Final Exam Flashcards
What does Mary Douglas say about communities?
- The process of debate is what constitutes a community and perpetuates its existence
What is community?
- Highly interconnected, heterogeneous, rife with discord and dispute
- Can often imply a false consensus and coherence
- Fluid and unstable
- Shared interests
What were the characteristics of the mass audience in the last century? Versus the media audience today?
- Past = Highly passive, non-participatory
- Present = With the advent of digital technologies and new theories about the active character of the audience, we see the viewer as interacting, collaborating, and co-producing content
Who suggested that the ‘greatest changes’ within media culture are ‘occurring within consumption communities. The biggest change may be the shift from individualized and personalized media consumption toward consumption as a networked practice’.
& positioned the individual in participatory culture as a consumer
- Henry Jenkins
A person who posts rude and often racist, sexist, homophobic or obscene messages can be defined as what?
- A hater
Who said that ‘American public discourse is based on the metaphor of war’ and ‘Americans live in an atmosphere of unrelenting contention’?
- Deborah Tannen
What do ‘flaggers’ do?
- Falsely flag a video for violating YouTube’s content regulations
- Can lead to YouTube removing a video or deleting a member’s account
- Common censorship strategy within YouTube that highlights the corporations uneven application of its content policies
What does Burgess suggest (echoing Mary Douglas’ notion of communities)?
- The issue for all players in the controversies is the extent to which they have an influence on the future of community in which they have so much invested
- playfulness and effect ‘characterize the common culture of youtube’ we are not just passively watching
Who said that autoethnography can degrade into narcissism or an overly optimistic evaluation of the audience’s ability to provide a full self- explanation?
-Matt Hill
Who told the NY times that ‘the US is pretty unusual in providing the broad protection of hate speech?’
Cass Sunstein
Who said that ‘People who do not regularly participate on YouTube may not understand why people watch seemingly poor quality videos’ and ‘creating and circulating video effectively enacts social relationships between those who make and those who view videos’?
Patricia C. Lange
What are the most popular content themes on YouTube?
- Music
- Entertainment
- Comedy
Who did a study concluding that popular amateur videos on YouTube tend to show individuals engaged in uncommon activities?
-Brian M Landry
Who describes the cinema of attraction as ‘the direct address of the audience, in which an attraction is offered to the spectator by a cinema show-man’?
- Tom Gunning
Who suggests that ‘youtube functions as a cinema of attractions by engaging an audience that is highly attuned to attractions’?
& the ‘dialogue nature of video sharing sites produces a kind of hyper- attraction as not only are subscribers invited to watch clips but post comments or respond through video posts’?
Teresa Rizzo
What is DMCA?
- Digital Millennium Copyright Act
- States that videos violating ‘rules’ will be taken down
How does Raymond Williams describe the commercial media system?
- As Consisting of ‘centralized transmission and privatized reception’ over a quarter century ago this prediction was made
What is the active audience theory?
- States that the audience is participating in the production of their own videos and are commentators of other videos
What is semiotic guerrilla warfare?
- Describes the challenge to the corporate control of power that a truly active audience represents
- Attempts to understand the everyday resistances and evasions that make ideology work so hard and insistently to maintain itself and its values
- Essentially optimistic and sees popular culture as progressive.
What is popular culture?
- What YouTube is fast becoming
- Potentially progressive
- Things that are prevalent and valued in mainstream society
What is appropriative power?
- The power that active audiences have to make their own meanings
- Constantly altering the original
Ex: ‘Downfall’ movie clip that lampooned Hillary Clinton- compares politicians defeats to that of hitler
What is ‘tracking’?
- Following a politician around while armed with a video camera and waiting for them to say the wrong thing
- May eliminate spontaneousness and force politicians to seek out controlled events and avoid speaking in public
What is the Harper Dictatorship?
- A video depicting Canada’s pm Stephen Harper, as a defeated Hitler who says ‘When are people going to realize that I’m the world’s greatest leader?’
What is ideology?
- Where power and ideas connect
- Often manifested as beliefs that a subordinate group holds which primarily serve the interests of a dominant group
Who said that ‘those who tell stories rule society’?
Plato
Who equates capitalism with democracy and argues that the personal computer will make people ‘richer, smarter, and more productive’?
- George Gilder
What was the first ‘bedroom/ laptop war’?
- Gaza vs Israel
- Both sides made extensive use of YouTube to influence public opinion
Israel= b&w videos with no sound Palestinians= vivid videos of chaos and destruction
How is politics represented on YouTube?
- It often aims to mock politicians or to show them in their worst light
- YouTube works against conventional campaign practices by bringing disparate and isolated audiences together
What does ‘Bastard Culture’ do?
- Attempts to frame participatory culture as an illegitimate offspring of commercial cultural industries
What does Jean burgess say about popularity within YouTube?
- It is the result of a mass creative response to a video
Who says that the Internet imposes ‘tight controls’ on communication and digital culture?
- Tarleton Gillespie
Who developed ‘the New anger’ - about declaring one’s personal identity?
- Peter Wood
Who looks forward to the formation of ‘a new dominant mode of visuality’?; and suggests the possibility of a future where video supersedes television as our main source of stories and paves the way to a cultural democracy?
Sean Cubitt
