Final Exam Flashcards
43: Adult Child Sex (See Lecture Notes on this Article):
A. What are the three cross-cultural examples we highlighted in class and what were their practices in regards to adult-child relationships?
B. How have views in the U.S. changed since colonial times in regards to age of consent laws?
C. What THREE historical developments do the authors identify as shaping our current views of adult-child sex?
D. How have our definitions and understandings of “childhood” and “adolescence” changed over time?
A. Cross-Cultural Examples:
- Greeks (Pedastry) –> Upper older men and younger Athenian boys. Viewed as a mentorship (Showing the boys about the connections and businesses). Was considered “Educational” and not sexual. Adult was always the “Top” / penetration for dominance & the boy would be penetrated & the boy could not say that he enjoyed it.
- Sombians (Warrior Tribe of the Papa New Guinea). Viewed as being around women as emasculation. Semen investment theory = adult male sperm was viewed as a tool for young boys to become men. 7 to 10 years old would ingest male sperm through male fellatio (oral sex). Historical / non modern practiced today. Must do to become a “man”. Restrictions = no adult males to male semen ingestion, no males to younger boys (That would say that the older man was a “Child”) Through their adolescence.
- Maganian / Polynesia (14 - 16 years old). Boys & Girls - sex edu / instruction / applied experience. Boys worked with older woman (Please women * multiple orgasms * & the focus was on female sexual pleasure). Kissing, cunnalingus. Girls worked w/ older women to become “orgasmic” i.e. talking / hands on hands experience, then worked with a “good man” (older man) had sex / practiced to achieve multiple orgasms.
- Goodman = a man that can hold off his own orgasm. Between 20-25 mins, and can provide multiple orgasms each time. Men’s social standing based off of women’s pleasure **
B. How have views in the U.S. changed since colonial times in regards to age of consent laws?
-We know that sexuality is a socially constructed portion of our society by looking @ the social controls and how we as a society enforce these controls to shape our own society / identities. We have implemented Age of consent, which is the legal age a person may “consent” to sexual activities. Laws apply to males & females but we tend to reference police female sexuality more. Historical american colonies the age of consent was an average of 10, Delaware being 7 years old. Present day we have expanded that to 16 - 18 years old with the implementation of defining “child” differently.
C. What THREE historical developments do the authors identify as shaping our current views of adult-child sex?
- Spread of Christian Thought
- “Invention” & lengthening of Childhood
- Advent of Compulsory education
D. How have our definitions and understandings of “childhood” and “adolescence” changed over time?
- Our definition of “child” has changed & expanded from college degrees to the implementation of public schools; Childhood has seemingly prolonged itself.
44: Sick Sex—Elroi Windsor
A. What is yiffing?
B. What are the two categorizations of sexual mental disorders identified by the author?
C. What is rapism? What is the role of rape in the DSM?
D. Windsor identifies five problems with sexual disorder classifications in the DSM. What are they?
A. Yiffing is “having sex in an elaborately designed wolf suit.
B. Two categorizations of sexual mental disorders:
- Sexual Dysfunctions – Chatagorized by disturbance in sexual desire and the psychophsysiological changes that chatercterize the sexual response cycle that causes marked distressed
- Paraphilias - chatagorized by te recurrent intense sexual urges, fantasies or behaviors that involve unusual objects, activities, or situations.
C. What is rapism and what is the role of rape in DSM?
-Rapism = People who sexually assault others, but it is not listed in the DSM. Forcing someone to perform sexually is not considered a pathological fantasy, urge, or behavior. Historically the SM has excluded coerced sex from its list of mental disorders to tu fears of musing the diagnosis as a backdoor legal strategy that would aid criminal offenders.
D. What are the 5 problems with sexual disorder classifications in DSM?
- Demographic differences in diagnosing = two paraphilias restrict diagnoses to specific groups of people.
- Subjective classifications of Pathology = the cultural revlancy that distinguishes between “normal” and “unusual”
- Inconsistencies Criterion of Consent = DSM is silent on a sexual issue that plagues American life - rape.
- Challenges in Assessing Distress = DSM advises clinicians to diagnose depending on the distressed person’s life situation. Qualification that relies on clinicians’ subjective assessments. Clinicians may impose their own sexual standards and expectations during assessments.
- Inequalities in Treatment = Diagnostic labeling is not the ultimate objective of mental healthcare; it is a means for treatment. The treatments for sexual dysfunction highlight “blindspots of medical discourse” that rely on sociocultural norms about gender and sexuality.
