toxicity

196
Q

Clinical Signs of which Toxic Gas Toxicity:

Coma/Sudden Death

Hypoxia

Drowsiness

Incoordination

A

Carbon Monoxide

197
Q

Two Plants that cause Thiaminase Poisoning, that Destroys Thiamine and produces signs of Thiamine (Vitamin B) Deficiency

A

Horsetail

Braken Fern

198
Q

Rate the Following from Lowest to Highest Toxicity:

Anionic Detergents

Cationic Detergents

Nonionic Detergents

A

Nonionic Detergents- Least Toxic

Anionic Detergents- Moderately Toxic

Cationic Detergents- Most Toxic

199
Q

Treatment for Smoke Inhalation

A

Prompt Removal of Smoke Environment

Oxygen Support

Ventilation

*Avoid Steroids, Cough Suppressants and Opioids

200
Q

Most Poisonous Part of the Plant in Soluble Oxalate Poisoning

201
Q

When the Rate of Nitrate to Nitrite is reduced, the Continuation of Nitrate Uptake from the Soil will lead to accumulation of ____ in the Plant

A

Nitrate

*Nitrate Poisoning is due to plants that can accumulate Nitrate from Soil

202
Q

Species that is Most Susceptible to Soluble Oxalate Poisoning

203
Q

Part of the Plant that contains the Highest Concentration of Nitrate

A

Stalks

*Closest to the Ground

204
Q

Highest Concentration of Cyanide is present in which portion of the Plant?

205
Q

Precatory Bean:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Sign

A

Toxin: Lectin (Phytotoxin)

Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs, Blood Diarrhea, Convulsions

206
Q

Unripe Eggplants and Tomato cause which Plant Toxicosis

A

Solanine and Solanidine Alkaloids

207
Q

Xylitol is a Potent Promotor of _____ Release in Dogs resulting in Hypoglycemia

208
Q

Treatment of Amphetamine Toxicosis

A

Induction of Emesis

Activated Charcoal

Pentobarbital and Propofol- CNS Depressants to control the CNS Stimulation

209
Q

True/False: Nitrate is 10x’s more toxic than Nitrite

210
Q

Ingesting of Fresh ____ Shavings from the Heartwood Tree that Causes Laminitis

A

Black Walnut

211
Q

Plant Toxin that Interacts with Two Molecules of Hemoglobin resulting in Oxidation of Ferrous Iron to Ferric and conversion of Hemoblobin to Methemoglobin, which cannot Carry Oxygen

A

Nitrite

*Clinical Signs of Anoxia develop if Methemoglobin is 20-40%

212
Q

Treatment for Marijuana Toxicosis

A

Signs usually Resolve without Treatment

Induction of Emesis

Repeated Doses of Activated Charcoal

213
Q

Jimsonweed:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Tropane Alkaloids (Atropine)

Clinical Signs: Mydriasis, Dry Mouth, Tachycardia, Hallucination, Excitation

214
Q

Day Blooming Jessamine:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Calinogenic Glycoside

Clinical Signs: Hypercalcemia, Calcification of Tissue causing Lameness

215
Q

Chinaberry:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Meliatoxins

Clinical Signs: GI Signs, CNS and Peripheral Neuronal Signs

216
Q

Clinical Signs associated with which Household Toxicity:

A

Ethanol/Methanol Toxicosis

*Chronic Toxicosis can lead to Kidney and Liver Damage

217
Q

Wild Cotton (Gossypium)

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical signs

A

Toxin: Gossypol

Clinical Signs: Cardiotoxic, Respiratory Signs, Male Infertility

218
Q

Species that is Most Susceptible to Cyanide Poisnoing

A

Ruminants (Cattle)

219
Q

Croton:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Diterpene Esters

Clinical Signs: Eye and Skin Irritation

220
Q

Fluoride has a Strong Affinity for _____

221
Q

Sorrel and Soursop:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Soluble Oxalates

Clinical Signs: Hypocalcemia, Tetany, Recumbancy, Large Doses may cause Renal Failure

222
Q

Which Species is the most Susceptible and Sensitive to Snake Bite Toxicities

A

Dogs

*Dogs are the most Susceptible- Cats and Horses are also Susceptible

223
Q

_____ are a Combination of Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic proteins and Amino Acids

A

Snake Venoms

224
Q

True/False: Not all Snake Bites are envenomatous, nonenvenomatous bites have mild local signs, no systemic signs, and normal laboratory findings

