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Toxicology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of Movement of drugs in the body across biological membranes from the time of absorption until Elimination

A

Drug Disposition

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2
Q

Which one of the Following Procedures is Incorrect in Diagnostic Toxicology:

  1. Specimens should be taken free of Chemical Contamination or Debris
  2. Specimens shoud be Washed
  3. Animal and Tissue Specimens should be Frozen
A

2

*Specimens should NOT be Washed- Washing is a Dilution Step- It will Dilute the amount of Toxin in the Specimen

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3
Q

True/False: Most Toxicity Pathologies are Pathoneumonic for Specific Toxins/Poisons

A

False

*Most Clinical Signs/Pathologies are General to all Poisoning and not Specific to any Poison Agent

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3
Q

Which Rodenticide are Guinea Pigs Resistant to?

A

Bromethalin

*Guinea Pigs lack the Metabolic Enzymes

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4
Q

Six Factors that Affect Distribution of Drugs

A

Physiochemical Properties of the Drug (ex. Lipid Solubility)

Concentration Gradient

Plasma Protein Binding

Blood Flow

Tissue Barriers

Affinity of Drugs to Certain Tissues

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5
Q

The Acute LD50 of Cyanide is 2.3 mg/kg Body Weight. What Category of Toxicity does Cyanide Fall into?

A

Highly Toxic

*Toxicity is between 1-50 mg/kg

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5
Q

2-PAM is Contraindicated with ____ Toxicity as it can Potentially Increase the Carbamylation Process

A

Carbaryl (Sevin)

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6
Q

For a Drug to be Actively Secreted at the Renal Tubules, it has to be Water Soluble (Hydrophilic), Polar and ____

A

Ionized

*This is achieved by Biotransformation for Lipid Soluble, Non polar, Non Ionized Drugs

*Drugs that are Lipid Soluble, Non Polar and Non Ionized in the Renal Tubules, will be Passively Reabsorbed back to the Plasma, and NOT excreted

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7
Q

The Highest Dose that Does not cause any death

A

LD0

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7
Q

When Diluting a Solution from a Concentrated Stock Solution, the mL needed = _______ X The Volume Required in mL from the Stock

A

(% Required Diluted/ % in the Stock)

*mL Needed = (% Required Dilution/ % in the Stock) X Volume required in mL

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7
Q
A

1600g (1.6kg)

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7
Q

All of these are Correct about Drug Absorption, Except:

A. The Smaller Molecular Size the Faster the Absorption

B. The Greater the Lipid Solubility, the Greater the Absorption

C. The Lower the Ratio between N/I, The Greater the Absorption

D. Oral Absorption of Liquid Drugs is Faster than Solid Drugs

E. The Higher the Drug Concentration at Absorption Site, the Faster the Absorption

A

C. The lower the Ratio between N/I, The Greater the Absorption

*The HIGHER the Ratio between N/I, The Greater the Absorption

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7
Q

All of these are Correct about Drug Absorption, Except:

A. Increased Blood Flow, Increases Drug Absorption

B. Heat or Massage of intramuscular Injection site Increases Blood Flow and Absorption

C. Sympathetic Stimulation Decreases Blood Flow to Skeletal Muscles

D. Sympathetic Stimulation Decreases Blood Flow to the GI Tract and Skin

A

C.

*Sympathetic Stimulation Increases Blood Flow to Skeletal Muscle

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7
Q

True/False: Blood Flow, Species, and the Presence of Food and Chemicals in the GI Tract affects Drug Absorption from the GI Tract

A

True

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7
Q

Main Organ of Biotransformation (Drug Metabolism)

A

Liver

*Smooth Endoplastic Reticulum

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7
Q

High ____ Soluble Drugs are usually Metabolized First in the Liver

A

Lipid

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7
Q

Some Drugs are Eliminated Solely through Secretion, However most Drugs are Lipophilic and therefore Must go through the Two Step Process of Secretion and _______ before being Eliminated

A

Biotransformation

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7
Q

Drugs used in Vomitting Animals such as Dogs and Cats within 1-2 Hours from Ingestion of the Poison

A

Emetics

*Contraindicated in Unconscousness, Corrosives, Dehydration, Severely ill animals and Unknown Toxicants

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7
Q

True/False: There is No Specific Anidote for Pyrethrin/Pyrethroid Toxicity

A

True

*Treatment = Decontamination (Wash Skin) and Avoid Exacerbating the Toxicity

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8
Q

Cholecalciferol is a _____ Toxicosis

A

Vitamin D

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9
Q

Toxicity that is the Effect of Exposure from 30 days to 90 days

A

Subchronic Toxicity

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10
Q

True/False: In Amitraz Toxicity, if Flea and Tick Collar was Ingested the Treatment is to Induce Emesis and/or remove via Endoscopy

A

True

*Need to get the collar out of the patient

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10
Q

True/False: Cats are More Sensitive to Naphthalene Toxicity, but Dogs are more likely to Ingest

A

True

*Cats are more Sensitive but Dogs are more Susceptible- Dogs are far more likely to eat Mothballs

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11
Q

Water Soluble Alkaloid from Dried Leaves of Nicotiana Tabacum. Feeds can be contaminated with _____ Sulfate, which is used as a plant Insecticide. Animals gain Toxicity through Ingestion of Tobacco Products (Leaves, Cigarettes, Cigars)

A

Nicotine

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11
Q

Which Pathway is ACT and PTT Measuring?

A

ACT- Intrinsic

PTT- Intrinsic

PT- Extrinsic (Factor VII)

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12
Q

Three Factors affecting Simple Diffusion

A

Concentration Gradient

Lipid Solubility

Degree of Ionization

*Concentration Gradient- Drugs move across membranes from High Concentration to Low Concentration

*Ionization- Drugs cross Biological membranes in the NON- Ionized form

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12
Q

True/False: Certain Individuals may be Deficient or Lack certain Enzymes due to Genetic Differences

A

True

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13
Q

Organophosphates cause Irreversible Inhibition of Cholinesterases. What Three Pathologies Follow at Receptors?

A

First: Muscarinic Receptor Stimulation

Second: Nicotinic Receptor Stimulation

Last: Nicotinic Blockade

*Normally Patients will be Hyperstimulated, but as things progress you may see Nicotinic Blockade, if you are stimulating the Nerve continuously eventually it is going to Depolarize to the point that it can’t repolarize

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13
Q
A

C. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

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14
Q

If Toxicity is Greater than ____, it is considered Relatively Harmless

A

15 g/kg

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14
Q

There are several Types of Organophosphates, Some have direct Acetylcholinesterase Activity while others have none and must be _____ before they become Active

A

Desulfurated

*Need to undergo Liver Metabolism, before they have Acethylchlinesterase Activity

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14
Q

Cholecalciferol is Mainly excreted in Bile/Feces, however can also be Excreted in ____ at Toxic Levels and can undergo Enterohepatic Recirculation

A

Milk

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15
Q
A

C. Cholinesterase Activity can be Tested for Either

*Carbamates do not Undergo Storage Activation or Lethal Synthesis

* Pralidoxime (2-PAM) is not an effective Treatment for Carbamates

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16
Q

Six Factors Related to the Drug that Affect Absorption

A

Molecular Size

Lipid Solubility

Degree of Ionization

Dissolution of Drug in Water

Concentration of Drug at Absorptive Site

Route of Administration

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16
Q

Organophosphates are Fairly _____, they are readily Absorbed from the GIT, Skin and Mucous Membranes and Well distributed throughout the Body, including the CNS

A

Lipophilic

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16
Q

Lab Findings for Which Rodenticide Toxicity:

Hypercalcemia

Hyperphosphatemia

Decreased PTH

Elevated serum Calcidiol (25-dihydroxyvitamin D)

A

Cholecalciferol

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17
Q

Any Substance when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with Life Processes or Biological Functions of the cells of the Animal

A

Poison (Toxicant)

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17
Q

True/False: Every Toxin is a Toxicant (Poison), but not every Toxicant (Poison) is a Toxin

A

True

*A Toxin is a Toxicant (Poison) from a Biological Source- Ex. Snake Venom. However Lead is a Toxicant, but not a Toxin

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17
Q

A Chronicity Factor greater than ____ indicates a Relatively Cumulative Toxicant

A

2.0

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17
Q

True/False: Most Toxicosis DO NOT have Pathognomonic Signs

A

True

*Most Poisonings have very similar Clinical Signs

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18
Q

Accuracy of Chemical Results depends on _____. Interpretation of Results should be done Carefully Considering other Evidence

A

Sampling

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18
Q

True/False: Cats are more Sensitive to Pyrethrins than Dogs

A

True

*Very Common in Small Animal Practice- Use of Canine “Spot On” Pyrethrin Products on Felines is a common Presenting Issue

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18
Q

True/False: Decontamination with Soap/Water and Symptomatic Treatment are the Only Treatments for DEET Toxicity

A

True

*DEET Generally has low Toxicity and Mild Signs

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18
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticides are Odorless and Tasteless and Formulations are Resistant in the Environment for Weeks to Months. Anticoagulant Rodenticides have a ____ Onset of Action

A

Slow

*Will not see Clinical Signs for at least 24 Hours or Longer after Ingestion

*Onset of Clinical Signs takes 1-5 Days

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19
Q

Term used to Describe the Deleterious or Undesirable Effects of Poisons

A

Toxic

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20
Q

Four Treatment Principles of Toxicosis

A

Symptomatic (Supportive) Treatment- Respiratory and Cardiovascular

Removal of Poison

Specific (Antidotal) Treatment

Observation of the Acutely Poisoned Animal

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20
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides are HIGHLY _____, that leads to Bioaccumulation in the Food Chain

A

Lipophilic

*Toxin is Sequestered in Body Fat. If Herbivore has Toxin within its fat and it is Eaten by a Carnivore, the Toxin will now Sequester into the Carnivores Fat- Bioaccumulation

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21
Q

Rotenone is Considered an _____ and will cause Conjuctivitis, Congestion, Dermatitis, and GI Upset if Ingested

A

Irritant

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22
Q

Disease Caused by Exposure to a Poison

A

Toxicosis

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22
Q

Criteria of Diagnosis defined by Clinical Pathology and Chemical Analysis, where Positive Chemical Results Consistent with other Criteria my confirm a Diagnosis

A

Laboratory Diagnosis

*Chemical Analysis- Best way to Confirm a Diagnosis

*Should be done by qualified Toxicology Laboratory

*Negative Lab Results does not Eliminate the Possiblity of Toxicosis

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22
Q

Which Color Corresponds to the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways?