46: Deconstructing the “Down Low” Discourse
A. What two factors contributed to the association of the down low with Black men who secretly have sex with men?
B. What is the relationship between women and DL behavior?
C. What is the number one factor associated with HIV/AIDS?
D. What is the relationship between down low discourse and racism and homophobia?
E. What is the role of DL discourse and the spread of HIV/AIDS?
A. Two factors that contributed to the association of the DL:
- DL terminology emerged from Black popular culture – DL appears in numerous R&B and rap songs about infidelity in relationships.
- When demographers and public health officials began to note that rates of new HIV/AIDS infection in the U.S. were proportionally highest among heterosexual African American women, they sought an explanatory theory. “Bridge Theory” namely the theory that bisexual black men in relationships with unsuspecting women were responsible, was born. coming to mean that bisexual black men who secretly have sex with other men while maintaining heterosexual relationships or a heterosexual image.
B. Relationship between women and DL behavior?
- Anecdotal accounts document women who secretly engage in sex with other women while maintaining a feminine heterosexual appearance.
C. What is the number one factor associated with HIV/AIDS?
- The down low discourse actually adis and abets the spread of HIV / AIDS. As well as unprotected sex.
D. What is the relationship between DL discourse and racism and homophobia:
- DL discourse has increased Black women’s suspicion of Black gay men across the board, lessening the complementary aminity between Black gay men and Black straight women and increasing homophobia.
- DL feeds into neo-racist agenda in three ways: 1. keeping Black women and men at odds (a “divide and conquer” strategy), keeping Black people in the position
48: Hooking Up: Sex in Guyland—Michael Kimmel
A. Why, according to Kimmel, do guys pursue hookup sex?
B. What is the role of pleasure in hookup sex?
C. How does race play a role in hookup behavior?
D. What is the final and explicit definition of hooking up given by the author?
E. How is hooking up different for women and men?
A. Why do guys pursue hookup sex?
-Guys hook up to prove something to other guys. The actual experience of sex pales in comparison to the experience of sex.
B. “Through evidence suggest that men are in the driver’s seat when it comes to sex, they feel that women have all of the power, especially the power to say no.” Pleasure isn;t the first item on the list , in fact pleasure rarely appears on the list at all.
C. Minority students are not hooking up at the same rates as white students. This is partly because minority students on a largely white campuses often feel that everything they do is not in terms of themselves as individuals… As a result, minority students are likely to conform to more conventional dating scripts, especially within their own communities.
D. ?
E. Hooking up seems disadvantageous to women in so many ways, and not only because the sex isn’t so grate. If they don’t participate they risk social isolation – not to mention that they also forego sex itself, as well as emotional connection they may be able to squeeze out of the occasion. If they do participate they face potentially greater risk of “loss of value” and there’s a good chance they wont even have any fun.
50: “How Could You Do This To Me?”—Katie Acosta
A. Who do study participants report having received the most resistance and non-acceptance from?
B. What interaction strategies do LBQ Latinas engage in with their families?—Be able to both identify and understand the process involved in each strategy.
C. What is a dramaturgical perspective?
D. What is the author’s perspective on traditional acceptance/rejection categorizations of LBQ individuals’ experiences with their families?
A. Most resistance and non-acceptance from?
-Their mothers.
B. What interaction strategies do LGBTQ latinas engage with their families?
- Erasing nonconformity = a way of rejecting their daughters without disowning them. Leverage against their loved ones because of their lack of autonomy as well as because of their respect for family members. Hypercontrol.
- Silencing strategies = no candid conversations about LGBTQ. A way to accept sexual nonconformity without ever directly acknowledging it. “un secreto a vaz” – an open secret.
- Avoidance after disclosure = participants disclose or are forced to disclose their sexual nonconformity to families but later choose with their families to render the disclosure unheard altogether. Avoiding the discussions all together.
C. Erving Goffamn notes that in our everyday lives we present ourselves to others based on our internalized understandings of cultural values and socail expectations in order to gain acceptance from others. IN this way we manage to impressions of ourselves that we give off to others and behave as performers of a role.
D. Sexually nonconforming Latina’s relationship with family cannot be placed into simple categories of acceptabnce or regjection.
51: “I Wasn’t Raped, but…”
A. How did new feminist research on sexual victimization shift how they measured rape?
B. What are some of the reasons that language of victimization or victimization frameworks have been criticized?
C. How might the language of victimization be problematic?
D. What is the author’s position regarding how we should move forward with victimization frameworks?
A.
B. the fear that the talk about victimization is needlessly creating victims. Moreover critics of the movement against date rape have implied that it violates “assumptions of women’s basic competence, free will, and strength of character. It may reinforce women as weak, passive, and asexual and images of men as sexually driven, unstoppable and potentially dangerous.
C. Wold be problematic because its a
D. In case I have overstated my concerns about the language of victimization. I emphasize that I am not arguing for an abandonment of the victimization framework. Rather I am suggesting that we need to question whether it is always appropriate or wise to talk about all of the different forms and occasions of sexual coercion, sexual assault, sexual abuse and sexual violence as victimization.