A

True

*Local Tissue Reactions include Puncture wounds, Fang Marks, Bleeding, Edema, Swelling, Petechiation

225
Q

Which of the following is Least likely a Clinical Sign of Marine Toad (Bufo Marinus) Intoxicaiton

A. Slow onset Clinical Signs (2-3 days)

B. Foaming of the Mouth

C. Seizures

D. Tachycardia or Bradycardia

A

Slow onset of Clinical Signs

226
Q

Species that is most susceptible to Methylxanthine Toxicity

227
Q

Aloe:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Anthraquinones

Clinical Signs: Diarrhea

228
Q

5 Types of Petroleum Products and their Effects

A

Crude Oil- Sweet is more Lethal

Short Chain Aliphatic- Low Toxicity but are Very Volatile

Long Chain Aliphatic - Aspiration Pneumonia

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons- Neurotoxic

Aromatic Hydrocarbons- Bone Marrow Suppression

*All except for Crude Oil are considered “Refined Petroleum Products”

229
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Industrial Toxicant:

Aspiration Pneumonia

Chemical Pneumonitis

Death is due to Hypoxia

CNS Depression

Bone Marrow Suppression

A

Petroleum

*Vomiting Resulting in Aspiration Pneumonia

*Death is Due to Hypoxia or Possible Toxemia from Bacterial Infection in the Lungs

230
Q

Which Toxicity has this Mechanism of Action:

Phosphodiesterase Inhibition and Competitive Inhibition of Adenosine Receptors leading to CNS Stimulation and Seizures

A

Methylxanthine Toxicity

231
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Toxic Gas:

Inhibition of Cellular Respiration by Inhibiting Cytochrome Oxidate

Stimulates Chemoreceptors of the Carotid Body Interfering with Respiratory Drive

A

Hydrogen Sulfide

*Leads to Apnea and the Patient normally Dies from asphyxiation

232
Q

Glory Lily:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Colchicine

Clinical Signs: GI Signs, Cardiovascular Signs (Arrhythmias), Respiratory Signs, Renal Failure, Hepatic Failure

233
Q

Phenolic Compounds are Readily Absorbed from the GIT and are ______, leading to Damage in the GIT

234
Q

Poison Hemlock, Spotted Hemlock:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Piperidine Alkaloids

Clinical Signs: Ataxia, Incoordination and Birth Defects

235
Q

Metabolite of Cyanide Poisoning that has Antithyroid Effect

A

Thiocyanate

236
Q

Contraindication during Treatment of Cationic Detergent Toxicosis

A

Emesis and Gastric Lavage

237
Q

Lantana, Yellow Sage:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Sign

A

Toxin: Triterpene Acids in Unripe Berries

Clinical Signs: GI Signs, Liver Damage

*Liver Damage can lead to Photosensitization

238
Q

Only Species that is Susceptible to Xylitol Toxicosis

A

Dogs

*Low Doses can cause Hypoglycemia

239
Q

Braken Fern:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Ptaquiloside Glycoside

Clinical Sign: Aplastic Anemia, Tumors in the Upper GI Tract and Retinal Degeneration in Sheep

240
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Toxic Gas:

Irritation of Mucous Membranes

Reflex Bronchoconstriction

Lung Damage

Death due to Hypoxia

A

Sulfur Oxide

241
Q

Four Bufo (Toad) Toxins

A

Bufotenine

Bufagenins

Bufotoxins

Indole Alkylamines

*​Bufotenine and Indole have Hallucinogenic Effects

*Bufagenins and Bufotoxins are Cardioactive Steroids, similar to Digitalis

242
Q

Clinical Signs of which Toxic Gas Toxicity?

Sudden Collapse

Dyspnea (Trouble Breathing)

Anoxic Convulsions

Rapid Death

A

Hydrogen Sulfide

243
Q

English Holly and English Ivy:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Triterpenoid Saponins

Clinical Signs: Salivation, Vomiting, Diarrhea

244
Q

Sources of which Toxic Gas Toxicity:

Silo Filler’s Disease

Gases are Produced by Incomplete Reduction of Nitrates during the Fermentation Process in Silos

A

Nitrogen Oxide

245
Q

Treatment for Phenolic Compound Toxicosis

A

Decontamination- Milk, Egg Whites followed by Activated Charcoal

Supportive Care- Fluid Therapy

*Skin should be rapidly decontaminated with Polyethylene Glycol and rinsed thoroughly

246
Q

Treatment of Bleach Toxicosis

A

Milk or Water

Wash Dermal Exposure with Soap/Water

247
Q

Lesions associated with which Industrial Toxin:

Aspiration Pneumonia

Ulceration in the Tracheal Mucosa

Oil found in the Bronchi or GI Tract

A

Petroleum

*Laboratory Diagnosis- Detection of Oil in the GI Tract

248
Q

Which Plant Toxicosis leads to Neuromuscular Blockade that prevents Fetal Movement and results in Birth Defects

A

Piperidine Alkaloids

249
Q

Buckwheat:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Quinones

Clinical Signs: Primary Photosensitization- Erythema, Pruritis, Edema and Necorsis of Skin

250
Q

True/False: The FDA does not require Xylitol to be listed as an active Ingredient in Products

A

True

*Caution when using Human oral Hygeine Products extra-label in Canines- Ex. Infant Toothpaste with 35% Xylitol

251
Q

Cyanogenic Plants contain _____ that can liberate Toxic amount of Cyanide (HCN)

A

Cyanogenic Glycosides

*Most common cause of Cyanide Poisoning- Ingestion of Plants that have Cyanogenic Glycosides

252
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:

Primary Photosensitization

A

Quinones

*Photodynamic Substance comes directly from the Plant

253
Q

What part of the Plant is most toxic for Lycorine Toxicosis

254
Q

What type of Blood Sample would you expect to get from an animal with Cyanide Poisoning

A

Cherry Red Blood

255
Q

Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:

Antagonism of Vitamin K by Inhibiting Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase resulting in Deficiency of Coagulation Factors II, VII, IX, and X

A

Coumarin Glycosides

256
Q

Most Susceptible Species to Fluoride Toxicosis

A

Dairy Cattle

257
Q

_____ Rich Diets Decrease Soluble Oxalate Toxicity by Forming Insoluble Calcium Oxalate which is not Absorbed

258
Q

Treatment of Nitrogen Oxide Gas toxicosis

A

Supportive Treatment- Fresh Air, Oxygen

Methylene Blue IV for Methemoglobinemia

259
Q

Oleander:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Cardiac Glycoside

Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs, Bradycardia, Arrhythmias

*Small amount can kill an animal

260
Q

True/False: Snake Bites in Vaccinated dogs should be considered as a Medical Emergency and may need Antivenin

261
Q

Porthos, Devils Ivy:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

Clinical Signs: Irritation of Lips and Mouth

262
Q

Qualitative Test for Nitrate in Forages, Rumen Contents, and Water

A

Diphenylamine Test

263
Q

Specific Treatment for Coumarin Glycoside Toxicosis

A

Emergency - Blood Transfusion

Non- Emergency- Vitamin K 1 (Specific Antidote)

264
Q

Lechuguilla, Agave:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Steroidal Saponins

Clinical Signs: Liver Damage and Hepatogenic Photosensitization

265
Q

Lesions of which Plant Toxicosis:

Mucous Membranes are Bright Red

Blood is Cherry Red

Smell of Bitter Almond

266
Q

Livestock that are Most Susceptible to Ammonia Toxicity

A

Swine

Poultry

267
Q

Petroleum Oils may contain Cholinated Napthalenes and can cause Bovine Skin _____

A

Hyperkeratosis

*Thickening of the Stratum Corneum

268
Q

Philodendron (Philodendon):

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Sodium Calcium Oxalate

Clinical Signs: Irritation of Lips and Mouth

269
Q

Foxglove (Digitalis Purpurea):

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Cardiac Glycoside

Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs, Bradycardia, Arrhythmias

270
Q

_____ is Absorbed fro the soil by the plant and is converted to Nitrite (NO2). Nitrate is converted to Ammonia, which is converted to Amino Acids and then to Vegetable Protein.

A

Nirate (NO3)

*Nitrate reductase converts Nitrate to Nitrite

271
Q

Which Species is the most Susceptible to Cocaine Toxicosis

272
Q

Lesions associated with which Toxic Gas:

Pulmonary Edema

Emphysema

Inflammation of Bronchioles

Methohemoglobinemia

A

Nitrogen Oxide

273
Q

True/False: Long Exposure to a few ppm of Nitrogen Oxide can LOWER Resistance to Respiratory Infections

274
Q

Treatment for Bufo Toad Intoxication

A

Flushing Mouth with Running Water- Important!