A

Intrinsic- Yellow

Extrinsic- Blue

*Common Pathway is Green

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23
Q

True/False: If a Drug is Hydrophilic (Water Soluble), Polar, and Ionized it is entirely Excreted by Secretion without undergoing Biotransformation

A

True

*Biotransformation only occurs to Lipophilic, Non-Polar or Non-Ionized Drugs in order to Make the Drugs Hydrophilic, Polar and Ionized so that they can be Excreted

*In order to be excreted from the Body, a Drug must be Hydrophilic, Polar and Ionized- must be achieved by Drug Metabolism (Biotransformation)

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24
Q

When Sampling Feeds or Forage for Analysis, Green Forage or Silage should be _____ or Green Forage Dried. The Sample Size should be about a Quart or Kilogram

A

Frozen

*Samples should be Taken from different Bales and from different Parts of the Bale

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25
Q

The Biological ______ is composed of a Lipid Bilayer, where the Membrane Contains Membrane Proteins and Carbohydrates and the Cells are Seperated by Aqueous Pores and Junctions

A

Cell Membrane

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26
Q
A

Tachycardia

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27
Q

Toxicity due to a Single Dose or Multiple Doses during a 24-hour Period

A

Acute Toxicity

*One day Exposure

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27
Q

Fluid Therapy and Diuretics ____ Renal Excretion of drugs by Reducing the Time needed for Tubular Reabsorption

A

Enhance

*Decreasing the Transit Time of the drug through the Tubules, Enhances Drug Excretion

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28
Q

True/False: Specimens Submitted for Chemical Analysis in Diagnostic Toxicology should be accompanied with a Complete HIstory, Clinical Signs, Postmortem findings ect.

A

True

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28
Q

Of these Four Coagulation Parameters, which will Become Abnormal First with Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity:

Activated Clotting Time (ACT)

Prothrombin Time (PT)

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Antagoists (PIVKA)

A

PIVKA

*In Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity, PIVKA will Increase First

PIVKA, PT, PTT, ACT- Order in Which they begin to Increase

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29
Q

Second Most important Organ for Excretion of Drugs where Drugs may be Transported from the Cells to Bile or Blood by Passive Diffusion or Active Transport

A

Liver

*Hepatic Excretion

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30
Q

1 ppm = ______%

A

* 1 ppm = 0.0001%

*If you want to convert from ppm to percent, move the decimal 4 places to the Left. If you want to Convert from percent to ppm, move the decimal 4 places to the Right

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31
Q

90% of Steady-State Concentration is achieved in ____ Half Lives

A

3.3

*After 4 Half Lives, the Plasma Concentration is 93.75% of the eventual steady-state plasma concentration

*Steady State- Is the Plasma Concentration of Drug when the Maintenance Rate of Drug Administration is Equal to the Rate of Elimination

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33
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticides are Most Commonly ingested by Pets, mainly Canines, as ______

A

Baits

*Most common Exposure is via Ingestion of Baits

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34
Q

Specimens from different Organs should be Packaged _____ in Clean Glass or Plastic Containers that can be tightly Sealed. Waterproof Ink should be used to ____ Specimens and should include the Owners Name, Animals Name and tissue of Specimens

A

Separately

Label

*Waterproof Labeling is Very Important!

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35
Q

The Volume of Fluid which would be Required to Contain the amount of drug in the body if it were uniformly Distributed, and the concentration in that fluid was equal to the concentration in the plasma

A

Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd)

*Extent of Distribution is Measured by the Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd)

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35
Q

Which of the Following is Correct about Sampling Forage:

A. Forage should be cut to a Length of 3 Inches

B. Sample Size should be a Quart or Kilogram

C. Forage or Silage should be Frozen or Dried

D. Samples should be Taken from Different Bales

E. Samples should be packaged Tightly and Sealed Airtight

D. All Letters should be Sealed in First Class Mail Envelope

A

All of the Above are Correct

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36
Q

The Rate of Tissue Perfusion relative to the Tissue Mass, that affects Distribution of Drugs

A

Blood Flow

*Higher Blood Flow = Higher Drug Distribution

*Lower Blood Flow = Lower Drug Distribution

*Highly Perfused Tissues- Brain, Liver, Kidneys and Endocrine Glands- will Recieve Higher Distribution of Drugs

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37
Q

If the Toxicity is ____ or Less it is considered Extremely Toxic

A

1 mg/kg

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38
Q

Plasma Protein Binding ______ Glomerular Filtration and Renal Drug Excretion

A

Decreases

*Only Unbound Drugs can be Filtered and are Eliminated at a Rate Equal to their Creatinine Clearance Rate

*If the Drug is Bound to Plasm Proteins, it cannot be Filtered

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38
Q

Equation to Calculate the Half Life of a Drug

A

*You need to Volume of Distribution and the Clearance in order to Calculate the Half Life

*Increasing the Volume of Distribution, prolongs the Half Life

*Increasing the Clearance, Decreases the Half Life

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38
Q

All Animals are Susceptible to Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Toxicity, but ____ are the Most Sensitive

A

Cats

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38
Q

With Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Toxicity, Brain Concentrations are Better Correlated with Toxicosis than _____ Concentrations, which do not Correlate with Severity of Clinical Signs

A

Fat

*Brain Concentrations will give a Better Indication of Toxicity than Fat

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38
Q

More than One Correct Answer!

A

Fresh, Whole Blood

Fresh Frozen Plasma

Cryoprecipitate (Concentrated Coagulation Factors)

*You need the Clotting Factors- Frozen Plasma, Stored Whole Blood, and Platelet Rich Plasma Do NOT have Clotting Factors

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39
Q

True/False: Ivermectin is Well Distributed in the Body, but Does NOT cross the BBB

A

True

*Kept out of CNS by Glycoprotein Efflux Pump

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40
Q

Weak Acidic or Weak Basic Drugs cross Biological Membranes in the _____ Form, while Charged Drugs can not Cross Biological Membranes

A

Nonionized

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41
Q

Insecticides that Work by Reversible Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase

A

Carbamates

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42
Q

Type ___ Pyrethroids have a Greater Effect on Sodium Channels leading to More Potent Effects

A

2 (Alpha-Cyano Group)

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43
Q

Drug Molecular Charge affects Glomerular Filtration at the Kidney. Largely ____ Charged Molecules are Inhibited by the Proteins in the Capillary Wall leading to less Renal Drug Excretion

A

Negatively

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44
Q

Technique for Removal of Poison where the Link Between the Animal and the Sourse of Poisoning is Cut

A

Removal of Suspected Source of Poisoning

*​Examples of Sources- Feed, Water, Pasture, Pesticides, Chemicals ect.

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44
Q

True/False: Alkalinization of Urine will Enhance Excretion of Nicotine

A

False

*ACIDIFICATION of Urine will Enhance Excretion of Nicotine

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45
Q

Overall, Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids have Low Toxicity to Mammals, However they are Very Toxic to ____ and some Birds

A

Fish

* Caution when Using around Fish Tanks/ Koi Ponds. A Dog Treated with Topical Pyrethrin that goes Swimming in your fish pond is a Source of Exposure

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46
Q

Drugs with a Molecular Weight less than ____ Dalton charged or uncharged are freely filtered through the glomerular membrane and Excreted Readily by the Kidney

A

7000 Dalton

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48
Q

Three Types of Metabolic Reactions that are Part of Phase I Reactions of Biotransformation

A

Oxidation

Reduction

Hydrolysis

*Most Common Type of Biotransformation Reaction- Oxidation- Most Drugs are Metabolized by Oxidation

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49
Q

500 ppm = ____%

A

0.05%

*Move decimal 4 places to the Left

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51
Q

Eliminiation of Most Drugs follows ____ order Kinetics, where the Rate of Removal of Drug from plasma is Proportional to the Concentration present at a given Time

A

First

*A Constant Percent of Drug is Eliminated per unit Time

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52
Q

Two Synergistic Compounds that are Added to Pyrethrins that will slow down the Metabolism and Increase the Toxicity of Pyrethrin in the Insect

A

Piperonyl Butoxide

MGK-264

*These Synergists Make the Insecticide Last Longer and Increases Toxicity to the Insect

*There appears to be a Greater Risk of Moderate/ Major Symptoms among those Exposed to Products Containing Pyrethrins and Piperonyl Butoxide than those exposed to Pyrethrins Alone

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52
Q

Insecticide that is Readily Absorbed via Inhalation or through Skin that reaches Peak Plasma concentrations within 5 Hours with a Elimination Half-life of Around 24 Hours

A

Amitraz

*Hangs around in the Body longer

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54
Q

Two Assumptions associated with Exposure of 7 mg/kg body weight of Chemically Sprayed Forage:

  1. Good Quality Pasture will produce app. __ gram green forage per square foot
  2. Grazing animals consume __% of their body weight green Forage
A

45 grams

3%

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54
Q

Specific type of Endocytosis where the cell Engulfs the drug molecules dissolved in Water

A

Pinocytosis

*Ex. Sequestration of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics by Renal tubular Cells

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55
Q

Active Tubular Secretion occurs in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule of the Kidney. The Convoluted Tubule has an Organic Anion System for Secretion of Organic Acids and an organic Cation System for Secretion of Organic Bases. Both Systems require energy which is provided by the _____ in the Basolateral Membrane

A

Sodium Pump

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56
Q

Insecticide that is very commonly used as an Endoparasiticide in Large Animals (Cattle, Swine, Sheep, and Horses) and is Labeled for Prevention of Heartworm in Dogs and Cats