52: Rape Myths—Edwards et al.
A. How does pornography present sexual violence and rape?
B. What are the current laws on marital rape?
C. How often do false allegations occur?
D. How is rape represented in the media? What is “the story of rape” that we commonly see in the news?
C. Be able to identify examples of “she was asking for it.”
A. Dworkin’s ground breaking book asserted that pornography portrays sexual violence as something that is desired and enjoyed by women, and that pornography fosters rape myths and leads to violence against women, all in an effort o preserve patriarchal power.
B. Thus legal exemptions and religious doctrines support the notion that marital rape is not as serious as other types of sexual violence, that men, still today, possess a degree of ownership over their wives’ bodies and that marriage is equated to unconditional sexual consent.
C. less than 2 percent of the time.
D. Examples of she was “asking for it”
- She was walking at night by herself”
- She was promiscuous
- She was asking to be raped in that outfit.
54: Sexual Assault on Campus
A. How, according to the authors, do gendered selves, organizational arrangements, and interactional expectations contribute to sexual assault on college campuses?—This is a broader question that refers back to the heart of the argument presented in the article. You’ll want to understand the different aspects (gendered selves, org. arrangements, and interactional expectations) and the ways they contribute to sexual assault).
B.How do universities regulate fraternities and how does this regulation impact sexual assault on campuses?
C. Understand how heterogeneous/homogenous campuses compare in terms of sexual assault.
A. Gendered selves, organizational arrangements and interactional expectations contributions:
- We label the “individual determinants” approach, views college sexual assault as primarily a consequence of perpetrator or victim charteristics such as gender role attitudes, personality, family background or sexual history.
- sexual assault is seen as a consequence of widespread belief in “rape myths” or ideas about the nature of men, women, sexuality and consent that create an environment conducive to rape.
- identifying particular contexts – fraternities and bars - as sexually dangerous. Sexual assault is supported not only by a “generic culture surrounding and promoting rape”, but also characteristics of “specific settings” in which men and women interact.
B. university bans on social areas and alternatives serve as a push factor. Thus causing many students to go to frat houses as a means of escape.
C. homogenity of the floor intensified social anxiety, heightening the importance of partying for making friends.
55: Effect of Rape on Men: A Descriptive Analysis
A. Which men are at greater risk of being sexually assaulted by relationship partners or dates?
B. For what reasons are male sexual assault victims reluctant to disclose their victimization?
A. Gay and bisexual men because
- they are at risk of being raped by dates or while in relationships with men.
- Gay and bisexual men are more at ris is through homophobic sexual assaults.
B. Lack of support / insensitive remarks or homophobic victim blaming. Lack of medical expertise to deal with the situation.
58: Overcome: The Money Shot in Pornography
A. What is the role of semen in pornography? How is it represented?
B. What is the “money shot”?
C. How are women presented in regards to semen in pornographic film?
D. What are broader cultural messages about semen?
E. How do broader cultural messages regarding semen compare to those messages found in pornography?
A. Mot pornographic entertainment reinforces this belief , as ejaculation, or the “money shot” in porn parlace is the raision of sexual encounters. Porn is centered around male orgasm and male penis.
B. Money shot = “cum shot” in pornography
C. Women’s bodies are the surfaces for seminal display or containers to ingest semen.
59: Not for Sale: Stopping Sex Trafficking in the US and Worldwide—Nadia Shapkina
A.What reasons does the author identify as leading women into sex trafficking? (Hint: 674-5)
B. What stages are included in the “process of sex trafficking”? (3)
C.What are the four types of sex trade regulation? What is the perspective of each? How do they propose handling the sex trade?
A. economic family housing and employment problems. Global inequality results in limited economic opportunities. Gender inequality “push “ women to migrate in search of employment and better lives. Technology facilities the growth of the sex trade industry and changes in its nature. Sex tourism. War civic conflict, breakdown of governance and disruption of normal life increases trafficking and smuggling.
B. starts off with small then goes to large.
C. four types of sex trade regulation?
- Prohibitionism treats the trade as a crime that undermines society’s morals and ethics. Punishes all participants of the transaction.
- Regulationism = assumes that the state does not treat the sex trade as morally wrong. Licensing brothels and individual sex workers.
- Abolitionism = eliminating the exploitation of prostitutes by others e.g. by pimps. Punish the act of procurement (influencing someone to go into the sex trade)
- Neoabolisionism = punishes those who convince others to exchange sex for money nut not the people who sell sex. {o,p[s are criminalized customers are fined, but the people who sell sexual services are not considered guilty of any sexual criminal activities because they engage in sex work to survive.
