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Anatomy Final JF > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

3 major thoracic spaces

A

Mediastinum
Right Pulmonary Cavity
Left Pulmonary Cavity

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2
Q

Thoracic wall includes

A

thoracic cage, muscles between ribs, skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, fascia

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3
Q

Thoracic wall functions

A

protects vital organs, provide attachment for and support of upper limb and muscles, respiration, conduit for GI tract

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4
Q

Internal thoracic arteries

A

arise from the first part of the subclavian arteries, branches include Superior Epigastric and Musculophrenic

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5
Q

Anterior intercostal artery

A

arise from internal thoracic

supplies intercostal muscles

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6
Q

Posterior intercostal artery

A

arise from thoracic aorta

runs with intercostal nerve and vein

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7
Q

Subcostal Artery

A

same as intercostal but below 12th rib

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8
Q

Internal thoracic vein

A

empties into Brachiocephalic vein

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9
Q

Anterior intercostal vein

A

empties into the internal thoracic vein

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10
Q

Posterior intercostal vein

A

empties into Azygos vein

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11
Q

Subcostal vein

A

empties into Azygos vein

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12
Q

Intercostal nerve

A

ventral rami T1-T11

between internal and innermost intercostals

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13
Q

Subcostal nerve

A

ventral rami T12

between abdominal muscles

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14
Q

Superior Thoracic Aperture Boundaries

A

Posterior: T1 vertebrae
Lateral: 1st pair of ribs and costal cartilages
Anterior: Manubrium

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15
Q

Superior Thoracic Aperture Contents

A

Trachea. Esophagus, Nerves and Vessels that supple and drain the head, neck, and upper limb

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16
Q

Inferior Thoracic Aperture Boundaries

A

Posterior: T12 vertebrae
Lateral: Ribs 11 and 12, costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
Anterior: Xiphisternal joint

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17
Q

Inferior Thoracic Aperture Contents

A

Aorta, Inferior Vena Cava, Esophagus, Thoracic duct, Nerves

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18
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

closely covers the lung and adheres to all its surfaces

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19
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lines the pulmonary cavity

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20
Q

Lines of Pleural Reflection

A

sternal line, costal line, vertebral line

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21
Q

Potential Pleural Spaces

A

costodiaphragmatic recess, costomediastinal recess

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22
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

potential spaces between layers of the pleura

contains serous pleural fluid

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23
Q

Lung Surfaces

A

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

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24
Q

Lung Borders

A

anterior, posterior, inferior

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25
Q

Root and Hilum

A

Root contains vessels, nerves, bronchi

Hilum penetrated by root

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26
Q

Right Lung

A

3 lobes

oblique and horizontal fissures

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27
Q

Left Lung

A

2 lobes

oblique fissure

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28
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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29
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchopulmonary segments

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30
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

to oxygenate blood (pulmonary arteries and veins)

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31
Q

Bronchial Circulation

A

blood supply to the lungs (bronchial arteries from thoracic aorta) [systemic circulation]

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32
Q

Nerves of Parietal Pleura

A

sensation of touch and pain by intercostal and phrenic nerves

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33
Q

Nerves of Visceral Pleura and Lung

A

Pulmonary Plexus (ANS)

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34
Q

Parasympathetic (Vagus) nerves

A

bronchoconstriction
vasodilation
secretomotor

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35
Q

Sympathetic (sympathetic trunk) nerves

A

bronchodilation
vasoconstriction
inhibit secretomotor

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36
Q

Relaxed breathing is a (blank) process

A

PASSIVE process

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37
Q

Forced berating is a (blank) process

A

ACTIVE process

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38
Q

Movements of the thoracic wall

A

to increase thoracic cavity volume

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39
Q

Vertical Dimension

A

diaphragm depression

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40
Q

Lateral Dimension

A

ribs elevate (bucket handle movement)

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41
Q

Anteroposterior Dimension

A

sternum moves anteriorly (pump handle movement)

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42
Q

Principle muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

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43
Q

Accessory muscle of respiration

A

any muscle that attaches to thoracic wall

44
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central compartment of thoracic cavity. Extends from superior thoracic aperture to diaphragm, and from sternum and costal cartilages to bodies of thoracic vertebrae

45
Q

Superior Mediastinum

A

transverse thoracic plane division between superior and inferior mediastinum

46
Q

Inferior Mediastinum

A

anterior, middle, and posterior parts

47
Q

Superior Division of Mediastinum Boundaries

A 
Superior: continuous with neck
Inferior: pericardium
Anterior: manubrium
Posterior: bodies of T1-T4 vertebrae
Lateral: mediastinal pleura
48
Q

Thymus

A

lymphoid organ, maturation of T-cells

found in superior mediastinum

49
Q

Great vessels in Superior Mediastinum

A

Brachiocephalic Veins, Superior Vena Cava, Arch of Aorta, Brachiocephalic trunk, Left Common Carotid, Left Subclavian Artery

50
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

most anteriorly/medial [CN X]; posterior to brachiocephalic vein and root of lung
found in Superior Mediastinum

51
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

more lateral, lies on surface of pericardium, runs anterior to root of the lung
found in Superior Mediastinum

52
Q

Nerves of Sympathetic Trunk

A

lie along vertebral bodies

found in Superior Mediastinum

53
Q

Trachea

A

posterior to vessels, end at sternal angle

found in Superior Mediastinum

54
Q

Esophagus

A

between Trachea and vertebral bodies, extends to stomach

found in Superior Mediastinum

55
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

lies on vertebral bodies; largest lymph vessel in the body (between azygos vein and thoracic aorta)
found in Superior Mediastinum

