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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Health Psychology

A

A field that integrates research on health and on psychology; it involves the application of psychological principles in promoting health and well-being.

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2
Q

Well-Being

A

A positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction.

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3
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

A model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness.

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4
Q

Stressor

A

An environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism.

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5
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

A consistent pattern of physical responses to stress that consists of three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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6
Q

Three levels of stress resistance:

A

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

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7
Q

Downward Comparison

A

Coping strategy that involves comparing oneself to those worse off.

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8
Q

Social Psychology

A

The branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations.

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9
Q

Conformity

A

Adopting attitudes or behaviors of others because of pressure to do so; can be real or imagined.

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10
Q

Obedience

A

Compliance of person is due to perceived authority of asker - request is perceived as a command.

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11
Q

Bystander Apathy

A

Failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need.

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12
Q

Four reasons for Bystander Apathy:

A
  1. Expect others to help
  2. Fear of making social blunders.
  3. Less likely to help when we are anonymous and can remain so.
  4. Deciding weighs two factors: 1) How much personal harm co we risk and 2) what benefits might we have to forgo.
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13
Q

Milgram’s Experiment

A

In Milgram’s 1963 classic study, teachers delivered increasing shocks to learner (or so thought). Learners would protest, but experimenter ordered to continue. Would the teacher continue?

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14
Q

Altruism

A

Prosocial behavior where someone provides help when it is needed, with no apparent reason for doing so.

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15
Q

Proximity

A

How often people come into contact - More contact, more likely to become friends.

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16
Q

Personality

A

The characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances.

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17
Q

Self-Schema

A

An integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self.

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18
Q

Sociometer Theory

A

Self-esteem is a sociometer, an internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection.

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19
Q

Better-Than-Average Effect

A

According to research, most people have positive illusions - that is, overly favorable and unrealistic beliefs - in at least three areas.

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20
Q

The three areas of the Better-Than-Average Effect:

A
  1. They continually experience the better-than-average effect - overestimate their abilities.
  2. Overestimate their control over events.
  3. They are unrealistically optimistic about their personal futures.
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21
Q

The four Approaches to Personality:

A
  1. Psychodynamic Theory
  2. Humanistic Approach
  3. Trait Approach
  4. Cognitive Approach
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22
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A

Personality is based on our unconscious wishes that create conflict between the id, ego, and superego.

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23
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

Personality is based on our tendency to fulfill our potential through personal growth.

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24
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

Personality is based on how we think.

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25
Q

Trait Approaches

A

Personality can be described by our characteristics.

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26
Q

Five-Factor Theory

A

This theory identifies five basic personality traits:

  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism
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27
Q

Openness to experience

A

Imaginative vs. Down-to-Earth
Likes variety vs. Likes routine
Independent vs. Conforming

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28
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Organized vs. Disorganized
Careful vs. Careless
Self-Disciplined vs. Weak-willed

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29
Q

Extraversion

A

Social vs. Retiring
Fun-loving vs. Sober
Affectionate vs. reserved

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30
Q

Agreeableness

A

Softhearted vs. Ruthless
Trusting vs. Suspicious
Helpful vs. Uncooperative

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31
Q

Neuroticism

A

Worried vs. Calm
Insecure vs. Secure
Self-Pitying vs. Self-Satisfied

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32
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

The tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factor.

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33
Q

Id

A

Contains life and death instincts. Operates according to the pleasure principle.

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34
Q

Ego

A

The logical, rational part of personality. Operates according to the reality principle.

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35
Q

Superego

A

The moral system of the personality. Consists of the conscience and the ego ideal.

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36
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress.

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37
Q

The seven mechanisms of the Defense Mechanisms table:

A
  1. Denial
  2. Repression
  3. Projection
  4. Reaction Formation
  5. Rationalization
  6. Displacement
  7. Sublimation
38
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to acknowledge source of anxiety.

39
Q

Repression

A

Excluding source of anxiety from awareness.

40
Q

Projection

A

Attributing unacceptable qualities of the self to someone else.

41
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Warding off an uncomfortable thought by overemphasizing its opposite.

42
Q

Rationalization

A

Creating a seemingly logical reason or excuse for behavior that might otherwise be shameful.

43
Q

Displacement

A

Shifting the attention of emotion from one object to another, easier target.

44
Q

Sublimation

A

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses into constructive, even admirable, behavior.

45
Q

Locus of control

A

The idea that personality is based on a person’s perception of whether they control the rewards and punishments that they experience (internal locus of control) or do not control them (external locus of control.

46
Q

Temperament

A

Biologically based tendency to feel or act in certain ways.

47
Q

3 levels of Temperament:

A
  1. Activity Level
  2. Emotionality
  3. Sociability
48
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Developed in 1930’s by Henry Murray & Christiana Morgan. Person is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about it.

49
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Several theorists built on the strength of Freud’s theory, and tried to avoid its weaknesses.

50
Q

3 Neo-Freudians:

A
  1. Carl Jung (1875-1961)
  2. Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
  3. Karen Horney (1885-1952)
51
Q

Objective Tests

A

Relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings.