A

Ivermectin

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58
Q

Insecticides that are Synthetic Analogs of Pyrethrins

A

Pyrethroid

*Pyrethroid = Synthetic

Pyrethrin = Natural

*Not a Big Distinction Clinically between the Two and are Often used Interchangably

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59
Q

A Poison (Toxicant) from a Biological Source, such as Plant or Bacterial Toxins

A

Toxin

*Poisons are also known as Toxicants. All Toxins are Poisons (Toxicant), but Not all Toxicants are Toxins

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60
Q

Insecticide that works by Blocking Oxidative Phosphorylation in the TCA Cycle preventing NADH From being Oxidized to NAD and thus Interfering with Production of ATP

A

Rotenone

*Strong Inhibitor of Electron Transport and Cell Respiration will be Inhibited

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61
Q

Main Clinical Sign of Ivermectin Toxicity

A

CNS Depression

*Stupor, Ataxia, Disorientation

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62
Q
A

B. No

*This is Hyperparathyroidism. PTH should be Decreased with Cholecalciferol Toxicity

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63
Q

True/False: Drugs can be Poisons and Poisons can be Drugs

A

True

*The Dose is the Difference- Treatment versus Toxicity

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64
Q

True/False: Charcoal is most effective when Given as soon as Ingestion of a Toxicant is suspected and can be Used as Multiple Doses in Toxicants that undergo Enterohepatic Circulation

A

True

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64
Q

Bromethalin is Metabolized by N-demethylation in the Liver to the More Toxic Metabolite, ______

A

Desmethylbromethalin

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65
Q

A _____ Test can be Run on Mothballs to See if they Contain Napththalene

A

Salt Solution

*Put Mothballs in Concentrated Salt Solution and the Naphthalene should Float

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66
Q
A

A. Weak Base

*Drugs are better absorbed in the NONIONIZED State. They will be Ionized in the Opposite Environment (Ex. Weak Acid in Alkalinized Enviornment) and NONIONIZED in the Same Enviornment (Ex. Weak Base in Alkalinized Enviornment)

*In an Alkalinized Enviornment, a Weak Base will be nonionized and therefore better absorbed

*A Weak Acid will be very Ionized in an Alkaline Enviornment

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66
Q

If a Canine Ingests a Preventative Flea and Tick Collar, which Toxicity will they most likely Develop?

A

Amitraz Toxicity

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68
Q

Emetic of Choice in Dogs that works by Activating Central Dopamine Receptors that can be Given IV, IM, SC, or instilled into the Conjunctival Sac

A

Apomorphine

*Commonly Administered into the Conjunctival Sac

*Antidote to Apomorphine = Naloxone

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68
Q

Most Common cause of Death in High Exposure cases of Organophosphate Toxicity

A

Respiratory Failure (Paralysis)

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70
Q

Which is Correct about Telephone Instructions to Clients for Treatment of Toxicosis:

A. Animal should be Isolated in a quiet Place to avoid Further Stress

B. In case of Topical Exposure, the skin and eyes should be Cleansed with Copious Amounts of Water or Shampoo

C. If Oral Toxicosis, Induce Emesis with 3% or Less Hydrogen Peroxide

A

All of the Above are Correct

*Hydrogen Peroxide must be 3% or Less Concentration

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71
Q

In Active Tubular Secretion, Drugs move ____ their Electrochemical Gradient

A

Against

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72
Q

Drug Eliminiation is Measured by _____ or Total Body Clearance

A

Half Life (T1/2)

*Half Life- Time Required for the Body to Eliminate one-Half of the Drug it contains

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73
Q

Specimens Submitted for Diagnostic Toxicology will be evaluated for Toxicants Qualitatively and ______. Specimens should be Representing, Avoiding Dilution, Contamination and Putrefaction

A

Quantitatevely

*If the Specimen undergoes Contamination or Putrefaction, that will affect the level of Toxin

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74
Q

True/False: The Source of Cholecalciferol Toxicosis is commonly by Ingestion of Pesticides for Control of Rats/Mice

A

True

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75
Q

True/False: Pyrethrins are Most Commonly used as Insecticidal “Spot On” Treatments for Cats

A

False

*Most Commonly Used as Insecticidal “Spot On” Treatments for Dogs

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76
Q

Pigs are Deficient in _____ Conjugating Enzymes

A

Sulfate

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77
Q

Main Clinical Sign of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Toxicity is _____

A

CNS Stimulation

*Ex. Salivation, Vomiting, Tremors, Spastic Gait, Tonic-Clonic Seizures, Ect

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79
Q

1 ppm = ____mg/kg

A

* 1 ppm (Part per Million) = 1 mg/kg

1 kg = 1000 g

1 g = 1000 mg

1 ppb ( part per billion) = 1 ug/ kg

1 ppt ( part per trillion) = 1 ng/ kg

1 ppm = 1 ug/ g

*ug = Microgram

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80
Q

The Dose that causes death in any animal during the period of Observation

A

Lethal Dose

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81
Q

Anything that Increases Glomerular Filtration or Active Tubular Secretion will _____ Excretion of the Drug, while Anything that Increases Passive Tubular Reabsorption will _____ Excretion of the Drug

A

Increases

Decrease

*Excretion = (Glomerular Filtration + Active Tubular Secretion) - Tubular Reabsorption

_*_Reabsorption- the Drug is going back into the Body

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82
Q

Newborn and Geriatric Patients may have ____ Biotransformation than Adults

A

Less

*Not Producing as many Metabolic Enzymes

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82
Q

Four Factors affecting Glomerular Filtration of a Drug

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (Blood Flow)

Molecular Size

Molecular Charge

Plasma Protein Binding

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83
Q
A

D. 4 Weeks (28 Days)

* If unknown Rodenticide, always treat at least 3-4 Weeks

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84
Q

True/False: D-Limonene is Treated by Decontamination (Shampoo with Mild Dish Soap) and Monitoring for Iatrogenic Hyperthermia

A

False

*Monitor for Iatrogenic Hypothermia

*I_n D-Limonene and Pyrethrins- Watch for Hypothermia- These Patients will be Hypotensive and Hypothermia will Prolong Metabolism of the Toxin_

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85
Q

Which Species is more Susceptible to Poisoning? (Dogs or Cats)

A

Dogs

*Cats are Sensitive about what they eat. Because of their Sensitivity, they are not very Susceptible to Toxicants

*Dogs are More Susceptible because they Have Low Sensitivity and will eat Anything

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85
Q

True/False: In Diagnostic Toxicology, Positive Results DO NOT always mean Intoxication

A

True!!!

*Positive Lab Results do NOT Gaurantee Toxicosis

*Negative Results do not always mean that Poisoning did not occur

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86
Q

Carrier-mediated Transport that Does Not Need Energy, where a drug moves across the membrane from High Concentration to Low Concentration at a Faster Rate

A

Facilitated Diffusion

*Transporters can Move Drugs from Outside the cell into the Cell or from Inside the Cell outside the Cell

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87
Q

Which Rodenticides Inhibit Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase , which Reduces Carboxylation and Activation of Precursors of Clotting Factors II, VII, IX, and X

A

Anticoagulant Rodenticides

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88
Q

Most common Type of Biotransformation Reaction in Phase II Drug Metabolism

A

Glucuronidation

*Conjugation to Glucuronic Acid

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90
Q

Technique for Removal of Poison using Precipitation, Adsorption, and Ion Trapping

A

Decreasing the Rate of Absorption

*Adsorption by use of Activated Charcoal is Very Commonly done

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92
Q

The Rate of Drug Elimination from the Body, by all Routes, Relative to the Concentration of Drug in Plasma

A

Total Body Clearance (ClB)

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93
Q

Examples of ______ Include:

  1. Active Drug (Aspirin) to Active Metabolite (Salicylic Acid)
  2. Inactive Drug to Active Metabolite
  3. Nontoxic Drug to Toxic Metabolite
A

Biotransformation

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94
Q

For Estimating Dosages when Exposure is based on Consumption of Green Forage that has been sprayed, Every Animal Ingests green Forage that has been sprayed by a chemical at a rate of 1 lb/ acre, will be approximately exposed to ___mg per Body Weight

A

7

* 1 lb of Chemical / acre = 7 mg/kg body weight Exposed

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96
Q

Criteria of Diagnosis that Includes both Gross and Microscopic Examinations, where Negative Results are as Good as Positive Results

A

Postmortem Findings

*The Presence or Absense of Postmortem Lesions are Important

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98
Q

True/False: Cholecalciferol can be excreted through Milk from the Mother to the Neonate

A

True

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99
Q

Which Drug is Given as a Treatment for Organophosphate Poisoning

A

Atropine

*Atropine will Antagonize the Muscarinic Signs

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100
Q
A

C. Hypothermia may Further Alter Sodium Channel Kinetics

*Hypothermia will Alter Sodium Channel Kinetics and can Prolong Clinical Signs. Hypothermia may also decrease Hepatic Bioactivation of the Drug.

*Patients are normally Hyperthermic due to Muscle Tremors

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102
Q

Three Categories of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

A

Diphenyl Aliphatics- DDT

Aryl Hydrocarbons- Lindane

Cyclodienes- Aldrine/Toxaphene

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102
Q

A Large amount of Which Insecticide is Excreted in Feces of Horses and is a potential Source of Toxicity for Canines

A

Ivermectin

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103
Q

Carrier-Mediated Transport that Requires Energy, where a Drug moves across the Membrane from Low Concentration to High Concentration

A

Active Transport

*Low concentration to High concentration (Uphill)

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103
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons are HIGHLY Lipophilic and are able to Persist in the Enviornment within Soil with a Half-Life between ______ Years

A

2-15 Years

*Chlorinated Hydrocarbons- Can Stay in Soil for VERY Long time and can Bioaccumulate in the Food Chain

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103
Q

True/False: There is No Specific Antidote for Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Treatment is a Combination of Decontamination and Symptomatic Treatment

A

True

*Decontamination- Induce Emesis, Wash with Soap and Water

Symptomatic Treatment- Diazepam to Control Seizures/ Oxygenation

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105
Q

In Diagnostic Toxicology, Blood Samples should be _____ while other Body Fluids should be Frozen

A

Refrigerated

*We never Freeze Whole Blood- Whole Blood needs to be Refridgerated. All other Body Fluids can be Frozen

*Whole Blood needs to Be Refrigerated, while Serum, Plasma and Tissue have to be Frozen Immediately

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105
Q

True/False: Cats are more Sensitive to DEET Toxicity than Dogs

A

True

*Young Animals may be more Sensitive as well

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106
Q

Which of the Following is Incorrect about Transporting Specimen:

A. Liquids (Blood ect.) should be Shipped in Glass or Heavy Plastic Containers that can be Tightly Sealed

B. Tissue Specimen can be Transported in Ziplock Plastic Bags, Glass or Plastic Containers

C. Samples should be Wrapped Together for Mailing

A

C.

