Final Exam

Question 1

Chomsky (Nativist) theory

Answer 1

language development happens too fast to fit within the constraints of a behaviorist explanation

• Reinforcing every child’s utterance would take too long
• Language is innate

Question 2

Saffran (Social interactionist) theory

Answer 2

certain aspects of language development must be learned; learning mechanisms and constraints; learning ability and biases

Question 3

Skinner (Behaviorist) theory

Answer 3

language is acquired through learning

Question 4

Timeline for language development- Birth

Answer 4

categorical speech perception- all human sounds

-Infant head turning to sound change

Question 5

Timeline for language development- 6 mo

Answer 5

Phonology (babbling)- all speech sounds

Semantics (segmenting speech stream)- word recognition “mom/dad”

Question 6

Timeline for language development- 8 mo

Answer 6

Phonology- babble only native sounds

Question 7

Timeline for language development- 10 to 12 mo

Answer 7

Loss of ability to perceive non-native sounds
Phonology- turn head to sound change
Holophrases (Syntax)- uttering one word but means more

Question 8

Timeline for language development- 18 to 24 mo

Answer 8

Word spurt; infants learn many new words at one time- Semantics
Telephrase- 2 to 3 word sentences, “More candy!”

Question 9

Critical period

Answer 9

5 yrs to puberty where language develops readily.
Evidence- Genie locked up from 18 mo to 13 yrs old. Could barely speak due to stunted language development. Language development never developed much beyond toddler level.

Question 10

Recasts

Answer 10

repeat error back to child in correct form

Question 11

Infant-directed speech

Answer 11

speak slower and higher and exaggerate speech sounds; Aids infants’ language development
Evidence- Infants listened longer to woman using IDS longer than same woman speaking normally to another adult.

Question 12

Fast mapping

Answer 12

process of rapidly learning a new word simply from hearing the contrastive use of a familiar word and the unfamiliar word

Question 13

Overregularizations

Answer 13

morphemes;

school cook = the luncher

Question 14

“Analytic” reasoning and problem solving (System 2)

Answer 14

allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it; choice and concentration; complex computations

Question 15

“Experiential” reasoning and problem solving (System 1)

Answer 15

operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control

Question 16

Conjunction fallacy

Answer 16

judging the probability of a conjunction of events as greater than the probability of either event alone;
increased during elementary years

Question 17

Example of conjunction fallacy

Answer 17

• Carol has several students that practice the piano everyday.
• Her students that practice the piano everyday are proficient.
• Of these two, the first is more likely. The amount of students that are proficient AND practice the piano is not the same as the probability that her students are either proficient OR practice the piano.

Question 18

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 18

predicting the likelihood of an uncertain event by relying on info that represents salient characteristics of the sample rather than the true base rate

Question 19

Example of representativeness heuristic

Answer 19

Assuming perky girl is a cheerleader and not in band when there are more girls in band than in cheerleading

Question 20

Siegler’s Adaptive Strategy Choice Model

Answer 20

As kids age/have more experience, the associative strength would increase because the kids would be able to use retrieval to get the answer (from prior experience)

Question 21

The ____ the associative strength, the more likely the child used retrieval.

Answer 21

higher

Question 22

Children that use ____ are more confident than the children that use a backup strategy.

Answer 22

retrieval

Question 23

Higher confidence criterion =

Answer 23

more likely to use other strategy than retrieval

Question 24

Chall’s stages of reading development- Birth to 6 yrs

Answer 24

Prereading

identify letters, print name, read a few words

Question 25

Chall’s stages of reading development- 6 to 7 yrs

Answer 25

Initial reading

acquire phonological reading skills- translate letters into sound to form words

Question 26

Chall’s stages of reading development- 7 to 8 yrs

Answer 26

Confirmation fluency

begin fluent reading, identify words more quickly, work more on speed

Question 27

Chall’s stages of reading development- 8 to 14 yrs

Answer 27

Reading to learn

learn through reading

Question 28

Chall’s stages of reading development- 14 to 18 yrs

Answer 28

Multiple viewpoints

read from multiple viewpoints, deeper understanding of info

Question 29

If the child knows the word they will use ____.

Answer 29

retrieval

Question 30

If the child does not know the word they will use ____.

Answer 30

phonological recoding

to sound out the word

Question 31

Should teachers teach phonics or look-see method?

Answer 31

Both. This would allow the child to read quickly with the look-see method and allow them to understand words they don’t know through phonics.

Question 32

“Good students”

Answer 32

quick and accurate on retrieval and backup strategies, use retrieval more often

Question 33

“Not-so-good students”

Answer 33

struggle with retrieval and backup strategies

Question 34

Do’s

Answer 34

• Interaction w/ child using numeracy activities
• Provide appropriate scaffolding so children have room for their own interpretations.
• Put children in a more stimulating environment, will increase learning capacity.

Question 35

Don’ts

Answer 35

• Rely on “educational” videos only.
• Micromanage
• Have a highly decorated/distracting classroom
• Don’t limit children from using counting strategies (fingers), this slows development of numerical skills.
• Take away recess/physical education programs

Question 36

Intelligence

Answer 36

Individual differences in how people process info

Question 37

Gardner’s theory of intelligence

Answer 37

“multiple intelligences”

psychometric tests don’t include all forms of intelligence (musically, bodily-kinesthetic)

Question 38

Sternberg’s theory of intelligence

Answer 38

3 fundamental aspects of intelligence:
analytic (academic), creative, practical (acquired w/o help from others, that allows individuals to achieve goals that they value)

Question 39

Transactional model

Answer 39

development is a bidirectional interaction or transaction between an active child with a unique biological constitution and a changing environment

Question 40

Zeskind and Ramey study

Answer 40

Support for transactional model.
Individual differences in intelligence may have origins in:
-early biological constitution, early parental responsiveness, other characteristics of home and educational environments