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Sex in Society > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of “Social construction”

A

Definition: The idea that may appear natural / or normal or obvious to those who accept it, but is an invention of artifact of a particular culture / society

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2
Q

What is the process of social construction?

A
  1. Give meaning or definition
  2. It then shows how we interact (how we organize / structure society)
  3. Normalization of this thing / naturalization
  4. Unquestioned / unchallenged
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3
Q

What is the definition of social control?

A

Social mechanisms that regulate an individual + group behavior using award / punishment system/

i.e. how we attempt to control one another - we encourage / discourage certain beliefs and practices

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4
Q

What is the difference between individual and institutional social control?

A 
Individual = one-on-one
Institutional = religion / family/ economy / media politics.
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5
Q

What does it mean when we say that social sanctions can be positive, negative or neutral

A 
Positive = doing the greater good
Negative = can deteriorate one culture because of its practices 
Neutral = has no significant effect on the individual or group
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6
Q

Freaks & Geeks Clip - What did it show and how did it relate to our discussion on social construction of kissing?

A

First, it showed three or four adolescent and pubescent boys at the lunch table talking about a “make out party”, in which they were all invited to.
Second, Some of them were okay with the idea of kissing, and the nerd boy with the glasses said “ew gross, that’s basically swallowing someone’s saliva.”

This relates to the social construction of kissing because in American culture it has become a way of showing affection for someone you care about, whereas in other cultures their social normative say “no, that’s an unpleasant activity.”

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7
Q

What doe the cross cultural examples covered in class indicate about kissing in the terms of it being an innate desire?

A

Not every culture practices this type of expression as a means of showing affection for their significant other(s). Thus it is socially constructed by certain societies and has become normalized through years and years of practice.

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8
Q

Who are the Dani & what sexual practices of theirs were discussed in class and how does it relate to social construction?

A

Dani (Papua New Guinea)

  • 2 year waiting period after married to have sex
  • 1st they needed their own home — 2nd they needed a large robust ceremony.
  • Sex after childbirth was up to 5 years / or when the mother stopped breast feeding.
  • Sex viewed only 4 reproduction
  • quick and over with as soon as the male ejaculates
  • female orgasm non-existent & the people had very low sex drives / sexual desires.

This relates to the social construction theory, because it shows that there are differences across cultures about the way we should view sex. In american society we believe that sex is not only for reproduction, but also as a form of fun and pleasurable to our own desires. They do not. Thus it is a socially constructed act.

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9
Q

What did Barrie Thorne discover in her research on adults’ treatment of babies?

A

That colored outfits (pink and blue) have a very specific type of effect on the way that both women and men treat children.

  • Softer, gooshey tones with the babies dressed in pink. Held closer
  • Babies in blue held out-word more, stronger more masculine adjectives and pronouns…etc.
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10
Q

What are the 4 basic assumptions of the hetero-normative model?

A
  1. Only 2 sexes
  2. Only 2 genders
  3. Sex & gender correspond with one another
  4. Heterosexuality only natural form of sexuality (and it is expected)
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11
Q

Give examples of how the 4 basic assumptions of hetoronomiative model is wrong

A
  1. there are more than 2 sexes with inter sexuality, hermaphrodites ..etc
  2. there are multiple genders. i.e. non-binary, both genders, inter-gendered..etc
  3. Sex and gender don’t always correspond with one another. I.e. lesbian women, gay men, poly amours…
  4. Heterosexuality is NOT the only natural form of sexuality, it is a socially constructed ideal and there are a plethera of sexual orientations out there.
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12
Q

What is the definition of Sex?

A

Physical, Biological or anatomic sexual markers

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13
Q

What is the definition of gender?

A

Definition= attributes personality characteristics & behaviors that we expect to be associated with one’s biological sex in a culture.
-Variations across time & cultures

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14
Q

What is the definition of intersex?

A

definition = person whose chromosomes or genitalia is not exclusively male or female

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15
Q

How many recorded variations of inter sex have there been?

