Final Exam Flashcards
Central powers in WWI
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria
Entente powers in WWI
Britain, France, Russia, and their colonial possessions
Components that made WWI destructive
-industrialization-machine guns-tanks-submarines-lethal gas
Schleifan Plan
-1914-German plan to get the French out of the war quickly
Marne Battle
-Sep 1914-German assault on France-each tried to outflank each other wound up in Belgium-600miles of trenches-western front
Eastern Front wars
-Austria-Hungary vs Russia-where the sig. battles of central powers-more things happened
Battle of Tannenburg
-August 1914-Germans destroyed Russians-German prowess in the rail system-brought prestige to Hindenburg and Lindendorff
Why Turkey entered WWI
-Russia declared war because Russian ports were attacked along the Black Sea
Why Italy entered WWI
-Britain and France promised parts of the Ottoman Empire
Battle of Jutlan
-May 1916-Naval battle off Danish peninsula between Germany and France-tactically a Germany victory-but Brits drove them back
Lusitania
-sunk may 7, 1915 by German u-boat-germans thought the ship carried contraband-it wasn’t carrying anything-stirred anti-german sentiments and pissed off Americans and Brits
Battle of Verdunn
-Feb-Dec 1916-French victory-Germans wanted to destroy French morale like they did in Russia-awful trench warfare
April 1917 on Western Front
-Nivelle offensive-promised the battle would win the war-failed because Germans found out about the plan and French mutinied and refused to fight
Commander in Chief Petain in France
-instituted a rotation system so people not always on the front lines 1917-promised no more attacks on German lines until Americans got to Europe
Galipoli Campaign
-1915-Brits tried to get Turkey out of the war-to open up trade routes to Russia and provide resources to the russians-would make Germany lose an ally-Turkey won
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- March 3, 1918-between German and Russians-took Russians out of the war-peace treaty
- really hard terms for Russia (reparations, lost territories etc)
Impact of a change in German leadership to Hindenburg and Leudendorf
-became dictators as well as military leaders (clausewitz would’ve shit himself)-they were determined to win the war with whatever it took-convinced ppl that Germany would win so didn’t prepare for post war situation-
Impact of a change in German leadership to Hindenburg and Leudendorf
-became dictators as well as military leaders (clausewitz would’ve shit himself)-they were determined to win the war with whatever it took-convinced ppl that Germany would win so didn’t prepare for post war situation-should have made peace
Arthur Zimmerman
-German-sent message to Mexico saying they could get back territory that it had lost to US if they sided with Germany
Battle of Belleau Wood
-1918-US victory over Germany-US naval prowess demonstrated
Nicholas II
-Tsar of Russia-made himself Chief of army-Russia was losing on E. Front-abducted and murdered in revolution
Baden
-new chancellor of Germany-asked for peace based on the 14 pts
Woodrow Wilson
-leader of Progressive movement-founding father of heocons (american primacy)-pro entente cause trade with Britain and France-reelected in 1916 on the platform that he would keep the US out of war-League of Nations
Compiegne (Armistice Day)
-Nov 11, 1918-armistice (really a surrender)-Germans had 2 wks to evacuate allied territories so wouldn’t be able to resume if negotiations fell through
Paris Peace Conference
-Jan 1919-Brit: Lloyd George-French: Clemenceau-Italy: Vitorrio Orlando-US: Woodrow Wilson-Germans sent delegation but weren’t allowed to participate
4 treaties that came out of Versailles
-with Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Turkey
Versailles Treaty
-Jun 28, 1919-3 types of clauses (military, reparations, territory)-New German republic being punished for mistakes of old monarchy
Military clauses in Versailles
- get rid of german armaments 2. no general staff (made one anyways and named it something else)3. germany occupied to make sure complied with military terms4. couldn’t have any ppl at border of France and Belgium or Swiss borders
Territorial clauses in Versailles
- lost all colonies to Britain2. Austria separate from Germany3. big area went to Poland4. lost Sudetanland (became a big prob in 1939)
Reparations clauses in Versailles
- germ accept full responsibility for calamities2. payments in bonds to assure ppl that germs were actually paying (not really)
Weimar Republic
-new govt after Kaisar’s abducation-constitution very similar to bismarck’s
Bonus marchers
-US-wanted early bonus for fighting in WWI cause of depression-MacArthur brutally drove them out
demogogue
uses ideology to stir people up; appeal to emotions rather than reason
Keynes on reparations
-didn’t like them-thought germany should build up balance of trade to help them recover after the war-but people wanted to make germany suffer
ABC bonds
-fooled public into thinking the Germans were actually paying
Treaty of Rapallo
-April 1922-Germany and Russia-renounced Brest Litovsk-restore diplomatic relations-economic cooperation
Ruhr Episode
-1923-economy wasn’t getting better after moratorium on reparations-France taken over factories as payments of reparations-German workers went on strike-German govt couldn’t afford to pay unemployment–>greatest inflation -middle class hurt the most cause savings went to shit
Nazi tried to take over Bavarian government
-Let by Hitler-Beer Hall Putsch -Hitler captured and tried for treason - 5 years in prison
Dawes Plan
Jan 1924-called for gradual rise of German payments over a 5 year period-occupied cities in Germany evacuated
League of Nations
-HQ in Geneva-disagreed about what the League’s role was supposed to be
Stresemann
-German chancellor-Bismarckian realist-created new currency after Ruhr Episode-negotiated Lacarno (conciliatory and fulfillment)
Geneva Protocol
-prohibited the use of chemical/biological weapons in international warfare
Lacarno Agreements
1925-Brits, France, Germ, Italy, Belg, Czech, Poland-Stresemann and Briand Nobel -Germany negotiated as an equal-Rhineland Pact (demilitarized)-territorial disputes resolved
Lenin
-seized power in 1922-marxist regime-nationalized all private property
Stalin
-confiscated all land and made huge farms run by the government-peasants revolted (burned and shot livestock)-Stalin killed 10 m peasants-purged members of the party who would challenge him-wanted to spread communism-feared that the capitalist states would work together to topple Bolshevik regime