*Samples should be Wrapped Individually for Mailing

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107
Q

Insecticide that has Low and Incomplete Absorption from the GI Tract, and is Far More Toxic when Inhaled than when Ingested

A

Rotenone

*Well Absorbed via Gills in Fish- Inhalation- More toxic to Fish

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108
Q

An Acutely Poisoned Animal must be considered as an _____, where Control of Life Threatening Conditions should be the First Approach in this case

A

Emergency

*Most poisoning Cases are Acute

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108
Q

Match these Rodenticides to their Side Effects:

  1. Anticoagulant Rodenticides A. Hypercalcemia
  2. Cholecalciferol B. Bleeding
  3. Bromethalin C. Neurotoxicant
A

Anticoagulant Rodenticides- Bleeding

Cholecalciferol- Hypercalcemia

Bromethalin- Neurotoxicant

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109
Q

Insecticides that are Extracts of Pyrethrum Flowers and sometimes advertised as “Natural”

A

Pyrethrins

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109
Q

Insecticide that is Commonly Found in Flea and Tick Collars and as a Topical Therapy for Generalized Demodicosis. It is Particularly useful for Certain Mites and Ticks because it Paralyzes the Mouth Parts

A

Amitraz

*Not labelled for Cats or Horses

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110
Q

Factors Altering ______ include:

Species

Individual

Route of Administration

Enzyme Inducers/Inhibitors

Liver Disease

Hepatic Blood Flow

A

Biotransformation

112
Q

Four Stages of Drug Disposition

A

Absorption

Distribution

Biotransformation

Excretion

114
Q

Need a Diluted Solution of 500 ppm from a Stock Solution that is 1000 ppm and we need to make 500mL. How many mL of Stock Solution is needed?

A

250mL

*mL of Stock = (500ppm/1000ppm) x 500 mL

*Diluted Solution = 250 mL of Stock Solution and 250 mL of Water

114
Q

Which Insecticide is commonly Combined with Other Insecticides in Pet Products and can Increase the Dermal Absorption of other Products, such as Pyrethrins, leading to a Higher Chance of Toxicity

A

DEET

*DEET is commonly Combined with other Insecticides, such as Pyrethroid, in Pet Products and will Increase the Absorption of the Other Product leading to a higher risk of Pyrethrin Toxicity

115
Q

Calculation for Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd)

A

*The Amount of Drug in the Body = the Dose IV

*For IV the Vd = Dose (mg/kg) / Plasma Drug Concentration (mg/L)

115
Q

DEET Toxicity can lead to CNS _____, and Clinical Signs such as Hypersalivation, Vomiting, Tremors and Seizures

A

Excitation

116
Q

Factors that _____ Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity:

Vitamin K Deficiency

Liver Disease

Enzyme Inhibitors

Trauma/Surgery

Renal Insufficiency

A

Enhance

*Enzyme Inhibitors will Prevent Metabolism

117
Q

Standard Measurement of Toxicity in Mammals

A

LD50

*Lethal Dose in 50% of the Population. AKA Median Lethal Dose (MLD)

*LD50 is a measure of Toxicity and therefore measured in mg/kg Body Weight

118
Q

Which Two Diuretics are most commonly used to Enhance Drug Excretion in Poisoning

A

Mannitol

Furosemide

*Only use Diuretics if the Patient is Well Hydrated

119
Q

True/False: Liver Disease, Kidney Disease, Age, Urine pH Modifiers, Fluid Therapy, Diuretics, and Plasma Protein Binding all Affect Renal Excretion

A

True

*Neonates don’t have a fully functional mechanisms of Excretion- Secretion is less in Neonates

*Diuretics can be used only if the animal is well Hydrated

120
Q

Fat acts as a “Sink” for Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, where Redistribution occurs when Equilibrium is Reached. _____ can Disrupt Equilibrium and lead to Re-emerging Clinical Signs of Toxicity

A

Weight Loss

*If the Animal starts Loosing Weight/Fat, then suddenly there will be a Lot of Chemical in the Blood stream, leading to Re-emergence of Clinical Signs

121
Q

Lesion Associated with Bromethalin Toxicity

A

Cerebral Edema

123
Q

True/False: Hepatic Blood Flow, Plasma Protein Binding, Age, Sex, Diet and Nutrition all affect Biotransformation

A

True

125
Q
A

273 g/ton

*100 g / ton = 110 ppm

126
Q

Transport of Drugs from the Plasma to the Tissues (Site of Action, Site of Storage or Site of Biotransformation)

A

Distribution

127
Q

Test where we Administer Atropine at 0.02mg/kg, where a Strong Response to a Low Dose of Atropine ( Mydriasis, Significant Increase in HR, and Dry Mouth within 15 MInutes) means is it LESS Likely to be Organophosphate Poisoning

A

Atropine Response Test

*Strong Response = Not Organophosphate Poisoning

128
Q

True/False: The Higher the Lipid Solubility of the Drugs, the Faster the Drug crosses cell Membranes

A

True

*Simple Diffusion- Lipid Solubility is a Factor

129
Q

______ of Toxicosis depends Mainly on History of Exposure, Clinical Signs and the Presence or Absence of Lesions

A

Diagnosis

130
Q

Between Dogs and Cats, who is most Sensitive to Poisoning?

A

Cats

*Cats are More Sensitive to Poisoning because they are Deficient in many Oxidative Enzymes and Conjugation enzymes to Glucoronic Acid

*Large Animals are more Tolerant than Small Animals to Poisoning, and Dogs are More Tolerant than Cats to Poisoning

132
Q

Insecticide that is Highly Toxic to Canines with Oral LD50 of 9.2 mg/kg and Clinical Signs Reported at 1mg/kg

A

Nicotine

*Very Toxic to Dogs- Ingestion of Cigarette, Cigar, Nicotine Patches ect.

133
Q

The Chemical Alteration of the Drug Molecule by the Cells of the Animal

A

Drug Metabolism (Biotransformation)

134
Q

Warfarin has an Acute LD50 of 1.6 and a 90-day LD50 of 0.077. Warfarin’s Chronicity Factor is 21.0. Is Warfarin a Cumulative Toxicant?

A

Yes

*Chronicity Factor is Greater than 2. Warfarin is Cumulative and therefore is Not Rapidly Excreted

*Warfarin is more likely to become Toxic if given More than Once. If only given once, it is not likely to be Toxic

135
Q

Insecticide that at Low Doses Simulates Post Synaptic Nicotinic Receptors. At High Doses, Stimulation will be Followed by Nicotinic Blockage

A

Nicotine

136
Q

True/False: Toxicity Values are influenced by Several Factors including Species, Breed, Age, Sex, Dosage and Duration of Exposure

A

True

137
Q
A

B. It Delays Metabolism of the Drug in Insects

*Prolongs the presence of the Insecticide in the Insect

138
Q

Naphthalene is Derived from Petrolium Hydrocarbons and will ____ at Room Temperature

A

Sublimate

*Sublimate- Go Directly from Solid to Gas Form- At Room temperature Naphthalene will turn into a Gas

140
Q

True/False: Nutrition plays an important role in the Regulation of Drug Conjugations and Malnutrition and Undernutrition may Decrease Biotransformation

A

True

141
Q
A

4.2 grams

*4200mg = 4.2 grams

142
Q

True/False: Activated Charcoal is Considered a Universal Antedote for Toxocosis because it Adsorbs almost 99% of Chemicals

A

True

143
Q

Renal Excretion of Nicotine is Decreased in ____ pH, and will Increase Re-absorption of the Nicotine back into the Body. Therefore, ____ Urine pH Enhances Excretion

A

Alkaline

Acidic

*Acidify the Urine to Enhance Urinary Excretion

144
Q

Transfer of the Drug from the Site of Administration to the Circulation

A

Absorption

146
Q

The LD50 of Urea is 0.45 g/kg Body Weight. What is the Toxicity of Urea?

A

Moderately Toxic

*0.45 g/kg Falls between 50-500 mg/kg

*(can also be written as 450 mg/kg)

1g = 1000 mg

*Side Note- In class Shokry said the Answer was Slightly Toxic, but In reality it is Borderline Slightly Toxic and Moderately Toxic

146
Q

True/False: The Metabolites of Phase II Biotransformation (Conjugation) are usually Inactive, Water Soluble (Hydrophilic),

Polar and Ionized

A

True

*After Conjugation (Phase II), drugs will be Inactive, Hydrophilic, Polar and Ionized and therefore ready for Excretion

148
Q

_____ Diagnosis may be Reached by using all Criteria of Diagnosis including Laboratory Work

A

Confirmed

149
Q
A

D. Cats

150
Q

Insecticides that Work by Delaying the Closure of Sodium Ion Channels in the Axonal Membrane of the Insect leading to a “Knockdown Effect” of Rapid Paralysis where the Insect is Immobile but not Dead

A

Pyrethrins/Pyrethroids

151
Q

If we have a 5% Concentrated Stock Solution and we need to make

1 L 1%. How much mL is needed from the 5%?

A

200 mL

* (1%/5%) X 1000 mL

*1 L = 1000 mL

(Take 200 mL from the 5% Stock Solution and add 800 mL (to Equal 1000mL) and now we have 1000 mL of 1% Solution

153
Q

True/False: D-Limonene is Lipid Soluble, Readily absorbed through GI and Skin Contanct and is Widely Distributed throughout the Body

A

True

153
Q

____ Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides are Less Potent and become Most Toxic when Ingested Daily for about a Week

A

First

*Ex. Warfarin

154
Q

The needed Solution Dilution is 1:1000 and the Stock Solution is 1% and we Want to make 1 Quart, how many mL of Solution do we Need?