A

60

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16
Q

Whats the percentage of the amount of potential intersex individuals?

A

1.7 - 4 % of the population

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17
Q

Who was Max Beck?

A

Max Beck was the deformed baby that ended up having no genitals and being completely disfigured.

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18
Q

Transgender

A

denoting or relating to a person whose self-identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender.

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19
Q

Gender Role

A

Public, Social and perceived expectations of gendered acts or behaviors

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20
Q

Gender Identiy

A

A person’s private sense, and subjective experience, of their own gender

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21
Q

Gender queer

A

A person who does not identify with either man or woman

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22
Q

Traditional Gender Model

A
  1. Sex –> Male
  2. Gender Role –> Masculine
  3. Gender Identity –> Man
  4. Sexual orientation –> Woman
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23
Q

Authentic Gender Model

A

Looks at sex, gender role, identity and orientation as a spectrum rather than one or the other,

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24
Q

Essentialism?

A
  1. Gender and sexuality are innate and cannot be changed
  2. sex determines your gender
  3. sex is “innate” born this way
25
Q

Constructionalism?

A
  • Sex, gender are socially determined and vary across time & culture
  • Our ideas about sexuality are products of society
  • Sex and gender are fluid
26
Q

What are the limitations to being either essentialism or constructionalist?

A

E = You believe that there’s only one way to go, that you’re born a certain way, and that’s the way it has to be. Not OK because there are variations.

C = You believe that gender and sexuality is socially constructed, may have variations of all kinds. No OK to be total because it’s not giving essential ism a chance and not taking biological factors into consideration.

27
Q

What gender model is essentialist?

A

The Traditional Gender Model

28
Q

What gender model is constructionalist?

A

the authentic gender model

29
Q

What did the picture of Franklin Delano Roosevelt photo show?

A

That our gender norms in society have shifted with time. Up until the age of 7, boys wore white dresses and shoes that were somewhat “feminine” just as girls did. It wasn’t until after that age that they were placed in to more masculine clothing and had more masculine haircuts

30
Q

What was the history of pink and blue clothing choices for infants?

A

Pink = used to be a very masculine color because it was easily identifiable.

Blue was used for women and then it was changed in the mid 1950s once advertisers marketed to children.

31
Q

What are two-spirits?

A

Native american subgroup aka Bedache

  • third gender option
  • not a man / woman (both strongly present in the individual thus make them closer to the spirit world)
    • most commonly males that take on the roles of a woman in society i.e. raising a family, nurturing …etc**
  • Would be married to men –> did not view themselves as homosexual, but rather as born woman
  • could be women who took on the traditional male roles; often married women
  • seen as closer to the religious world
32
Q

Who are Fa’afaine?

A

Somoa group:

  • “means in the manner of a woman”
  • often biological males who identify as a woman / women who identify as men
  • biological males raised and live as girls & women when there aren’t enough in the nuclear family unit
    • can be by choice or family necessity**
  • men + men relationships, but don’t view themselves as homosexuals.
  • Generally valued in Samoan culture
  • Do face some sort of stigma though.
33
Q

Who are burnneshas and what happens to them when they violate their vow?

A

Burnneshas (Albania)

  • biological females who take vow of celibacy and revoke their virginities to live as men
  • women / females considered property of a man with little rights.
  • break of celibacy b4 would be death and now if broken it includes public shaming and loss of their “man’s” rights.
34
Q

How do cross-cultural and historical examples that display variance indicate that something is socially constructed

A

First, to be socially constructed it must be a new idea / norm that has been accepted, introduced to a society w.o question and is never challenged.

The variance indicates that something is socially constructed because it steps out of normative societal boundaries that say “this isn’t what we usually practice” otherwise. For example, the socially constructed idea that sex and gender are related to one another isn’t the case. Variation exemplifies that sex and gender do not always correlate i.e. lesbian women, gay men..etcetera.

