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World Religions > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Ka’ba

A

the black cube that is in the center of Mecca; physical center for pilgrimage; spiritual center for prayer

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2
Q

Hijra

A

the “Immigration”; refers to the time Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina; year 1 for the Muslim calendar (year 622 AD on the Christian time marking scheme)

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3
Q

‘abd

A

means “servant”; refers to the most basic role of Muhammad as prophet: he obeys God

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4
Q

na’bi

A

means “prophet”, or one who delivers a message from God; the second role of Muhammad as prophet: he listens to God

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5
Q

rasul

A

means “messenger”, or one who delivers a message from God; the third role of Muhammad as prophet: he speaks for God

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6
Q

nadhir

A

means “warner”, and tells what the message from God is about; the final role of Muhammad as prophet: he warns of coming judgment

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7
Q

iman

A

articles of faith; the basic doctrines or fundamental beliefs of Islam

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8
Q

shirk

A

means “association”, and refers to associating or identifying anything with Allah; it is considered an unforgivable sin in Islam; sometimes translated “idolatry”

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9
Q

ihsan

A

right conduct; the basic codes of morality for Islam; the behaviors that are “righteous”

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10
Q

‘ibadat

A

literally “service”, refers to religious duties; the prescribed worship practices of Islam (AKA the “five pillars”)

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11
Q

minaret

A

the tower in a mosque from which the muezzin calls out the time for prayer five times a day

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12
Q

muezzin

A

the one who calls out prayer time from a minaret

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13
Q

mihrab

A

the niche, indentation or recess in the wall at the front of a mosque which indicates the direction to Mecca

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14
Q

hajj

A

the pilgrimage to Mecca

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15
Q

jihad

A

literally means “struggle”, refers to spiritual warfare, both in the heart and on the earth

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16
Q

shari’ah

A

often translated “law”, refers to a more general code of behavior or rule for all of life

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17
Q

fiqh

A

literally means “understanding”, and refers to the human application of the shari’ah, which is from divine revelation

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18
Q

Qur’an

A

the “recitation”, the words of God; the revelation of Islam

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19
Q

Hadith

A

refers to the sayings of the prophet when he was not reciting the words of God; these are considered authoritative

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20
Q

Sunna

A

refers to the actions of the prophet; these are also considered authoritative and a model for correct behavior

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21
Q

Ijma’

A

means “consensus”; it is a means of determining shari’ah based on the consensus of the ulama (the learned ones)

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22
Q

Qiyas

A

means “analogy”; it is a means of determining shari’ah based on analogies drawn between the situation in the Qur’an and the present; these analogies are drawn by the ulama

23
Q

Ijtihad

A

means “mental struggle” and refers to a means of determining shari’ah based on the opinion or reasoning of just on individual (in Shi’ite Islam, this is the prerogative of the Imam)

24
Q

Ma’rifa

A

refers to mystical wisdom; acquired through meditation and prayer; used by the Sufis

25
Q

Sunni

A

the majority sect of Islam; most conservative; adheres strictly to the Qur’an as its source of authority

26
Q

ulama

A

the “learned ones”; an assembly of men who are learned in the Qur’an, Hadith, and Sunna, and capable of making legal decisions

27
Q

mufti

A

an individual member of the ulama

28
Q

Shi’ites

A

the principle sect of Islam; followers of the Imam, the leader of who has come through the blood-line of the Ali clan

29
Q

imam

A

leader in prayer for Sunni; the spiritual and political leader for Shi;ites

30
Q

ayatollah

A

“the sign of God”, one who holds authority and rules in the place of the hidden Imam in Shi’ite Islam (especially Ithna Ashriya…the twelvers)

31
Q

Sufis

A

“wool wearers”, the mystical sect of Islam

32
Q

shaykh

A

“leader” (or “gray haired old man”); in Sufi Islam it refers to the spiritual leader

33
Q

ghaiba

A

means “hidden” and refers to the hiddenness, absence, or invisibility of the Imam in Shi’ite Islam

34
Q

mahdi

A

literally means “rightly guided one”, figuratively means “messiah” and refers to the return of the hidden Iman to establish the perfect social and political order on the earth (Shi’ite)

35
Q

bid’a

A

literal means “innovation” and applies to updating of Islam as the times and contexts change fundamentalists translate this to be “heresy” because change is bad

36
Q

taqlid

A

this can refer to “tradition” or the historical application of Islam; modernists have tended to refer to it as the “blind imitation” that stultifies Islam

37
Q

Ahura Maza

A

Zoroastrianism

“Wise Lord”, the One true God to Zoroaster

38
Q

Gathas

A

Zoroastrianism

early revelations or Zoroaster; “hymns” in poetic and metrical style

39
Q

Zend Avesta

A

Zoroastrianism

the sacred texts the canon; the record of the revelations to Zoroaster

40
Q

Spenta Mainyu

A

Zoroastrianism

the “holy spirit” in Zoroastrianism; that agency through which God’s power is manifest and his will is implemented

41
Q

Angra Mainyu

A

Zoroastrianism

the evil spirit in Zoroastrianism; the explanation for the presence of evil in the world

42
Q

YHWH

A

Judaism

the unspeakable mysterious name of God

43
Q

Muhammad

A

the prophet (rasul) of Islam

44
Q

al-Ghazali

A

the great synthesizer of Islam; through his personal experiences in each aspect of Islam, he brought together Sunni, Shi’ite and Sufi

45
Q

Bab-ud-din

A

the “Gate of Faith”; technically, founder of Babis,. but inspirational founder of Baha’i in Iran

46
Q

Baha’u’llah

A

the “Glory of Allah”; avid disciple of Bab-ud-din; founder of Baha’i

47
Q

F. Muhammad Ali

A

appeared in early mid 20th century Detroit with a special revelation from God or the Blacks in America; saw himself as a prophet of Black Islam

48
Q

Elijah Muhammad

A

follower of F. Muhammad Ali; leader of Black Muslims; propounded the radical ideology of the “Nation of Islam”

49
Q

M. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab

A

18th century Arabian who thought that all “bid’a” was heresy; all innovations to Islam were considered false and must be eliminated; he idealized the past as perfect Islam

50
Q

Malcolm X

A

follower of Black Islam of Elijah Muhhamad; excommunicated. went to Mecca, found true Islam, assassinated

51
Q

Wallace D. Muhammad

A

son of Elijah Muhammad, leader of Black Islam, disbanded Black Muslims in 1985; presently leader of the Blacks in America who are Muslims

52
Q

Louis Farrakhan

A

radical Black Muslim; revived the ideology of Elijah Muhammad; present leader of “the nation of islam”

53
Q

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

A

19th century Persioan who was the first to characterize the West as evil and the course of all of Islams problems; he also idealized the past perfections of Islam

54
Q

Zoroaster

A

the prophet of Ahura Mazda (Zoroastrianism)

World Religions (4 decks)

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