52
Q

Psychopathology

A

Sickness or disorder of the mind

53
Q

Whether something is psychopathology, it is important to consider four criteria:

A
  1. Does it deviate from cultural norms for what is acceptable?
  2. Is it maladaptive?
  3. Is it self-destructive?
  4. Does it cause discomfort and concern to others?
54
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
According to this model, the onset of mental disorders occurs due to both vulnerability for the disorder and the presence of stressful events.

55
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

States that most psychological disorders are influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

56
Q

4 Types of Anxiety Disorders:

A
  1. Phobia
  2. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  3. Panic Disorder
  4. Agoraphobia
57
Q

Phobia

A

Fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion with an actual threat.

58
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

A diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event.

59
Q

Panic Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror.

60
Q

Agoraphobia

A

An anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations from which escape may be difficult or impossible.

61
Q

Social Phobia

A

Fear of being negatively evaluated by others in a social setting.

62
Q

Schizophrenia – “splitting of the mind”

A

A psychological disorder characterized by a split between thought and emotion, with difficulty distinguishing between real and imagined thoughts, perceptions, and conscious experiences.

63
Q

Negative symptoms for Schizophrenia:

A

People with schizophrenia often avoid eye contact and seem apathetic.
They do not express emotion.
Their speech is slowed.
They use a monotonous tone of voice.
They take long pauses before answering.
They fail to respond to a question, or are unable to complete their sentences.
Social withdrawal.
Negative symptoms are more common in men.

64
Q

Five major DSM-5 symptoms for schizophrenia:

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganized speech
  4. Disorganized behavior
  5. Negative symptoms
65
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):

A

A disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts that create anxiety and compulsive actions that temporarily reduce the anxiety.

66
Q

OCD: Obsessions

A

Recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, urges, or mental images.

67
Q

OCD: Compulsions

A

Particular acts that the person feels driven to perform over and over again.

68
Q

Personality Disorders: Cluster A - Odd or Eccentric Behavior

A
  1. Paranoid
  2. Schizoid
  3. Schizotypal
69
Q

Personality Disorders: Cluster B - Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior

A
  1. Antisocial
  2. Borderline
  3. Histrionic
  4. Narcissistic
70
Q

Antisocial

A

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

71
Q

Borderline

A

Unstable mood, personal relationships, and self-image; Impulsivity.

72
Q

Histrionic

A

Excessive emotionality; Attention seeking.

73
Q

Narcissistic

A

Pattern of grandiosity; need for admiration; Lack of empathy.

74
Q

Personality Disorders: Cluster C - Anxious or Fearful Behavior

A
  1. Avoidant
  2. Dependent
  3. Obsessive-Compulsive
75
Q

Avoidant

A

Social inhibition; Feeling of inadequacy; Easily hurt and embarrassed.

76
Q

Dependent

A

Submissive and clinging behavior; Excessive need to be taken care of.

77
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive

A

Perfectionistic; Preoccupied with orderliness and control.

78
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

The occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual.
The condition was formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Most people diagnosed with DID are women who report being severely abused as children.

79
Q

Three main approaches are used to treat disorders:

A
  1. Psychotherapy
  2. Psychotropic medications
  3. Alternative treatments
80
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them understand their problems and work toward solutions.
Therapists generally use psychotherapy to change their clients’ patterns of thought or behavior.

81
Q

Humanistic Therapy

A

Treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them develop their full potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding.
One of the best-known humanistic therapies is client-centered therapy.
A safe and comforting setting for clients.
Active listening.
Unconditional positive regard.

82
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

Treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them unlearn behaviors that negatively affect their functioning.
Treatment often centers around the use of token economies, social skills training, and modeling.

83
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

Treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them change distorted thought patterns that produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions.
Aaron Beck has advocated cognitive restructuring.

84
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

Treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy to correct faulty thinking and maladaptive behaviors.

85
Q

Psychotropic Medications

A

Drugs that affect mental processes and that can be used to treat psychological disorders. Change brain neurochemistry either by inhibiting action potentials or by altering how neurotransmitters work in the brain to affect thoughts, emotions and behaviors. Medication is normally prescribed only by psychiatrists, who hold an MD.

86
Q

5 Classes of Psychotropic Medications:

A
  1. Anti-Anxiety Drugs
  2. Antidepressant Drugs
  3. Mood Stabilizer Drugs
  4. Antipsychotic Drugs
  5. Stimulants
87
Q

6 Providers of Psychological Treatment:

A
  1. Psychiatrists
  2. Clinical Psychologists
  3. Counseling Psychologists
  4. Psychiatric Social Workers
  5. Psychiatric Nurses
  6. Paraprofessionals
88
Q

Specific Phobia treatment:

A
  1. Exposure Therapy

2. Systematic Desensitization

89
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

Therapy technique that involves repeatedly exposing a client to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation, with the goal of reducing the client’s fear.

90
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Therapy technique that involves exposing a client to increasingly anxiety-producing stimuli or situations while coaching them to relax.

91
Q

Depressive Disorders treatment:

A

Research has shown that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is just as effective as antidepressants at treating depression.
The CBT approach helps the client think more adaptively and eliminate the cognitive triad of negative thoughts.
CBT can be effective on its own, but combining it with antidepressant medication can be more effective than either approach alone.

General Psychology (2 decks)

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