35
Q

What is the difference between Gender role and gender identity?

A

role = society’s portrayal of men and women and how they should act / interact with one another.

identity = how a person identifies him or herself gender-wise, however this is not anatomically, but rather based on their actions and thoughts.

36
Q

What were the specifics of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

A
  • 1932 the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) initiated an experiment in Macon County, Alabama to determine untreated latent syphilis in black males.
  • 400 infected (variable), 200 uninfected males (control group)
  • Intended to last only 6 months but then lasted until 1972
  • Research question: what are the effects of syphilis in black male’s bodies in comparison to the research we already have on white individual?
37
Q

What aspects fo social / historical context did the author of Racism & Research discuss in regards to this study?

A

Social Darwinism:
I. Survival of the Fittest
- social order is a product of natural selection
Best and brightest @ the top i.e. white people
less @ the bottom i.e. black males in the study
- Biological ignores the social context
- blacks viewed as diseased, ignorant, primitive, sexual savages that couldn’t assimilate into civilized culture.
- thought blacks would eventually die out.

II. Hyper-sexuality / promiscuity

III. Prone to Disease

IV Ignorance
-Blacks had smaller brains; less intelligent

38
Q

What are the 5 research ethics?

A
  1. Do no harm
    - right to subjects’ own being (physical, mental & emotional)
  2. Informed Consent
    - Right to know what are the risks and benefits
    - What the study entails
  3. Debriefing:
    - right to know what the study entailed after the fact
    * sometimes people will use social desirability (answering questions in a way that looks favorable on you) if known.*
  4. Amininity / Confidentiality
    - right to privacy
  5. Freedom to withdrawal
    - Voluntary participation
39
Q

What is social desirability?

A

Answering questions in a way that look favorable on you

40
Q

What was Mark Regnerus Research about?

A

2012 study about the effects of childhood family structure on adults (psychology / relationships and emotions)

  • 3,000 sampled (18-39 years old)
  • 163 had mothers reported as the same sex
  • 75 with the same father
41
Q

What did Regnerus’ research find?

A
  1. LM –> 28% unemployed / Intact –> 8%
  2. LM –> 40% adulturists / IN –> 13 %
  3. LM –> 23% sexual victimization / IN –>3 %
  4. LM –> 19% therapy / IN 8%
42
Q

Why was Regnerus’ study problematic?

A

Because there were skewed numbers and misrepresentation of the data. The questions didn’t properly whether the parents were actually in lesbian relationships or not / people were involved that weren’t supposed to be involved

43
Q

What does validity mean in research methods?

A

are you measuring what you say you’re measuring?

44
Q

What does reliability mean in research methods?

A

In research, the term reliability means “repeatability” or “consistency”. A measure is considered reliable if it would give us the same result over and over again (assuming that what we are measuring isn’t changing!).

45
Q

What does the author Greta Christina (Are We having Sex Now or What) conclude in attempting to define sex and what are some of the reasons why she had difficulty in attempting the task?

A

Q1: She still doesn’t have a conclusive answer as to what an agreeing idea of what “sex” is.

Q2: in her study there were no representative sample of adult residents who agreed what behaviors constituted as to having sex. Thee are diverse opinions regarding which actions constitute as having sex, however a large portion of those sample believed

46
Q

Historically how have intersex persons been treated by the medical community?

A

“rather than accept intersexuality as a naturally occurring disruption of the two-sex model, the medical profession surgically removes or modifies intersex genitalia to fit into the sex binary, providing evidence that sex is a socially constructed phenomenon”

47
Q

What is Georgianne davis’ view point on the treatment of intersex individuals?

A

“The sexual struggles associated with intersexuality need to be understood as a process and not just as a relation to the surgical history. The danger of focusing exclusively on surgery is that it reduces the medicalization process to the operating room. Intersex genital surgery poses real problems for intersexuals, but it is not the only piece to the medicalization puzzle. While sexual struggles are common to people’s experience of intersexuality, some…”

“…By rejecting the medicalization of intersexuality and the pathoigizing disorder of sex development terminology that goes along with it. Intersexuals can be gein to overcome their sexual anxieties in search for sexual pleasure”

48
Q

What is DSD and does the author like or dislike to use it?

