Exam 2: China

Question 1

Tao

Answer 1

• Chinese Worldview and Philosophy of Taoism
• Literally “the way”
• ultimate principle of harmony in the universe: cosmic, universal principle that accounts for (and causes) the harmony in the universe, the world, and in history

Question 2

T’ien

Answer 2

• Chinese Worldview
• literally “heaven”
• refers to an impersonal power in the world that ensures harmony and peace
• neither a place or a personal power

Question 3

Yin

Answer 3

• Chinese worldview and the philosophy of Taoism
• literally “shaded”
• one of the interacting powers of harmony in the world
• it is the negative energy mode: feminine, cold, dark, wet

Question 4

Yang

Answer 4

• Chinese Worldview and Philosophy of Taoism
• literally “sunlit”
• one of the interacting powers of harmony in the world
• it is the positive energy mode: masculine, light, warm, dry

Question 5

I Ching

Answer 5

• Chinese worldview and Taoism
• literally the “book of changes”
• divination text for telling the future based on the predictable harmony of the yin/yang balance of the world and its events
• the changes that the text records are the changes in the relative balance of yin and yang in the universe

Question 6

Shen

Answer 6

• Chinese Worldview
• good, benevolent spirits, basically yang in nature
• shen spirits found in warm, dry, well lit places

Question 7

Kuei

Answer 7

• Chinese Worldview
• Evil, Malevolent spirits
• basically yin in nature
• found in cool, damp, dark places

Question 8

Wu Wei

Answer 8

• Tao Chia (Philosophical Taoism)
• literally “non-action”
• implies not acting against the natural way of the Tao
• enjoins action that is spontaneous and unselfconcious
• means to the goal in Tao Chia

Question 9

Yang Chu

Answer 9

• Tao Chia (Philosophical Taoism)

- early Taosit who fled society to achieve harmony with the Tao

Question 10

Lao Tzu

Answer 10

• Tao Chia (Philosophical Taosim)
• literally “old master”
• early Taoist is considered by many to be the author of the Tao the ching, although it is doubtful

Question 11

Chuang Tzu

Answer 11

• Tao Chia (Philosophical Taoism)
• early taoist that lived in the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC
• compiled the writings of other early taoists
• wrote the Chuang Tzu

Question 12

Ko Hung

Answer 12

• Tao Chiao (Popular Taoism)
• lived in the 3rd century AD
• wrote a textbook of popular taoism which describes the rituals and ceremonies, magical incantations and charms, and the physical experiments that lead to immortality

Question 13

li

Answer 13

• Confucianism
• central ethical principle of confucius
• implies “propriety” or “appropriate actions”, the proper way to act; the principle of harmony in society

Question 14

Jen

Answer 14

• Confucianism
• Secondary principle of confucian ethics
• principle of “humaneness” consideration or “the will to of the good of others”
• attitude that informs the actions within the relationships

Question 15

Shu

Answer 15

• Confucianism
• Secondary Principle of Confucian ethics
• principle of reciprocity: “do not onto others what you would not have them do unto you”
• action that results from the attitude of jun, it is how you treat others

Question 16

Hsiao

Answer 16

• Confucian Ethics
• Cornerstone of the social order
• principle of filial piety, or the righteous behavior of a son
• if everyone lives in such a way as not to bring reproach on the name of his father, all of society will be ordered and harmony will ensue

Question 17

Mencius

Answer 17

• A confucian follower
• considered by some to be the principle disciple of confucius
• complied and edited the five confucian classics
• taught that human nature was good, with the potential of perfection

Question 18

Hsun Tzu

Answer 18

• a disciple of confucius that many consider to be heterodox because he seemed to contradict confucius on many points
• taught that human nature was bad, but could be taught to do the good

Question 19

Mo Tzu

Answer 19

• detractor of Confucius
• taught that human nature was good
• an idealist who had a vision of a brotherhood of workers working together for the common good that would ensure harmony in society

Question 20

Han Fei Tzu

Answer 20

• Confucian detractor
• taught that human nature was evil
• felt that the only way to control human nature was through law
• taught that happiness was security and safety in society

Question 21

Theravada

Answer 21

• literally “the way of the elders”
• refers to the simple, original Buddhism recorded in the Pali Canon
• also called Southern Buddhism because it is primarily found in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia

Question 22

Mahayana

Answer 22

• literally “the Great Boat”
• refers to the Buddhism that developed as it moved North through India into China, Korea, and Japan
• Also called Northern Buddhism
• interested in universal salvation rather than individual enlightenment

Question 23

Bodhisattva

Answer 23

Mahayana
-honored as a being of great compassion: having finally arrived at the threshold of enlightenment after many lifetimes, the bodhissatva turned his back on his own enlightenment to assist others in attaining enlightenment

Theravada:
-honored for having taken a vow to achieve enlightenment, and then moving toward that goal through many lifetimes

considered as a saint in both traditions

Question 24

Sangha

Answer 24

• Theravada Buddhism
  
  • exclusive order of monks who have renounces all possessions, positions and relations
  • inclined to pursue own enlightenment
• Mahayana Buddhism
  
  • association of priests
  • functions as a welfare society or church
  • dedicated to the well being of others

Question 25

Manushi

Answer 25

• Mahayana Buddhism
• one of the saviors
• he is the savior who was a human who reached enlightenment
• saved through the world by his teachings

Question 26

Tathagata

Answer 26

• Mahayana Buddhism
• One of the Saviors
• he is the savior who has achieved enlightenment in another world where there is no suffering
• he looks down on this world with pity and vows to save all beings
• saves by grace from this world

Question 27

Amitabha

Answer 27

• literally “infinite light”

- savior of Pure Land School who saves by grace, delivering people to the pure land

Question 28

Kung An

Answer 28

• Ch’an school of Buddhism

- meditation device, an insoluble riddle that causes the min to be distracted so enlightenment can slip in

Question 29

upaya

Answer 29

• T’ien T’ai School of Mahayana
• literally “means”
• refers to the way the Buddha taught on an appropriate level for his listeners, using whatever means that would bring results

Question 30

Shakyamuni

Answer 30

• Historic Buddha from India
• in chinese popular religion he is honored as a god
• worshipped and prayers are said to him

Question 31

Kuan Yin

Answer 31

• Chinese Popular Buddhism
• very popular Boddhisattva
• goddess of mercy
• holds a willow branch in one have and a vase in the other

Question 32

San Chiao

Answer 32

• Literally “three religions”
• refers to popular religion in China
• Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism

Question 33

Feng Shui

Answer 33

• literally “wind water”
• refers to geomancy or divination based on reading the yin/yang balance of the earth and the other elements
• important element of popular religion in China

Question 34

Ching t’u

Answer 34

-the pure land school of mahayana Buddhism in China

Question 35

Ch’an

Answer 35

The meditative school of Mahayana Buddhism in China

Question 36

T’ien T’ai

Answer 36

The doctrinal school of Mahayana Buddhism in China

Question 37

Lotus Sutra

Answer 37

• The text honored by the T’ien T’ai school

- Teaches about upaya and informs the way in which the Buddha is able to bring about universal salvation