A

100mL

*To Change 1:1000 to a Percent:

(1/1000) x (X/100) = 0.1%

mL From Stock = (0.1% / 1%) x 1000mL

mL from Stock = 100 mL

Diluted Solution will be 100mL Stock and 900mL Water

*Side Note: 1 Quart = 1 L = 1000 mL

156
Q

If Toxicity is Greater Than _____, it is considered Moderately Toxic

A

50-500 mg/kg

157
Q

List the Four Vitamin K Dependant Factors

A

II (Prothrombin), VII, IX, X

158
Q

True/False: Conjugation (Glucuronidation) is Deficient in Neonates

A

True

158
Q

Five Criteria of Diagnosis

A

Case History

Clinical Signs

Postmortem Findings

Laboratory Diagnosis

Laboratory Animal Tests

158
Q

Which Insecticides work by Slowing Sodium Influx and Inhibiting Potassium Efflux in Peripheral Nerves and Brain Leading to Partial Depolarization causing Repetitive Firing of Neurons (Stimulation)

A

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

*Leads to Nervous System (CNS) Excitation

160
Q

The Ratio Between Acute LD50 and Chronic LD50

A

Chronocity Factor

*When the Chronic Toxicity (90-day LD50) value is close to the Acute Toxicity (Acute LD50) Value, the Chemical is not Cumulative

*If the Acute Toxicity (Acute LD50) is much greater than the Chronic Toxicity (90-day LD50), then the chemical is Cumulative

161
Q
A

B. Pituitary Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism

*o,p-DDD is the same as Mitotaine

162
Q

Physiological Antidote for Treatment of Amitraz Toxicity

A

Yohimibine or Atipamezole

(Alpha 2 Antagonists)

163
Q

Insecticide that Works as a GABA Agonist leading to CNS Depression

A

Ivermectin

*GABA- Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in CNS

165
Q

Of the Vitamin K Factors (II, VII, IX, and X), which has the SHORTEST Half-Life?

A

VII

*PT measures Factor VII- PT will be Prolonged First (after PIVKA)!

PIVKA , PT, PTT, ACT

*You can Check PT in Clinic, but PIVKA must be sent out. Therefore PT is usually chosen for Testing first

166
Q
A

C. Neurogenic Vasodilation

*KNOW FOR TEST

167
Q

Which Two Organophosphates are More Lipophilic leading to More Sequestration in Fat and can stay in the Body Longer?

A

Dichlorvos

Chlorpyrifos

*Only two Organophosphates where you get Tissue Accumulation

169
Q

Name the Two Types of Passive Diffusion. Which one is Hydrophilic and Which is Lipophilic?

A

Simple Diffusion (Lipophilic)

Transmembrane and Paracellular Movement (Aqueous Pores)

*If a Drug with Water Soluble (Hydrophilic) it will pass through the Aqueous Pores

*If a Drug is Lipophilic it will travel via Simple Diffusion

170
Q

True/False: Sublingual and Inhalation have Very Rapid Drug Absorption Rates

A

True

170
Q

Less Common Bromethalin Toxicity that is seen with a Supralethal Dose that leads to Muscle Tremors, Hyperexcitability, and Seizures

A

Acute

*Less Common- Poor Prognosis- Most likely Patient will Die

171
Q
A

No

* 5% = 5g/100mL = 50mg/mL

5% (add a Zero to make it Mg/mL)

5mg% = 5mg/100mL = 5mg/dL = 5000 mcg/ dL

*We recommend it at a level of 5000 mcg/dL and we have a level of 900 mcg/dL, which is not High enough

173
Q

Need a Diluted Solution of 500 ppm from a Stock Solution that is 1% and we need to make 1 Pint. How many mL of Stock Solution is needed?

A

25mL

*500 ppm = 0.05%

mL from Stock = (0.05% / 1%) x 500 mL

*Side Note: 1 Pint = 500 mL

175
Q

In Diagnostic Toxicology, Positive Results may be helpful in Aiding Diagnosis, but ____ Results do not Eliminate the Possibility of Intoxication

A

Negative

176
Q

With Carbamates, Laboratory Diagnosis of Cholinesterase Levels can produce _____ Results because Binding is Reversible and “Reactivation” of ACh can Occur during Transit

A

False Negative

*Need to Analyze the Sample VERY Fast before the Sample begins to Re-activate

178
Q

Which of the Following is Correct for Obtaining a Serum Sample:

A. Use Clean, Dry Syringes, Needles or Tubes

B. Avoid Hemolysis of Sample by Avoiding Pressure/Shaking

C. Allow enough Time for Blood to Clot (1-2 hours)

D. Put Tubes with Blood in Oblique Position to Obtain more Serum

E. Obtain Serum by Centrifugation

F. All of the Above are Correct

A

F. All of the Above

179
Q

Continued Exposure of Organosphosphates can lead to _____ due to Enzyme Induction, Functional Adaptation to Decrease Esterases and Adaptation of ACh Receptors to Excessive Amounts of ACh (Receptor Down Regulation)

A

Tolerance

181
Q

Toxicity that is the effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months or more

A

Chronic Toxicity

*Greater than 90 days

182
Q

True/False: Physiological Factors (Ex. Exercise), Drugs and Disease can Alter Blood Flow and Drug Distribution

A

True

183
Q

Results of ____ include Changes in Physiochemical Properties of the Drug where the Metabolite is more Water Soluble, Polar and Ionized

A

Biotransformation

184
Q

100 g / ton = ____ ppm

A

110

184
Q
A

C. Enterohepatic Recirculation

*Lipophilic Drugs in the Bile are Reabsorbed back into Circulation

184
Q

Main Clinical Signs of Anticoagulant Rodenticides is _____

A

Hemorrhage

*If Rodenticide was the Cause of Death, then Hemorrhage should be found Somewhere

186
Q

Organophosphates cause Muscarinic, Nicotinic, and CNS stimulation. What are some Clinical Signs you would Expect the Patient to Present with?

A

Muscarinic- DUMBELS

Nicotinic- Tremors, Twitching, Spasms

CNS- Anxiety, Hyperactivity, Tonic-clonic Seizures

*These are the Most common Clinical Signs to see in Patients with Organophosphate Toxicity- Mainly Tremors!!!

188
Q

Tetracyclines to the Calcium in Skeletal Tissues, Aminoglycosides to Kidney Tissue and Trapping of Iodine by the Thyroid Gland are examples of ____ of Drugs to Certain Tissues

A

Affinity

189
Q

The Movement of the Drug from the Tissues to the Blood

A

Redistribution

191
Q

Common Clinical Signs of Which Rodenticide:

PU/PD

GI Bleeding (Hematomesis/Melena)

Depression/ Muscle Twitching

A

Cholecalciferol

*PU/PD- VERY Common due to Hypercalcemia and Renal Damage (Soft Tissue Mineralization)

192
Q

Which Toxicity is characterized by these Clinical Signs:

Ataxia/Weakness

Paralysis

CNS Depression

Hypotension

Patient Smells like Lemons

A

D-Limonene

*Hypotension caused by Vasodilation

193
Q

True/False: Bromethalin creates Bait Shyness

A

False

*No Bait Shyness with Bromethalin. Ingestion of the Bait is the main source of Bromethalin Toxicosis

194
Q

True/False: Metabolites of Phase I Biotransformation are More or Less Water Soluble, Inactive, less Active, or More Active

A

True

196
Q

Nicotine is Absorbed Well by Inhalation and from Intact Skin, but poorly via Ingestion. However, _____ of the Stomach will Increase Absorption

A

Alkalinization

*Nicotine is a Weak Base and will be Nonionized in Alkaline enviornments

197
Q

Irritating Insecticide whose Oxidation Products causes Methemoglobinemia and Hemolysis leading to Tissue Hypoxia

A

Naphthalene

*Blood will be a Brown Color

199
Q

Hepatic Enzymes responsible for Drug Metabolism Lack _____. These Microsomal Enzymes cause Oxidation, Reduction, Hydrolysis, and Conjugation to Glucoronic Acid

A

Specificity

200
Q
A

4 mg/kg

202
Q

Main Treatment for Cholecalciferol Toxicity

A

Decontamination

*Emesis, Activated Charcoal- Repeated Doses

203
Q

Technique for Removal of Poison that uses Fluid Therapy, Diuretics, Urine pH Modifiers, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Hemodialysis

A

Enhancing Elimination

204
Q

Drugs may be Transported from the Hepatic Cells to ____ or Blood by Passive diffusion or Active Transport

A

Bile

*Lipophilic Drugs in Bile will Undergo Enterohepatic Recycling and Pro-long the Half Life of the Drug

*Drugs are excreted in Bile either Unchanged or as Glucuronides. Acidic, Basic and Neutral Drugs can be excreted in bile by Active Transport

205
Q

Two Specific Treatments for Naphthalene Toxicity used to Treat Methemoglobinuria

A

Ascorbic Acid

Methylene Blue 1%

*Neither of these Work very Well

206
Q

Henderson and Hasselbalch Equations for an Acid and Base

A

*Drugs cross Biological Membranes in the Non-Ionized Form. The Rate of Diffusion depends on the Ratio between the Non-Ionized form of the Drug to the Ionized Form (N/I)

*The Higher the pka of a weak Acid, the Higher the N/I

*The Lower the pka of a weak Base, the Higher the N/I

*The Higher the N/I = more Drug crossing Membrane

208
Q

Second Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides have ____ Half-Lives, compared to First Generation.

