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NuFS-139 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of malnourishment in developing countries? What % of children does this effect in these countries?

A

Poverty: Unable to afford food even though there is a surplus. Effects 80% of malnourished kids

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2
Q

What 2 problems arise from lack of access to land?

A
  • Unable to grow/gather adequate food

- Excluded from a source of power

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3
Q

What 4 problems arise from highly concentrated land ownership?

A
  • Few people/corporations own most farm land
  • High rents to tenant farmers
  • Crops grown for export and land used to graze cattle for beef export
  • Displacement from land and forced onto marginal soil
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4
Q

Colonial administrators declared that _______ land was their property…

A

Uncultivated

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5
Q

List 7 forms of inequality that women deal with worldwide

A
  • Unable to vote
  • Unable to attend school
  • Unable to hold paying jobs
  • Unable to hold land or qualify for loans
  • Can be forced into marriage
  • Can be killed by her family if she is raped
  • Can be killed by in-laws if her marriage dowry isn’t large enough
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6
Q

When raising children, girls suffer from ____, ____, and ____ neglect compared to their brothers.

A

Physical, emotional, and intellectual

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7
Q

What % of household food production is done by women? What tasks do they do?

A

65-80%

-Plant, weed, harvest, winnow and pound grains, dry food in the sun, tend poultry, selling cash crops at market

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8
Q

Women also do ___% of household work such as ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

A

100%

-Cooking, cleaning, laundry, childcare, collecting wood, collecting water

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9
Q

On average, women work about ___ hours/day.

A

15

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10
Q

On average, men work about ___ hours/day while they ___, ___, and ___.

A

6-8 hours

-Tend large livestock, grow cash crops, plough and water crops

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11
Q

List the 4 goals aimed at restoring gender equality

A
  • Promote gender based equity in access to productive resources
  • Enhance women’s participation in policy making
  • Promote actions to reduce rural women’s workload
  • End laws that prohibit women from inheriting property
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12
Q

How is a population measured? (5 factors)

A
  • Births/Deaths
  • Immigration/Emigration
  • DT
  • TFR
  • % Natural Increase
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13
Q

What limits the population size of animal populations?

A

Carrying Capacity of the environment

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14
Q

Growth rate of the human population for most of history was stable at ____%year.

A

0.002%/year

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15
Q

Most animals live off of _____ _____ _____

A

Sustained natural resources

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16
Q

What is Malthusian Theory?

A

Any time an individual produces more than one reproducing offspring, they are contributing to exponential growth.

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17
Q

What are the two ways to have a stable population? Which one occurs in nature?

A
  • High births offset by high deaths (occurs in nature)

- Low births offset by low deaths

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18
Q

Our current growth rate is slowing down, but is still ____%, or ____million/year.

A

1.33% or 78 million/year

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19
Q

Current estimates are that population will stabilize at _____ in the year ____.

A
  • 9 billion in 2050

- We are already using resources unsustainably

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20
Q

List 5 factors that favor large family size

A
  • Community Power
  • Rural Lifestyle
  • Lack of Security
  • High infant mortality
  • Less educational and occupational opportunities for women
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21
Q

What 4 things is overpopulation causing globally?

A
  • Unsustainable use of resources
  • Species decline
  • Water/Air pollution
  • Change in composition of atmosphere
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22
Q

How do we calculate our impact on the planet?

A

I=PxAxT

Impact=Population x Affluence x Technological Pollution

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23
Q

What are 4 solutions to overpopulation?

A
  • Family planning clinics
  • Increased education of women
  • Increase availability/affordability of healthcare
  • More equal access to land, food, jobs
24
Q

What causes socially-generated scarcity?

A
  • Lack of access to land

- Poverty due to lack of education, racial/gender inequality

25
Q

What factors indicate less food security in the future?

A
  • Grain production per person decreasing
  • Seafood catch per person decreasing
  • Water pumped unsustainably
  • Less land for food production
  • Dietary/Agricultural changes lead to less efficient use of land
26
Q

What were some past strategies of increasing food production?

A
  • Irrigation of previously arid areas
  • Plow more land/migrate to new areas
  • Terracing hilly land
  • New crops for new regions
  • Synthetic fertilizers/pesticides
27
Q

Did past strategies for food production increase actually help long-term?

A

No, the environmental cost was too great and the rate of increase in crop yield could not be sustained.

28
Q

What are 4 reasons for decline in ocean wildlife?

A
  • Overfishing
  • Seafood farming
  • Pollution
  • Climate Change
29
Q

How many people lack access to adequate drinking water?