56
Q

Inferior Division (Anterior) of Mediastinum Boundaries

A

Superior: transverse thoracic plane
Inferior: sternum
Posterior: pericardium
Lateral: parietal pleura

57
Q

Inferior Division (Anterior) of Mediastinum Contents

A

Thymus, Internal Thoracic Vessels, Fat, Connective Tissue, and Lymph Nodes

58
Q

Inferior Division (Middle) of Mediastinum includes

A

Pericardial sac, fibrous pericardium, serious pericardium

59
Q

Pericardial Sac

A

fibrous membrane that covers the heart and the beginning of the great vessels

60
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

tough external layer that is continuous with the central tendon of the diaphragm

61
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

internal surface of the fibrous pericardium; composed of mainly mesothelium, a single cell layer of flattened cells forming an epithelium

62
Q

Parietal Layer

A

internal surface of the fibrous pericardium is lined with a glistening serous membrane

63
Q

Visceral Layer

A

layer is reflected onto the heart at the great vessels

64
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

space between opposing layers of the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium; normally contains fluid that enables the heart to beat in a frictionless environment

65
Q

Sinuses

A

form during development of the heart as a consequence of the folding of the primordial heart tube

66
Q

Oblique Pericardial Sinus

A

the reflection of the serous pericardium around the SVC, IVC, and Pulmonary Veins; a wide pocket-like recess in the pericardial cavity posterior to the base of the heart; formed by the left atrium

67
Q

Transverse Pericardial Sinus

A

a transversely running passage within the pericardial cavity between the aorta and pulmonary trunk and the SVC anteriorly, and the reflections of the serous pericardium around them

68
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

right heart returns blood to the lungs to get oxygenated

69
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

left heart pumps blood to the body

70
Q

Epicardium

A

outermost layer, formed by visceral layer of serous pericardium

71
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer; cardiac muscle

72
Q

Endocardium

A

innermost layer; lines cavity (lumen) by a layer of endothelium

73
Q

External Form of Heart

A

appears trapezoidal, but in 3D is shaped like a tipped over pyramid

74
Q

Apex of Heart

A

formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle, likes posteriorly to the left 5th intercostal space; where sounds of mitral valve closure are maximal

75
Q

Base of Heart

A

heart’s posterior aspect; formed mainly by left atrium; faces posteriorly towards the bodies of vertebrae T6-T9

76
Q

Sternocostal surface of Heart

A

anterior, formed by right ventricle

77
Q

Diaphragmatic surface of Heart

A

inferior, formed by the left ventricle and partly by the right ventricle; related mainly to central tendon of the Diaphragm

78
Q

Pulmonary surface of Heart

A

right: formed by the right atrium
left: formed by the left ventricle; forms the cardiac impression in the left lung

79
Q

Right border of the Heart

A

formed by the right atrium and extending between the SVC and IVC

80
Q

Left border of the Heart

A

formed mainly by the left ventricle and slight by the left auricle

81
Q

Superior border of the Heart

A

formed but the right and left atria and auricles in an anterior view; this border forms the inferior boundary of the transverse pericardial sinus

82
Q

Inferior border of the Heart

A

formed mainly by the right ventricle and slightly by the left ventricle

83
Q

Coronary Sulcus

A

externally demarcates the atria from the ventricles

84
Q

Anterior & Posterior Interventricular Sulci

A

demarcates the left and right ventricles from each other

85
Q

Sulcus Terminalis

A

terminal groove which separate smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall externally

86
Q

Right Atrium

A

receives blood from the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus

87
Q

Interatrial Septum

A

wall between atria

88
Q

Sinus Venarum

A

opening in which the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus open into; found in right atrium

89
Q

Crista Terminalis

A

where pectinate muscle ends and smooth muscle being; found in right atrium

90
Q

Fossa Oval

A

depression in intra-atrial wall; open, flat in fetal heart to allow blood flow from one side of heart to the other; found in right atrium

91
Q

Opening for Coronary Sinus

A

where coronary sinus enters the right atrium

92
Q

Atroventricular Septum

A

wall between the atria and the ventricle; valve found here

93
Q

Right Ventricle

A

forms the largest part of the heart

94
Q

Conus Arteriosus

A

opening into the pulmonary truck; found in right ventricle

95
Q

Trabeculae Carnae

A

rough muscular wall; found in both right and left ventricle

96
Q

Papillary Muscles

A

projecting from trabeculae; attach to chordae tendinae; found in both right and left ventricle

97
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

attach to valves; hold valves closed; found in both right and left ventricle

98
Q

Left Atrium

A

forms most of the base of the heart

99
Q

Pectinate Muscles

A

only exist in the left auricle of left atria

100
Q

Left Ventricle

A

forms the apex of the heart; walls are 2-3x thicker than the right ventricle

101
Q

Aortic Vestibule

A

opening into ascending aorta; found in left ventricle

102
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

guards the right AV orifice

103
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

semilunar valve; to pulmonary trunk

104
Q

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

valve between left atrium and left ventricle

105
Q

Aortic Valve

A

semilunar valve; to aorta

106
Q

Fibrous Skeleton

A

anchors the muscle fibers of the heart; is a complex framework of dense collagen forming four fibrous rings

107
Q

Functions of the Fibrous Skeleton

A

keeps valces patent and prevents them from being overly distended by the blood going through
provides attachments for the cusps of the valves
provides attachment for the myocardium
forms and electrical “insulator”

Anatomy Final JF (7 decks)

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