A

Long

*Warfarin is a First Generation with a Half Life of only 19 Hours. Diphenadione and Brodifacoum are Second Generation with Half Lives of 4.5 and 6 Days

209
Q

Syndrome that is Associated with Cats and the More Lipophilic Agents due to Chronic Exposure to Organophosphates. This Syndrome is Characterized by No Muscarinic Signs but a Wide Range of Muscle Fasciculations and CNS Signs

A

Intermediate Syndrome

210
Q

One of the Oldest Botanical Insecticides that is used in Home/Garden, Lice/Tick Treament for Pets and Horses as well as Mites on Chickens

A

Rotenone

*Used in Fish Research- Restricted Substance

211
Q

The _____ the pka of a Weak Acid, the Greater the N/I, and the _____ the pka of a Weak Base, the Greater the N/I

A

Higher

Lower

211
Q

Name the Treatments for Each Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity:

A. Exposure/Normal Coagulation Panel

B. Exposure/ Prolonged Coagulation Factors

C. Bleeding/ PCV > 15-20%

D. Bleeding/PCV

A

A. Exposure/Normal Coagulation Panel - Decontamination/ Start Vitamin K

B. Exposure/ Prolonged Coagulation- Vitamin K/ Consider Giving Clotting Factors

C. Bleeding/ PCV > 15-20% - Vitamin K/ Give Clotting Factors/ Consider giving RBCs (Fresh Whole Blood)

D. Bleeding/PCV - Vitamin K/ Give Clotting Factors and Fresh Whole Blood

212
Q

Level in Feed (ppm) = (_____) / (% of Feed consumed Daily)

A

Toxicity (mg/kg)

214
Q

True/False: Microsomal Enzyme Inducers Increase Toxicity of Drugs that are Bioactivated into Toxic Metabolites

A

False

*Microsomal Enzyme Inducers Decrease Toxicity of Drugs whose Metabolites are Toxic

215
Q

Organophospohates that Require Desulfuration in the Liver will be Activated by Liver Metabolism, known as _____

A

Lethal Synthesis

*Less Toxic Substance being Metabolized into a More Toxic Substance

216
Q

Phase II Biotransformation Reaction where a Combination of a Drug or its Metabolite is Mixed with an Endogenous Substance most commonly Resulting in Glucuronic Acid

A

Conjugation

*Conjugation to Glucuronic Acid is the most Common Conjugation Reaction

217
Q

Which of the Following about Anticoagulant Rodenticides is Incorrect:

A. Largely Bound to Plasma Proteins

B. Slow Onset of Action ( >24 Hours before Clinical Signs)

C. Achieves High Concentrations in the Liver

D. Crosses the Placenta and Excreted in Milk

E. All the Above are Correct

A

E. All the Above are Correct

218
Q
A

0.03mL

*1% = 10mg/mL

300mcg = 0.03mg

219
Q

Most common Type of Biotransformation Reaction in Phase I Drug Metabolism

A

Oxidation

220
Q

The Movement of Glucose across a muscle cell membrane by Insulin-Sensitive Glucose Transporter is an Example of ____ Diffusion

A

Facilitated

221
Q

The Extent of Absorption is Measured by Systemic Bioavailability (F%). What is the Equation to Calculate Systemic Bioavailability?

A

*Systemic Bioavailability- the Fraction of the Dose which reaches the Systemic Circulation Intact

*AUC- Area under the plasma concentration-time curve

223
Q

If Toxicity is is Greater than ____, it is considered Practically Nontoxic

A

5-15 g/kg

224
Q

Insecticide that is Very Toxic to Fish and Cold Blooded Animals, with a Generally Low Toxicity for Mammals

A

Rotenone

*In Fish/Insects it is converted to Highly Toxic Metabolites, while in Mammals it is generally Converted to Non-Toxic Metabolites

225
Q

The amount of a Poison in mg/kg Body Weight that under certain circumstances will cause Toxic Effects

A

Toxicity (Expressed in mg/kg Body Weight)

*Toxicity = Amount. Must be a Numerical Number

225
Q

The Danger from the Possibility of Exposure

A

Hazard (Risk)

*A Poison may be Highly Toxic but not Hazardous. Hazard has to do with the Exposure Rate. Ex. A Fish Toxin is Highly Toxic but has a Low Hazard. Ex. Aspirin has a Lower Toxicity but is Very Hazardous

*Risk (aka Hazard) is defined by a Comparison of Toxicity and use Level

226
Q

The Lowest Dose which Produces Toxic Alterations and Administering Twice this Dose will not Cause Death

A

Toxic Dose Low (TDL)

227
Q

Orally Administered Non Absorbed Drugs and Drugs excreted in Bile that are Not Reabsorbed are excreted in _____

A

Feces

227
Q
A

A. Alteration of Neuronal Sodium Channels

229
Q

Drug _____ depends on the Ratio between the Uncharged (Nonionized) and Charged (Ionized) Drug

A

Diffusion

230
Q

Rodenticide that Produces Changes Mainly in the Spinal Cord and Brain, leading to Alterations in Fluid Movement and Cerebral Edema

A

Bromethalin

232
Q

Passive tubular Reabsorption occurs in the Proximal and Distal Convoluted Tubules for _____ Forms of Weak Acids and Weak Bases

A

Nonionized

234
Q
A

D. Irreversible Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase

*Acetylcholine gets released and is normally Broken Down by Acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholine Increases because it is not being Broken Down

235
Q
A

A. GI Bleeding

236
Q

If Organophosphate Toxicity eventually leads to Nicotinic Blockade, what are some Clinical Signs you will see?

A

Nicotinic Blockade- Paralysis, CNS Depression, Coma, Dsypnea

*Usually leads to Death causd by Respiratory Failure

238
Q

Volatile Compounds, such as Inhalation Anesthetics are mainly Excreted via _____

A

Expired Air

240
Q

Symptomatic (Supportive) Treatment of Toxicosis can be Cardiovascular, where Adequate Circulatory Volume is Provided by Blood Transfusion or ____ Therapy depending on Hypovolemia

A

Fluid Therapy

*Fluid Therapy is very commonly Given in Patients with Toxicosis

242
Q

_______ is Microsomal, but all other Conjugations are Nonmicrosomal

A

Glucuronidation

243
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Metabolites are Lipophilic in Bile, and can be Reabsorbed via ______

A

Enterohepatic Recycling

245
Q

The Blood-Brain Barrier Functions by Tight ____ endothelial Junctions, Glial Cells, and Active Transport Mechanisms for Extrustion of Organic Acids and Bases

A

Capillary

246
Q

Water Soluble, Ionized and ____ Drugs are Excreted in Urine

A

Polar

247
Q

True/False: Anticoagulant Rodenticides can lead to Relay (Secondary) Toxicosis in Swine, Dogs and Cats who eat Rats/Mice that have Ingested the Toxin

A

True

248
Q

Bromethalin is Highly Lipophilic and Widely Distributed in the Body, with Highest Concentrations in the Fat and ____

A

Brain

*Bromethalin will get into the Brain

250
Q

Insecticide that works as an Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist in the CNS

A

Amitraz

251
Q

Muscle Relaxant Drug that is used to Treat the Fine Muscle Tremors assocaited with Pyrethrins Toxicity

A

Methocarbamol

252
Q
A

90 ppm is High Enough to Cause Toxicity

253
Q

Hepatic Blood Flow may be Decreased due to Liver Disease or Drugs resulting in ___ Biotransformation

A

Decreased

254
Q

With Amitraz Toxicity, the most common Clinical Sign is _____ and may Last for 24-72 Hours

A

Transient Sedation

*Massive Exposure to Amitraz can Cause Cardiovascular Collapse and Respiratory Failure. However, Most Patients Only experience Transient Sedation for a Short period of Time and then are Fine

255
Q

Emetic Drug of Choice in Cats that is an Alpha 2 Agonist which is Administered IV but causes CNS Depression for Several Hours

A

Xylazine

257
Q

Cholecalciferol Causes ____ and Hyperphosphatemia due to:

Increased Calcium GI Absorption

Decreased Calcium Renal Excretion

A

Hypercalcemia

*Massive Overdose of Vitamin D

*When Calcium Levels Rise enough it will cause Mineralization of Soft Tissues leading to Tissue Damage and Renal Ischemia

258
Q

True/False: Ruminants and Horses have High Levels of Oxidative enzymes and are Less Likely to get Drug Toxicity

A

True

*The More Oxidative Enzymes the Animal Has, the Less Likely to become Poisoned/Toxic

*Side Note- Birds, Fish, and Reptiles are very Deficient in Oxidative Enzymes and therefore are more likely to get Drug Toxicity. Birds Lack Oxidative Enzymes

259
Q

Technique for Reducing the Amount of Toxicant Absorbed where Activated Charcoal physically Binds to the Toxicant

A

Adsorption

*Charcoal is not very effective against Ammonia, Cyanide, Heavy Metal Salts ect.