A

DSD = medical terminology that upholds the two-sex system, while intersex language is an identity of characteristics that challenges its existence.

“By rejecting the DSD nomenclature, some intersexuals are able to avoid the medical profession’s attempt to force their bodies into sex, gender and sexuality categories assumed to be neatly biologically correlated.”

49
Q

What are the primary differences between those who identified as DSD and those who identified as “intersex”?

A

Those were were DSD = Heterosexual

Those with intersex = Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Questioning

50
Q

What pieces of advice are given in the terms of having sex with a trans person?

A
  1. Avoid relying on assumptions about our partner
  2. Ask where and how your partner wants to be touched
  3. Ask what words they use for their body parts
  4. Communicate your own desires
  5. Respect your partner’s boundaries
  6. Make space for creativity
51
Q

Does Harper Jean Tobin argue that the advice for having sex with trans people should be exclusively for them?

A

No. For everyone, sex can and should be a safe place wehre we can connect with, explore and affirm ourselves with one another.

52
Q

What is the role of women in “straight dues seeks same” by Jane Ward?

A

There is no role. There is a literal absence, However, they are a central part of STR8 Dudes’ erotic discourse and referenced as acceptable or preferable but unavailable sexua partners reinforcing that due sex is an insignificant substitute for “real sex”

also women are advertised as the central part of the encounter bu the desire to act out the gang rape of a woman is also common
“bangin’ the bitch

53
Q

How is dude sex a sexualized form of (heterosexual male bonding) according to Jane Ward?

A
  1. Social constructionists theory states that it is difficult to answer these questions because homosexuality and heterosexuality do not refer to the essential aspects of the self or some quantifiable set of sexual practices, but to the cultural and historically specific language used to explain and regulate heterosexuality
  2. Facilitated by misogyny and violence against women. Women’s bodies are the objects of violence while the expression of agent sexuality occurs among and between the men involved.
54
Q

How is authentic heterosexuality established?

A

by establishing one’s disinterest in a presumably gay activity (anal bullshit) as well as ones interest in one’s hyper-masculine activities i.e. often drunk or stoned, heterosexual porn, maintain a clear emotional boundary between them that draws upon the model of adolescent friendship

55
Q

WHo are Karl Benkert and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs?

A

** Benkert, a 14 year old book sellers apprentist, who became a writer and changed his name to Karoly Maria Kertbeny to take a n issue with every injustice. He argued that Nature had divided the human race into 3 sexual types:

  1. Monosexuals (self masturbation)
  2. Heterogenists (sex with animals)
  3. Heterosexuals (opposite sex)
  4. Homosexuals (same sex)

** Ulrich’s, antisodomny lawyer, proposed that homosexual men or “uranians” were actually a third sex, their attraction to other men was a manifestation of the female soul residing in their male bodies.

Both believed that sexual behavior was the expression of an identity into which we were born, a natural variation of the human.

both influenced Berliner and Hirschfeld to take out homosexuality out of the APA psychiatric guide

56
Q

What are Gary Greenburg’s views on essentialists (Biological based) arguments regarding sexuality (whether one is born straight or gay) how has it been effective and how could it be problematic?

A

“It is time to find reasons other than medical science to insist that people ought to be able to love whom they love”

57
Q

What is NARTH and what are their positions and goals?

A

National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality, to eliminate learning to be shame-sex affectionate without being same sex sexual

58
Q

What are the 3 main reasons for girls kissing?

A
  1. Getting attention
  2. Experimentation
  3. Sam-Sex desire
59
Q

What is hetero-flexibility?

A

being sexually fluid with greater capacity for attractions to both female and male partners.

Sex in Society (3 decks)

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