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NuFS-139 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 benefits of vegetarian diets?

A

-Lower in Fat
-Higher in Fiber
-Higher in Phytochemicals
(Which lower risk of cancer and heart disease)
-Higher in fruits/vegetables
(Lower risk of hypertension)

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2
Q

Vitamin B12 Function: (2)
Deficiency: (3)
Food Source: (5)

A

Function: DNA Synthesis and Nerve Cell Communication
Deficiency: Pernicious Anemia, muscle weakness, neurological disturbance
Food Source: (Animal Products ONLY) Eggs, Dairy, fortified grains, rice/almond/soy milk, supplements

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3
Q

Vitamin D Function: (3)
Deficiency: (2)
Food Source: (2)

A

Function: Involved in bone formation by regulating calcium absorption, also in metabolism and excretion
Deficiency: Soft, weak bones. Greater risk for cancer and chronic diseases
Food Sources: Fortified Milk, Soy Milk

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4
Q

Calcium Function: (4)
Deficiency: (1)
Food Source: (6)
What to avoid: (4)

A

Function: Strengthen Bones, Muscle Contraction, Nerve Transmission, Blood Pressure Regulation
Deficiency: Osteoporosis: Porous, brittle bones
Food Source: Milk, cheese, yogurt, dark green veggies, nuts and beans
What to avoid: Soda, Animal Protein, Salt, lack of exercise

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5
Q

What is iron and what is its function? Which type of iron is harder to absorb?

A

The oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells. It functions to oxygenate tissues. Non-heme iron (plant protein) is harder to absorb

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6
Q

List 7 sources of Iron

A

Whole grains, fortified cereal, raisins, winter squash, legumes, iron cookware, and blackstrap molasses

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7
Q

Function of Zinc: (4)
Deficiency: (2)
Food Sources: (5)

A

Function: Acts as co-enzyme for many reactions, DNA synthesis, cell repair, and growth and development
Deficiency: Loss of taste and appetite, poor immune response
Food Sources: Dairy, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds

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8
Q

What is a good tip for getting zinc in your diet?

A

Add lemon juice or vinegar to your dishes but don’t take calcium supplements at the time you are having the meal

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9
Q

5 components of the optimal vegetarian diet:

A
  • Nuts and seeds: antioxidants, calcium, zinc, monounsaturated fats
  • Legumes: Protein, zinc, calcium, fiber
  • Omega-3 fats: Canola/walnut oil, soy, flaxseed
  • Calcium fortified OJ or soy/rice milk
  • Green leafy veggies: collard, kale, mustard, turnip/beet greens for B/C vitamins and beta carotene
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10
Q

What is organic farming based off of? What is its philosophy?

A
  • Based off of minimal use of off-farm inputs (synthetic fertilizers and pesticides)
  • Philosophy is to work with natural processes to conserve resources, maintain biodiversity, minimize waste and environmental impact
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11
Q

6 Rules of USDA National Organic Program

A
  • Annual inspections by registered certification agencies
  • Animals must have organic diet
  • Sick animals must be treated
  • Most document all soil inputs
  • Farmers must develop soil fertility and pest control plans
  • Must have buffer zone between them and conventional farms
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12
Q

5 Non-Organic farming practices

A
  • Use of antibiotics or growth hormones
  • GMO’s, irradiation, synthetic pesticides
  • Petroleum-based fertilizers
  • Animal feed containing manure or parts of slaughtered animals/urea
  • Animal Confinement
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13
Q

How do organic farmers maintain soil fertility? (6)

A
  • Green Manure
  • Fish Slurry
  • Blood meal
  • Bone Meal
  • Cover crops
  • Crop Rotation
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14
Q

How do organic farmers control pests PHYSICALLY? (5)

A
  • Crop rotation
  • Hand-picking
  • Drip-irrigation
  • Caulking/barriers
  • Sulfer and copper Compounds
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15
Q

How do organic farmers control pests BIOLOGICALLY? (2)

A
  • Lady bugs, birds, bats, spiders

- Microbial Pesticides: Contain a microorganism as the active ingredient

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16
Q

Why does organic food cost more? (5)

A
  • Not a mass-market item
  • Shorter Shelf Life
  • More labor intensive practices
  • Methods used are not subsidized by taxpayers
  • Consumers are paying full cost of growing food
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17
Q

3 ways organic growing is better

A
  • Organic Pesticides are less harmful to mammals
  • Risk of bio-accumulation is less
  • Reduce your risk of exposure to synthetic pesticides
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18
Q

What is the main benefit of soil fertility in organic farming?

A

-Gives organic produce higher amounts of micronutrients like vitamin C, iron, and magnesium

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19
Q

How is organic farming better for the environment? (5)

A
  • Fewer green house gas emissions
  • Less fossil fuel use
  • Decreased soil erosion
  • Maintains native insects, birds
  • Reduces contamination of groundwater
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20
Q

5 ways to reduce pesticide exposure

A
  • Trim fat from meat
  • Scrub produce and discard outer leaves
  • Avoid waxed fruits
  • Support farmer’s markets
  • Keep eating produce
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21
Q

Name the two keys to success for organic farming

A
  • Absence of subsidies and incentives for non-sustainable agricultural practices
  • Policies that support sustainable practices
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22
Q

What is the role of the USDA?

A

To promote conventional agriculture and weaken organic standards

23
Q

Neither organic or conventional food production is sustainable, so how should the world eat sustainably?