Activated Charcoal

Atropine- Treat Bradycardia

Diazepam- Treat Seizures

275
Q

Which Toxic Gas has a Chlorine-like Odor and when Mixed with Water forms Nitric Acid or Nitric Oxide

A

Nitrogen Oxide

276
Q

Corticosteroids and NSAIDs, such as aspirin, are not Recommended in the Treatment of _____

A

Snake Venom Toxicosis

277
Q

Carbon Monoxide Toxicity death is due to _____

278
Q

Candelabra Cactus:

Name the Toxin

Name the Clinical Signs

A

Toxin: Diterpene Esters

Clinical Signs: Eye and Skin Irritation and Allergy

279
Q

Which of the following is the Least Likely clinical sign of Marine Toad (Bufo Marinus) Intoxication

A. Foaming at the Mouth

B. Seizures

C. Tachycardia or Bradycardia

D. Hemolysis

E. Hyperthemia

A

Hemolysis

*First Signs of Irritation lead to Hypersalivation (Foaming) and Brick-Red mucous membranes

280
Q

Clinical Signs of which Household Toxicosis:

NonIonic/Anionic- Nausea and Vomiting/Diarrhea

Cationic- Severe GI Signs, Shock and Collapse, Systemic Signs

A

Detergents

281
Q

True/False: Young Plants have Higher Nitrate than Mature Plants

A

True

*Usually Immature plants have high levels of the toxic principle

282
Q

Clinical Signs of which Industrial Toxicosis:

Bony Exostoses Seen or Felt on Legs

Spontaneous Fractures

Teeth have Mottling and Patchy Loss of Dentine

Brown Color around Teeth

283
Q

Combustion Product that Changes the Carrying Capacity of Hemoglobin

A

Chemical Asphyxiants

*Ex. Carbon Monoxide- Most serious agent with Smoke Inhalation

284
Q

Clinical Signs of which Plant Toxicosis:

Severe Colic

Muscle Weakness

Head and Neck pulled to One Side in Sheep

Renal Failure

A

Soluble Oxalate

285
Q

Mechanism of Action of Which Industrial Toxicosis:

Damage to Ameloblasts and Odondoblasts during Tooth Development

Brown or Black Discoloration of the Defective Enamel on Teeth

Delaying Mineralizatio of Bone

286
Q

When _____ is combined with Acid or Ammonia Solutions causes Release of Chloramine Gas and Hypochlorous Acid

A

Bleaches

*Chlorine or Chlormaine Gas cause Severe Respiratory and Eye Irritation. Concentrated Solutions of Bleach are highly corrosive to Mucous Membranes

287
Q

Source of which Toxic Gas:

Fossil Fuel Combustion at Power Plants

Industrial Pollutants

A

Sulfur Oxide

288
Q

Clinical Signs of which Acute Plant Toxicity:

Extremely Rapid Onset/Death without Clinical Signs

Tachypnea

Apparent Anxiety

Severe Panting

Gasping for Air

Mucosal Irritation-Salivation

A

Cyanide

*Respiratory Insufficiency

*Animals take about 4-5 minutes to die from Onset of Clinical Signs

289
Q

Treatment for Methylxanthine Toxicity

A

Decontamination- Induce Vomiting within 2-6 Hours

Activated Charcoal- Repeated Doses due to Enterohepatic Recirculation

Fluid Therapy- Prevents Dehydration

290
Q

Toxic Gas with these Properties:

Odor of Rotten Eggs

Reacts with Silver, Iron, Lead and other Metals to form Black or Dark-Colored Compounds (Blood and GIT)

A

Hydrogen Sulfide

291
Q

Urinary _____, such as Ammonium Chloride, will Enhance Renal Excretion of Amphetamines

A

Acidifiers

*Ampthetamines are Weak Bases

292
Q

_____ (Toad Toxin) is a Schedule 1 Substance because it has Hallucinogenic Effects

A

Bufotenine

293
Q

Drugs used to Treat Attention Deficity Disorders (ADD), Obesity, and Narcolepsy in Humans that may be consumed by Pets

A

Amphetamines

*Source: Accidental Ingestion

294
Q

Which Plant Toxin crosses the Placenta and enters Fetal Erythrocytes leading to Abortion due to Methemoglobinemia

295
Q

Perservative Added to Samples of:

Cyanide Poisoning

Nitrate Poisoning

Urea Poisoning

A

Mercuric Chloride

296
Q

Crotalidae are known as ______ because of the Temperature Sensitive pits between the eyes and the nostrils

A

Pit Vipers

297
Q

Amphetamines are CNS _____, and Block the Reuptake of Norepinephrine and Dopamine

A

Stimulants

Toxicology (5 decks)

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