260
Q

Insecticides that are Subject to “Storage Activation” where if they are Sealed and Stored for 1-2 Years they can become More Toxic

A

Organophosphates

262
Q

Later Synthesized Carbamate that Mimics the structure of Acetylcholine and is the most Toxic of the Carbamates

A

Aldicarb

264
Q
A

B. PT

*PIVKA will not be available in the clinic, therefore, PT is the Best

266
Q

Insecticide that is a Common Insect Repellant used for Control of Mosquitoes, Flies and Ticks that is found in Products such as “Off”

A

DEET

*Concentration of DEET can range from 5% to 100%, but generally less than 10% in those marketed for pets

267
Q

____ Generation Synthetic Pyrethrins do Not Contain an Alpha-Cyano Moiety, while _____ Generation Synthetic Pyrethrins Do contain the Alpha-Cyano Moeity which Increases their Insecticidal Potency

A

First Generation (Type I)- Do NOT

Second Generation (Type 2)- Does

268
Q

Most Common Source of Naphthalene Toxicity is Ingestion of _____

A

Mothballs

*Old Fashon Mothballs contain Naphthalene

269
Q

Increasing Renal _____, Increases GFR and Leads to More Renal Drug Excretion

A

Blood Flow

Increasing Renal Blood Flow = Increasing Drug Excretion

Decreasing Renal Blood Flow = Decreasing Drug Excretion

*In Renal Failure and Heart Failure Patients, you get Decreased Renal Blood Flow, and Decreased Renal Drug Excretion

270
Q

The ____ of a drug is the pH at which a weak electrolyte is 50% Ionized and 50% Non Ionized

A

pKa

*Acidic Drugs Ionize in Alkaline Mediums and Basic Drugs Ionize in Acidic Mediums

271
Q

Treatment for Nicotine Toxicosis Includes Inducing Emesis and Activated Charcoal. However ____ should be Avoided because it would Increase Absorption and Reduce Excretion of Nicotine

A

Antacids

*Avoid Antacids in Nicotine Treatment

272
Q

Clinical Signs associated with the Initial Signs of Muscarinic Stimulation from Organophosphate Poisoning

(DUMBELS)

A

D- Diarrhea

U- Urination

M- Myosis

B- Bronchoconstriction and Bradycardia

E- Emesis

L- Lacrimation

S- Salivation

273
Q

Alkanization of the Urine pH by IV Sodium Bicarbonate Enhances Renal Excretion of Weak ____ drugs such as Aspirin or Phenobarbital

A

Acidic

*Use IV Sodium Bicarbonate

275
Q

Syndrome that occurs after Surviving Acute Organophosphate Poisoning characterized by signs of Muscle Weakness, Ataxia and Rear Limb Paralysis

A

Delayed Polyneuropathy

*Occurs 10-14 Days after Exposure. Chickens are the Most sensitive to this effect!!!

276
Q

Mainstay of Treatment for Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity

A

Vitamin K1

*Oral Route Recommended- Do not give IV

*Vitamin K1 Does NOT stop Bleeding, it just Enhances Coagulation Factors

277
Q
A

C. Known Enterohepatic Recirculation

278
Q

True/False: While Drugs and Poisons have the same Principles for Pharmacokinetics, they are different because Poisons are always reversible, while Drugs can be Reversible or Irreversible

A

False

*Drugs should always be Reversible, while Poisons can be Reversible or Irreversible

279
Q

True/False: If Mammals are Exposed to a High enough Dose of Pyrethrins to Show Clinical Sings, the Signs Include Generalized Muscle Tremors, Depression, Blindess, and Progressive Seizures

A

True

*Predominant Sign- Fine Muscle Tremors

280
Q

Organophosphates that Undergo Lethal Synthesis in the Liver will be _____ Toxic to Young Patients and ____ Toxic if Enzyme Inducers are Present

A

Less

More

*Young Animals- Liver Metabolism isn’t completely Developed

281
Q

Standard Measurement of Drug Efficiency/ Therapeutic Dose in Mammals

A

ED50

*Effective Dose in 50% of the Population. AKA Median Effective Dose (MED)

282
Q

Which of the Following Are used as Treatments for Cardiovascular Issues with Toxicosis:

A. Cardiac Stimulants - Atropine/ 10% Calcium Gluconate

B. Hypotension- Fluid Therapy

C. Acidosis- IV Sodium Bicarbonate/ Lactated Ringers

D. Alkalosis- IV Normal Saline/ Ammonium Chloride

E. Pain- Opioids

A

All of the Above are Correct

*All of these are used as Cardiovascular Treatments for Patients with Toxicosis

283
Q
A

B. Alkalinize the Urine (Bicarbonate)

284
Q

True/False: Most Toxic Diagnosis are Generally made based on History of Exposure, Appropriate Clinical Signs and Ruling out other Causes

A

True

*Most Poisons don’t have Pathonumonic Lesions or Clinical Signs

285
Q

Significant _____ Recycling prolongs the Half-Life of the Drug

A

Enterohepatic

*Conjugates of Lipophilic Compounds excreted in Bile can be Hydrolized in the Intestine to Lipid Soluble Free Drugs that can be Reabsorbed via Enterohepatic Circulation

286
Q

Once Nicotine is Absorbed, it is well Distributed, Metabolized in the Liver and Excreted in ____ and Urine

A

Bile

*Half Life of 2 Hours

287
Q

Which Breed of Dog classically gets Ivermectin Toxicity?

A

Collies

*MDR1 Gene Mutation

288
Q

_____ Gene Mutation encodes the P-Glycoprotein which is a Component of the Blood Brain Barrier. Deletion Mutation of this Gene Results in 50x’s the concentration of Certain Drugs (Ivermectin) in the CNS

A

MDR1

(aka ABCB1)

*Collies lack the MDR1 Gene- Never use Ivermectin

289
Q

Criteria of Diagnosis characterized by:

Looking for Evidence

Relying on Information Provided by the Owner

Making Sure the Animal has Ingested/Been Exposed to the Poison

A

Case History

*Most Important Criteria in Diagnosing Toxicosis

291
Q

If Toxicity is Greater Than _____, it is considered Highly Toxic

A

1-50 mg/kg

292
Q

Removal or Clearance of the Drug from the Body

A

Excretion

293
Q

_____ Diagnosis can be Reached when the History and Clinical Signs are Supported by Circumstantial Evidence and Identification of the Source of Poisoning

A

Presumptive

294
Q

The Highest or Largest Dose which does not Result in Undesirable or Toxic Alterations

A

Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)

*AKA Minimal Toxic Dose

*This Dose is between the Effective Dose Range and the Toxic Dose Range

295
Q

______ Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides are More Potent and are Toxic after One Dose

A

Second

*Ex. Brodifacoum and Diphacinone

297
Q
A

727 g

298
Q

_____ Diagnosis of Toxicosis can be Obtained by detailed Case History and through Clinical and Postmortem Examinations

A

Tentative

299
Q

Symptomatic (Supportive) Treatment of Toxicosis where Patients recieve a Tracheostomay under Anesthesia or Cuffed Endotracheal Tube in Unconscious Animals where Artificial Respiration is Provided using Respirators or even an Anesthetic Machine

A

Respiration Treatment

*AKA Life Support

300
Q

The Vd of Penicillin is 0.2-0.3 L/kg. How is Penicillin Distributed in the Body?

A

Limited Distribution

*Tends to Stay in the Plasma

301
Q

Insecticide that is used in OTC Products, usually Shampoos, for Control of Lice, Fleas, Ticks and more Recently is becoming available as Essential Oils

A

D-Limonene

*Toxic to the Flea at all life stages- Dries them out and Kills them

302
Q

True/False: Plasma Protein Binding Increases Drug Biotransformation

A

False

*Decreases- not as much Drug getting to the Liver

304
Q

Which of the Following is NOT a Treatment for Organophosphate Toxicity:

A. Induce Emesis if Recent, NOT if Depressed or Seizuring

B. Wash Gently with Soapy Water if Dermal Exposure

C. Activated Charcoal

D. Oxygen and Fluids

E. All the Above are Acceptable Treatments

A

E. All the Above

305
Q

When Testing for Anticoagulant Rodenticides we are going to be Testing for _____ of Coagulation Parameters, Including:

Activated Clotting Time (ACT)

Prothrombin Time (PT)

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Antagoists (PIVKA)

A

Prolongation

306
Q

Drugs, such as Chloramphenicol, that Inhibit the Liver to Produce Metabolic Enzymes that may lead to Drug-Drug Interactions

A

Microsomal Enzyme Inhibitors

307
Q

Accurate and Confirmed _____ is the most important Aspect in dealing with Toxicosis

A

Diagnosis

*Specific Treatment and Prevention is based on Accurate Diagnosis

309
Q

Specific Antedote for Organophosphates that is a Cholinesterase Reactivating Oxime

A

2-PAM (Pralidoxime, Protopam)

*2-PAM binds to the Organophosphate and causes a molecular Change which releases it from the Acetylcholinesterase, so that it can go back to breaking down Acetylcholine

*Aging- if the Organophosphate has been bound to Acetylcholinesterase for a long time (>24 Hours), it will undergo aging and now the Bond is so Strong that even the 2-PAM cannot pull it off

310
Q

What is the Difference between Plasma and Serum

A

Plasma Contains Proteins

Serum DOES NOT contain Proteins

*Don’t use Anti-coagulant to get Serum. You use Anti-coagulant (Heparin) to Collect Plasma

311
Q

Metabolic Reaction that is considered a Phase II Reaction of Biotransformation

A

Conjugation

312
Q

Criteria of Diagnosis characterized as Administration of Susptected Material (Food or Water) to a Susceptible Animal and Observing its effects that is usually done by the Toxicology Laboratory

A

Laboratory Animal Tests

*Normally Food or Water Testing

314
Q

True/False: Carbamates Undergo “Storage Activation” and Require Hepatic Bioactivation

A

False

* C_arbamates DO NOT undergo Storage Activation and DO NOT Require Hepatic Bioactivation_

_*_No Hepatic Bioactivation- Thus Carbamates are more Toxic than some Organophosphates in very young patients

314
Q

Which Rodencitide works by Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation that Reduces ATP Production leading to Insufficient Energy for Na+/K+ Ion Pumps

A

Bromethalin

315
Q

Weak Acids are more Ionized in an ____ Medium, and Weak Bases are more Ionized in an_____ Medium

A

Weak Acids- Alkaline Medium

Weak Bases- Acidic Medium

317
Q

Predominant way that Drugs cross Cell Membranes

A

Simple Diffusion

*Most Drugs are Lipophilic

318
Q

Two Main Clinical Signs associated with Nicotine Toxicity

A

Tremors and Convulsions

*Within 1 Hour of Exposure

*May also see Ataxia, Hypersalivation, and Vomiting

*Later (At Higher Doses) you may see CNS Depression, Paralysis

320
Q

True/False: Activated Charcoal is a Common Treatment for Pyrethrin/Pyrethroid Toxicity

A

False

*Activated Charcoal is Generally Not used- Pyrethroid/Pyrethins are so Rapidly absorbed and Metabolized, the Activated Charcoal does not make a Difference

321
Q

If Toxicity is Greater Than _____, it is considered Slightly Toxic

A

0.5-5 g/kg

322
Q

Clinical Signs associated with What Insecticide Poisoning:

Mothball Breath

Salivation/Vomiting

Hemolysis

Heinz Bodies

Methemoglobinemia

A

Naphthalene

323
Q

Caffine has an Acute LD50 of 192.0 and a 90-day LD50 of 150. The Chronicity Factor is 1.3. Is Caffine a Cumulative Toxicant?

