Final Exam Flashcards
A scientific study of the effects of drug effectivness should at the very least incldue?
- a comparison or control that gets only a non effective placebo
- a group that gets the drug in an effective dose
The specific aite of large scale ATP synthesis in a eukaryotic cell is the?
Mitichondria
Which of the following is the smallest?
ribosome
virus
protein
mitochondria
bacterium
Protein
Which statement is most accurate about the Kam-Hansen et. al article about migraine treatments?
All statments are correct.
Person
Living vs Non-Living
Laws of Chemistry
Friedrich Wohler
Person
Crude Mircoscope
Cellulae
Robert Hooke
Person
radioisotopes
Pathway for photosynthetic carbon metabolism
Melvin Calvin
Which answer correclty shows the hierarchical naure of cellular structure from simplest to the most complex?
Organic molecules, macromolecules, organelles, a cell
Membranes usually are not permeable to polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins, how are cells able to incorporate these molecules?
Macromolecules are digested in the extracellular space, and their subunits move through transport proteins.
Macromolecules are transported via endocytosis and are digested within the cell
Carbon has four electrons in its outermost quantum energy level orbits, so it usualy can be found with ___ covalent bonds with other atoms. This bonding can lead to long chains, branched chains, or____ formations.
4:ringed
Which of the following biological plymers is mismatched with its monomer?
cellulose-fatty acid
Which of the following is NOT a possible non-covalent interaction?
All-of the above are non-covalent interactions
The process of partial hydrogenation takes vegtable oils and fats and transforms them by?
causing the reduction of double bonds in fatty acid chains, thus making them more dense and melting at higher temperatures.
A secretory cell of the pancrease would likely include all of the following structures and organelles in great quantity EXCEPT?
flagella
A protein with quaternary structure includes most types of covalent and non-covalent bonds and interactions, and also includes?
at least four tertiary protein subunits
Automobile 100 parts and 4 workers, each worker 25 parts then add together
Hierarchical self-assembly
When RNA from a specific strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is mixed with coat protein from the same strain in a test tube, infectious virions (virus particles) are formed. What is the most reasonable conclusion that could be drawn from this finding?
TMV protein and RNA self-assempbles without any energy or informational input
What gives rise to the cohesiveness of water molecules?
hydrogen bonding
Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule above is most likely?
Positivley Charged
Fibrous proteins composing hair and silk have extensive____ structure, which allows them to be highly ordered and repetitive.
secondary
Albuterol—Why is it importan fo this drug to consist of only one enantiomeric form, rather than a mixture of enantiomers?
different enantiomers such as the L-form may have different effects or be ineffective.
The structure level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the?
primary level
A protein with tertiary structure may be held together by?
alll of the above
The amino acids above comprise a group of amino acids with _____ R-groups
non-polar
Which of the following molecules has quaternary structure?
hemoglobin
Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as monosaccharides are to?
polysaccharides
Which of the following organelle/structures is NOT generally found in animal cells?
central vacuole
Which of the following is TRUE of plant cells?
Plant cells contain chloroplasts
The smooth endoplasmic eticulum functions primarily in synthesis of?
lipids
The major structura; elements of the cytoskeleton are?
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filamenst
Singer and Nicholson came up with a model of membranes that included?
a model incorperating a phospholipid bylayer and proteins integrated into the lipids.
With regard to the semipermeable nature of the plasma membrane, which of the following would most readily cross without the aid of a transport protein?
Water
Which method below would be best to seperate and determine membrane lipid composition?
Thin Layer Chromotography
The techique that allows various proteins to be seperated from the membrane and differentiaited based on size and charge with electrical current is?
SDS-PAGE
What class of membrane proteins are found only on one side of membranes, but with non-polar portion extending into the bilayers?
integral monotopic
Why do some anaerobic bacteria use an ethanol fermentation, rather than just simply allowing pyruvate to diffuse away from the cell after glycolysis?
b&c
ethanol diffueses out of the cell faster and without a protein transporter
the fermentation also allows for regeneration of NAD+
The statment “The total amount of energy in the universe is constant,” is tenet of?
The first law of thermodynamics
Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resuling in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
As a consequence of growing, organisms break down a great number of organic molecules, causing a greater increase of entropy in their enviroment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth
The Oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process of event?
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs_____.
In both the glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
An allosteric inhibitor?
binds at the regulatory site
The phenomenon of an enzyme changing shape to further envelop the substrate when it binds is called?
induced fit
In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?
Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.
HIgh energy molecules in living systems don’t often break down in water soultion, even when they would result in highly exergonic reactions. This is because?
high energy molecules are in a metastable state with relatively high activation energy for reactions to take place.
When transporting large uncharged molecules such as glucose across a membrane, which of teh following is/are false?
ATP directly attaches to the symport moving glucose against gradient.
In some cells, it was noted that water moved faster than could be accounted for by simple diffusion. From this information, which of the following were identified and characterized?
aquaporines
The Na+/K+ pump actively moves?
3 Na+ out & 2 K+ in
Cystic Fibrosis is the result of a malfunction of the cell in transporting which if the following ions?
Cl-
The primary difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion is that active transport is the only one in which?
low [S} is transported to high [S}
The gross output of ATP from glycolysis is_____, whereas the net output of ATP is_______?
4 : 2
Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2?
Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.
Glucose is transported in the blood stream to cells in all parts of your body. In cells, glucose has four main factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those fates?
Glucose is transformed to sucrose
The tricarboxylic acid cycle is considered amphibolic because
It leads to both the consumption and generation of both carbohydrates and amino acids.
The Cori cycle describes the process of?
Production of glucose in the liver by recycling lactate from skeletl muslce
The site on an enzyme that will bind the substrate is called the?
active site
AN enzyme is ative in the stomach acids of an animal but quickly loses its activity when it enters the intestine. This is an example that some enzymes are?
Sensitive to changes in pH
Bacterorhodopsin absorbes light energy at certan wavelengths in order to?
Transport H+ ions
When short of oxygen, skeletal muscle can use lactic acid fermentation. what usually happens to this lactic acid?
It diffues into the blood and is picked up by liver cells for gluconeogenesis
In cystic fibrosis, why does the lack of ion transport into the mucus of small lung passages lead to congested and infected lungs?
osmosis does not occur into the mucus; thick immovable lung mucus results and bacteria grow.
Both the phosphorylation of itermeditaes and the formation of ATP in glycolysis are examples of?
substrate-level phosphorylation
Beta oxidation of these molecules converts them into acetyl-CoA, which can than enter the Krebs cycle for energy derivation. These are?
Fatty acids
Which of the following is NOT a product of the TCA cycle?
acetyl CoA
The reations at pyruvate dehydrogenase produce all of the following except?
ATP
In eukaryotes, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA?
in the mitochondrial matrix
One molecule of NADH produced by glycolysis im a common eukaryotic cell using glycerol-3-P shuttle in aerobic processes evebtually produces?
2 ATP via chemiosmosis
________________ is a type of self tolerance that is induced during the early stages of lymphocyte development.
Connective tissues typically have _____.
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return because the cartilage of your ear contains_____.
elastic fibers
In research on aging (both cellular aging and organismal aging), it has been found that aged cells do not progress through the cell cycle as they had previously. Which of the following, if found in cells or organisms as they age, would provide evidence that this is related to cell signaling?
Growth factor ligands do not bind as efficiently to receptors.
Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?
lysis of the cell