A

1.1 billion

30
Q

List 4 causes of water shortage

A
  • Increased standard of living
  • Inefficient use of water (waste)
  • Pollution (less usable water)
  • Dietary changes
31
Q

What is the consequence of unsafe drinking water?

A

Water-borne diseases

  • diarrhea
  • stomach cancer
  • typhoid
  • dysentery
  • Hepatitis A
32
Q

What 5 ways can we prevent water scarcity?

A
  • Grow water-efficient crops
  • Reward farmers who use water efficiently
  • Eat lower on the food chain
  • Do not buy bottled water
  • Recycle
33
Q

Define Ecology:

A

The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment.

34
Q

Define Ecosystem:

A

A dynamic community that is made up of all living creatures and their total environment within a specified area.

35
Q

Define Habitat:

A

A site where a plant or animal naturally lives or grows.

36
Q

Define Ecological Niche:

A

A functional role of a given species within an ecosystem.

37
Q

What is the difference between Agribusiness and Alternative/Sustainable Agriculture?

A

Agribusiness is practiced on a large scale by those that own vast amounts of land, and alternative agriculture is a small scale, individual approach that attempts to minimize fuel and chemical input.

38
Q

List 7 unsustainable practices within Agribusiness

A
  • Synthetic Pesticides
  • Synthetic Fertilizer
  • Monocultures
  • Energy Usage
  • Confined Animal Feeding
  • Unnatural Diets
  • High speed slaughterhouses
39
Q

What are 4 types of synthetic pesticides?

A

Insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides

40
Q

How are pesticides regulated?

A

EPA and FDA set limitations on the minimum and maximum residue levels a pesticide can produce to increase safety

41
Q

What are 2 main concerns about pesticide usage?

A
  • Knowledge of health hazards is limited to exposure to one pesticide at a time, not multiple
  • Bioaccumulation is not taken into account
42
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of pesticide use?

A
  • Fieldworkers exposed to high levels
  • Death of natural predators of insects
  • Death of non-target species
  • Development of pesticide resistance
43
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of synthetic fertilizers?

A
  • Overuse of fertilizer
  • Increased dependence on fertilizers
  • Water pollution causing death of species
  • Increased atmospheric nitrogen
44
Q

What are the 3 main costs of our global appetite?

A
  • Low diversity threatens food security
  • Decreased incentive to preserve local plant/animal species
  • Greater agricultural inputs are needed for non-native species
45
Q

What gave rise to monocultures?

A

The green revolution: When scientists attempted to increase crop yield by limiting diversity of crops grown

46
Q

Why is corn favored in livestock grazing over grass?

A

It can be used to fatten animals for production and corn supports a large economy, grass doesn’t.

47
Q

List a few of the 5 main things a factory-farmed cow is fed

A
  • liquified vitamins
  • antibiotics
  • protein supplements
  • liquified fat
  • synthetic estrogen (blended with corn)
48
Q

List 5 health impacts of an unnatural diet

A
  • Bloating
  • Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
  • E Coli
  • Mad Cow disease
  • Altered nutritional quality of meat
49
Q

Why do animals make poor food-production machines?

A
  • Very inefficient converters of plant calories into meat calories
  • 10 grams of vegetable protein is needed to generate 1 gram of meat protein
50
Q

Why is land used poorly in raising livestock?

A
  • Animal (meat) production uses 6-17 times more land than soy production
  • Almost half the world’s farmland is used as pasture for livestock
  • 37% of world’s wheat goes towards wedding livestock
51
Q

Why is meat production bad for the atmosphere?

A

-Uses 6-20 times more fossil fuels than plant production

52
Q

What are 4 of the costs of making cheap food?

A
  • Food borne illness
  • Soil Degradation
  • Pollution
  • Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
53
Q

Why is food waste such a significant form of waste?

A

Because you are wasting all of the water, fossil fuels, land, greenhouse gas emissions, money, pesticides, fertilizers, and grains that went into making that meal when you throw it away.

54
Q

What 4 factors give rise to food waste in America?

A
  • Food left to rot in fields
  • Stores and restaurants throw our unsold food
  • Improper storage and distribution
  • Consumers not eating what they purchase
55
Q

What can we do to feed the world sustainably?

A
  • Stabilize the population
  • Stop wasting food
  • Eat lower on the food chain
  • Eat organic or locally-grown produce
  • Buy animal products from small family farms

NuFS-139 (3 decks)

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