A

No

*Chronicity Factor is Less than 2. Caffine is Non-Cumulative and therefore is Rapidly Excreted

324
Q

The Dose which Produces Toxic Alterations and Administering Twice this Dose will result in Death

A

Toxic Dose High (TDH)

325
Q

True/False: Chlorinated Hydrocarbons are Highly Lipophilic therefore Readily Absorbed and Distributed to all Body Tissues, including Brain, Liver, Kidney and ADIPOSE Tissue

A

True

326
Q

Drugs that Stimulate the Liver to Produce more Metabolic Enzymes that may lead to Tolerance or Drug-Drug Interactions

A

Microsomal Enzyme Inducers

*May Decrease Risk of Toxicity with some Drugs

*Ex. Phenobarbital

327
Q

Two Predominant Clinical Signs associated with Rotenone Toxicity

A

General Depression

Convulsions

328
Q

Technique for Removal of Poison from the Skin, Mucous Membranes, and GI Tract via Emetics, Gastric Lavage, Rumenotomy and Purgatives

A

Removal of Poison from the Site of Absorption

*AKA Decontamination

329
Q
A

1 ppm = 1 mg/kg

1 ppm = 1 mg/L

  1. 8 mg/ L = 0.8 mg/ 1000mL
    (0. 8 mg / 1000 mL ) / 10 = 0.08 mg/100mL = 0.08mg%

*1 mg/100mL = mg% = mg/dL- KNOW

(0.08 mg/ 100 mL) / 100 = 0.0008 mg/ mL

1 mg = 1000 micrograms

(0.0008 mg/mL ) x 1000 = 0.8 mcg / mL

*KNOW HOW TO DO THIS FOR THE EXAM

331
Q

Toxicology is the Science of _____

A

Poisons (Toxicants)

332
Q

______ (mg/kg) = ppm in Feed X % of Feed consumed Daily

A

Toxicity

333
Q

Five Factors of Drug Absorption related to the Animal

A

Blood Flow

Absorbing Surface Area

Connective Tissue

Species

Individual

335
Q

______ (Activated Vitamin D) is Metabolized in the Liver to _____(25-hydroxycholecalciferol), which is transportred to the Kidney and Metabolized to ____ (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), which is VERY Potent

A

Cholecalciferol- Activated Vitamin D

Calcidiol- Liver (Form in Circulation)

Calcitriol- Kidney (Very Potent)

*Calcitriol Massively Increases Calcium by working on Bone, Kidney, and GI Tract

336
Q

True/False: Diagnostic Testing for Nicotine Toxicity includes Testing Urine, Stomach Contents, Kidney, Liver and Blood for Nicotine

A

True

337
Q

Atropine can be used as a Treatment for Both Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicity, however ______ is not Reliably Effective against Carbamates

A

2-PAM

*Reversible Binding of Carbamates reduces the Benefit of 2-PAM

338
Q

Common Lesion of Cholecalciferol Toxicity

A

Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis

*Also Mineralization of Affected Tissues

339
Q

The Mechanism of Action for D-Limonene is Unknown, however it may work through Central and peripheral _____ due to an Undetermined Neuronal Mechanism

A

Vasodilation

340
Q

Laboratory Test that Correlates well to Brain Cholinesterase activity that can be used to Detect Organophosphate Toxicity

A

Acetylcholinesterase Activity Level

*Refrigerate and Asses ASAP to Preserve Activity

*If Acetylcholinesterase Activity Level is Normal, that is Diagnostic for Organophosphate Poisoning

341
Q

The Upper Part of the Small Intestine, _____, is the main site of Absorption for all drugs given orally because of the Extensive Surface Area and Rich Blood Supply. The Rate of Absorption depends on the Rate of _____

A

Duodenum

Gastric Emptying

342
Q

Biotransformation most Commonly Results in _______ and Detoxification of Drugs

A

Bioinactivation

*Rarely Biotransformation Results in Bioactivation or Lethal Synthesis

343
Q

True/False: Pyrethrins/ Pyrethroids are Lipid Soluble, Very Well Absorbed, and Rapidly Metabolized in GIT, Plasma and Liver

A

True

*Rapidly Metabolized- Pyrethrins don’t last Long in the Environment or Animal- Usually Metabolized and Excreted within 24 Hours

344
Q

Urea has a Toxicity of 300 mg/kg and a Use Level of 100mg/kg. Urea’s Risk Ratio is 3:1. Monensin has a Toxicity of 20 mg/kg and a Use Level of 1mg/kg. Monensin has a Risk Ratio of 20:1. Which Toxicosis has a Much Higher Risk (Hazard)?

A

Urea

*The Risk of Urea Toxicosis would be higher than the Risk of Monensin Toxicosis, even though Monensin is much more Toxic than Urea.

345
Q

Weak Basic Drugs are Excreted in _____ because of Ion Trapping that can lead to Drug Residues, Treatment of Mastitis Systemically, and Possible Adverse Effect on the Newborn

A

Milk

*Weak Basic Drugs are Excreted in Milk

*High pKa Drugs will have High Levels in Milk

346
Q

If the Milk : Plasma Ratio is < 1, then Drug is mainly found in ______

A

Plasma

*If the Milk:Plasma Ratio = 1, then the amount of Drug in Milk is equal to the amount of Drug in Plasma

347
Q

Plasma Protein Binding Acidic Drugs mainly bind to ____, while Basic drugs bind mainly to acid alpha1-glycoprotein. Plasma Protein binding is Reversible and Prolongs the half life of the Drug. The Bound Form is inactive and cannot be Distributed, Metabolized or Excreted by glomerular Filtration

A

Albumin

*Ex. Warfarin binds 90% to Plasma Proteins

*The Rate of Binding depends mainly on the amount of Drug

348
Q

What does it mean if the Vd for a Drug is 2 Liters / Kg Body Weight?

A

The Cutoff Point is 1. If the Vd is > than 1 L/kg Body Weight, then the Drug is Widely Distributed

*If a Dog is 10kg, then the Vd is 20L

349
Q

5 Main Routes of Drug Excretion

A

Renal (Main Route of Excretion)

Hepatic - Main Organ of Biotransformation

Feces

Milk

Semen

*Saliva, Eggs, Hair, Feathers, Sweat Glands and Expired Air are Minor Routes of Drug Excretion

350
Q

Toxicity that is the Effect Produced by daily exposure from One day to 30 Days

A

Subacute Toxicity

351
Q

Three Physiological Processes of Renal Excretion

A

Glomerular Filtration

Active Tubular Secretion

Passive Tubular Reabsorption

352
Q

Factors that _____ Biotransformation

Hypothermia

Shock

Anesthesia

Animals in the Tropics

A

Decrease

*Animals in the Tropics may have Less Biotransformation

353
Q

True/False: Dogs are deficient in most Oxidative Enzymes and Glucuronidation leading to Higher Chances of Drug Toxicity

A

False

*CATS

*Cats are Deficient in Glucuronyl Transferases

*Aspirin is only given to cats every 48 hours because it is not Metabolized as fast as in Dogs

354
Q
A

C. Amitraz

*The Other three are primarily CNS Stimulants

355
Q

Pyrethrins bind more Strongly at ____ Temperatures. Insect Sodium Channels are ____x’s More Sensitive to Pyrethrins than Mammalian Sodium Channels

A

Lower

1000Xs

*Insect Body Temperature = 25 Degrees Celsius

Mammalian Body Temperature = 38 Degrees Celsius

*Pyrethrins have Low Toxicity in Mammals, because their Temperature is Higher and Pyrethrins cannot Bind as Well

*Insect Metabolism of Pyrethrins is much Slower than Mammals

All of these Factors make Pyrethrins Effective Against Insects with Low Toxicity to Mammalian Species

357
Q

Which Insecticide works by Irreversible Inhibition of Cholinesterases, that Increases ACh at all Cholinergic Sites

A

Organophosphates

*Acytelcholine Cannot be Broken Down

358
Q

Organophosphates Degrade quickly in the Environment, most Persist ____ Weeks and can Penetrate Intact Skin and Waxy coatings of Leaves and Fruits

A

2-4 Weeks

359
Q

______, aka Activated Vitamin D3, is Absorbed from the GI Tract and Binds to the Vitamin D binding Protein in Plamsa for Transportation to the Liver

A

Cholecalciferol

*Cholecalciferol is Metabolized in the Liver to Calcidiol (25-Hydroxycholecalciferol)

*Calcidiol (25-Hydrocholecalciferol) is Trasported to the Kidney and Metabolized to Calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol)

360
Q

True/False: Biotransformation is the first phase of Drug Elimination

A

True

361
Q

True/False: Laboratory Animal Testing is Important for Bacterial, Fungal and Plant Toxins and Feed Additives in Animal Feeds

A

True

362
Q

True/False: Age, Inflammation, Trauma, Allergic Reactions, Severe Hypotension, and Hypoxia Do Not Influence the Blood Brain Barrier

A

False

*All these factors influence the Blood Brain Barrier

*Animal must be older to have an Effective Blood Brain Barrier

363
Q

Acidification of the Urine pH by Oral Ammonium chloride or Methionine Enhances renal Excretion of Weak ____ Drugs such as Amphetamine

A

Basic

*Use ORAL Ammonium Chloride or Methionine

364
Q

More Common Bromethalin Toxicity that develop within 2-3 Days Post Exposure that progresses into Hind-Limb Ataxia, Paresis, Paralysis, CNS Depression ect.

A

Subacute

* 2-3 days to Onset

*Higher chance for Survival

Toxicology (5 decks)

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