A

Develop a system that mimics cycles found in nature and is designed around natural behaviors of animals (using photosynthesis instead of fossil fuels for energy)

24
Q

4 things about Cattle

A
  • Portable fences
  • Graze intensively for a short period of time
  • Spread and fertilize seed
  • Stimulate new growth of diverse grassland
25
Q

4 things about Chickens

A
  • Portable coop follows after cattle
  • Grass sheared so chickens graze easier
  • Spread manure and eliminate parasites
  • Cows give feed to them and they keep the cows healthy
26
Q

4 things about Pigs

3 in winter, 1 in spring

A

Winter:
-Cattle in barn
-Layers of wood chips, straw, and corn are added to manure
-Heat created, corn ferments
Spring:
-Pigs root through compost for fermented corn, aerating it and making it sterile

27
Q

How does organic livestock upkeep benefit humans?

A

Our bodies have developed to need nutrients from a natural food chain and these processes derive less fat and cholesterol

28
Q

What is Life Cycle Assessment?

A

Quantification of the environmental impact of using a certain animal as a food source

29
Q

What 5 things does Life Cycle Assessment take into account?

A
  • Respiration
  • Food production
  • Waste Production
  • Environmental Controls (G.G Emissions, Energy Use, Land requirements, etc.)
  • Transportation
30
Q

What are fortified blended foods?

A

Cereals made with legumes (soy, beans, lentils) and fortified with micronutrients

31
Q

What is Biotechnology? Give examples (2)

A

Any technique that involves modifying living organisms or parts of them for specific use
Examples: Cross Breeding/Selective Breeding
Genetic Engineering

32
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic code of DNA specifying the amino acid sequence of all proteins synthesized by an organism

33
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of proteins that codes for a specific trait

34
Q

What are 3 advantages of genetic engineering?

A

Precision, speed, involving distantly related organisms

35
Q

List 3 examples of genetic engineering

A

Insect-resistant plants
Herbicide tolerant plants
Golden Rice

36
Q

What are 4 challenges to Biotechnology?

A
  • Lack of capacity in some countries to regulate and assess risks/benefits
  • High investment costs
  • Potential negative impacts and need for public awareness
  • Intellectual property management
37
Q

What are 5 concerns of genetic engineering?

A
  • Decrease in biodiversity
  • Pesticide-resistant insects
  • Increased use of herbicides
  • Unintended harm to other organisms
  • Food allergies
38
Q

List the 5 processes involved in the carbon cycle

A 
Photosynthesis
energy Metabolism
Decomposition
Limestone and Shell Formation
Combustion
39
Q

List the 4 processes involved in the nitrogen cycle

A

Fixation
Protein Building
Decomposition
Combustion

40
Q

Describe the Greenhouse Gas Effect…(5 things)

A
  • A layer of gasses act as a shield over Earth
  • Solar radiation travels through the atmosphere to warm earth’s surface
  • Earth radiates infrared radiation back into the atmosphere
  • Most is absorbed by greenhouse gasses and reflected to earth
  • Increase in gasses causes the earth’s temp to increase
41
Q

How is the Ocean changing?

A
  • Oceans are getting warmer, they absorb most of the heat that reaches the earth from the sun
  • Oceans act as a carbon sink, absorbing 30% of carbon dioxide emissions
  • Ocean salinity has decreased as arctic ice melts
42
Q

Name 4 types of extreme weather increase

A
  • Flooding from intense rainfalls
  • Droughts and desertification
  • Heat Waves
  • Hurricanes/cyclones/typhoons
43
Q

What are 4 ways habitats are being disrupted?

A
  • Alteration os species in trees of rainforests
  • Change of plaints in the plains
  • Animals migrating away from the equator
  • Plants growing at higher elevation, blooming earlier
44
Q

How does agriculture contribute to gas emission?

A
  • CO2, Burning fossil fuels to make pesticides and fertilizers
  • CO2, Conversion of forests to make land for grazing and growing crops
  • Methane Emissions from cattle and pig manure and urine
  • NO2 emissions from manure and fertilizers
45
Q

How will lower crop yield affect consumers?

A
  • Food prices will rise

- Lessened calorie availability will increase childhood malnutrition by 20%

46
Q

What is the IPCC? What do they aim to do?

A

InterGovernmental Panel on Climate Change, aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

47
Q

What are the costs (2) and benefits (1) of doing nothing to fight climate change?

A 
Costs: 
-Disproportionate impact on the poor
-Huge economic and environmental impact
Benefit:
-Coal, oil, and gas industries continue to thrive
48
Q

What 4 ways can governments help institute change?

A
  • Regulate fuel efficiency standards
  • Set high prices for fossil fuels and subsidies for efficiency
  • Inform/Educate people on how to make changes
  • Support research for new technology
49
Q

What are the three types of International Aid?

A
  • Bilateral Aid: One country aiding another
  • Multi-lateral Aid: United Nations Programs
  • Non-government organizations: Private organizations with no government affiliation
50
Q

What are 4 goals of USAID?

A
  • Enhance US military security
  • Enhance US economic prosperity
  • Promote democracy abroad
  • Promote relief from poverty
51
Q

What is USAID?

A

U.S. Agency for International Development

52
Q

What are 2 examples of Non-government organizations that provide foreign aid?

A
  • Doctors without Borders

- C.A.R.E.

53
Q

What are 4 complications of foreign aid?

A
  • Corruption
  • Lack of infrastructure
  • Shift away form eating local foods
  • Cultural Food Differences
54
Q

List 4 keys to success in foreign aid

A
  • Improve basic health
  • Invest in Education
  • Improve electricity and clean water/sanitation
  • Promote gender equality

NuFS-139 (3 decks)

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