Dreamworlds 3—Sut Jhally
A. Know the main themes/arguments in the video, paying specific attention to the questions posed on the Video
Viewing Questions handout.
–Some points to consider–
B. What was Jhally’s position on sexual imagery in general? C. What is the problem with the imagery we are primarily presented with? What does he offer as a potential solution?
D. Whose fantasy is represented in music video?
E. What are objectification and fragmentation? How are they used and why are they troubling?
F. How do music videos promote racist ideology?
A. Main themes / arguments of video playing.
- Sexualization of Violence
- The objectification of women as hyper-sexual
- Presumption that men are aggressive, pursuers of sex.
B.What was Jhally’s position on sexual imagery in general?
- Main story being told about women:
1. Women are always in a constant state of arousal, always ready for sexy always prowling for men & never say no.
2. Women are present to cater to men’s desire & women’s desires are always contingent to the content of men.
3. Women defined through their sexuality.
C. What is the problem with the imagery we are primarily presented with? What does he offer as a potential solution?
- That it leads to a negative side effect of people viewing this type of material., Basic solution was to stop it.
D. Whose fantasy is represented in the music video?
- Adolescent heterosexual fantasy of young men.
E. What are objectification and fragmentation. How are they used and why are they troubling?
- Objectifaction = viewing someone as an “object” or “thing” for dehumanization purposes. PROBLEM: we then view women as sexual objects to be consumed.
- Fragmentation = Women being fragmented into body parts rather than a “whole” human (butts, breasts, & legs) PROBLEM: We don’t see them as things, but rather value them based off of their physical assets.
F. How do the music videos promote racist ideology?
- Essentially all black males are perpetuated and placed in this light that is racist in the fact that the music producers and directors show them in violent situations, where they are the drug lords, in jail, hyper-masculine, savage, untrained and unmanigable beasts to be feared.
Rape Culture
Know the definition of rape culture (also in Armstrong article). Understand what is meant by this definition and the argument it proposes about rape myths.
Rape culture = Sexual assault seen as a consequence of the widespread belief in rape myths or ideas about men / women nature, sexuality & consent, that creates environment that is conducive to rape. Based on a system of beliefs such as:
- Encourages male aggression
- Supports violence against women as sexy & sexuality as violent.
- Women experience constant threat of sexual violence (ranges from remarks to actual touching)
- Sexual violence as a fact of life & thus invincible
- Rape / assault is expected & bound to happen.
Characteristics of rape culture highlighted in class:
A.Role of male aggression and violence against women?
B. What is the relationship between violence and sexuality?
C. What is the continued threat experienced by women?
D. What is meant by the phrase “inevitability of rape”?
??????
Rape Myths—11
Review lecture notes on all 11 myths.
Be able to identify and understand what is meant by each myth.
- Rape is a crime of passion –> Built up tension & need release. But many rapists already have a sexual partner
. - Women want / desire to be raped (rape fantasy) –>
Believe that many women have fantasies & “secretly want it”. But there was a study that showed 1 - 4 % of women believed that this was true and 15 - 16 % of males thought that this was true. - Women “ask for it” –> women are responsible because of their behavior. Often times they are blamed through their clothing / behaviors / mannerisms. “How were you leading THEM on?”
- Women could prevent rape if they wanted to –> Avoid engaging in certain behaviors to prevent rape.
Such as Going out at night.
- But 66 % of rapes happen between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m.
Such as Being in a place you shouldn’t
- But 60% happen @ a friend’s home or their own home.
Such as partying / drinking & sexual practices. - Man could not control their sexual urges –> Males seen as highly sexual and always want sex. Men are aggressive / violent and men have no control over their bodies.
- Women cry rape for revenge –>Women often blamed that they are just doing this out of revenge, based off of the individual circumstances, BUT Less than 2 % are falsely reported
- Women are raped by strangers –> Notion that women are being captured and raped by men in dark alleys, BUT only 4% reported that it was a stranger & over 96 % know the assailant.
- Rapes are of different race than the victims –> But in actuality homgenity (ppl who are alike one another) comes into play.
- Rape isn’t THAT big of a deal –> However 33% require serious medical attention, severe psychological, emotional & mental trauma that can last several years. PTSD, more prone to suicide.
- Husbands cannot rape their wives
- 1970s began instituting laws & legal action for acts
- 1993 = North Carolina was the last state to make marital rape illegal and all 50 states thus made it illegal for a husband to rape his wife —> but it should be noted that the legal punishment compared to other rape crimes is often less. - Men can’t be raped –> Ideas that males should’ve been able to fight this off, men are always ready to go. Rape is emasculating, men are often deprived & stigmatized seeking out medical and psychological attention and women are not.
