Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
3 major thoracic spaces
A
Mediastinum
Right Pulmonary Cavity
Left Pulmonary Cavity
2
Q
Thoracic wall includes
A
thoracic cage, muscles between ribs, skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, fascia
3
Q
Thoracic wall functions
A
protects vital organs, provide attachment for and support of upper limb and muscles, respiration, conduit for GI tract
4
Q
Internal thoracic arteries
A
arise from the first part of the subclavian arteries, branches include Superior Epigastric and Musculophrenic
5
Q
Anterior intercostal artery
A
arise from internal thoracic
supplies intercostal muscles
6
Q
Posterior intercostal artery
A
arise from thoracic aorta
runs with intercostal nerve and vein
7
Q
Subcostal Artery
A
same as intercostal but below 12th rib
8
Q
Internal thoracic vein
A
empties into Brachiocephalic vein
9
Q
Anterior intercostal vein
A
empties into the internal thoracic vein
10
Q
Posterior intercostal vein
A
empties into Azygos vein
11
Q
Subcostal vein
A
empties into Azygos vein
12
Q
Intercostal nerve
A
ventral rami T1-T11
between internal and innermost intercostals
13
Q
Subcostal nerve
A
ventral rami T12
between abdominal muscles
14
Q
Superior Thoracic Aperture Boundaries
A
Posterior: T1 vertebrae
Lateral: 1st pair of ribs and costal cartilages
Anterior: Manubrium
15
Q
Superior Thoracic Aperture Contents
A
Trachea. Esophagus, Nerves and Vessels that supple and drain the head, neck, and upper limb
16
Q
Inferior Thoracic Aperture Boundaries
A
Posterior: T12 vertebrae
Lateral: Ribs 11 and 12, costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
Anterior: Xiphisternal joint
17
Q
Inferior Thoracic Aperture Contents
A
Aorta, Inferior Vena Cava, Esophagus, Thoracic duct, Nerves
18
Q
Visceral Pleura
A
closely covers the lung and adheres to all its surfaces
19
Q
Parietal Pleura
A
lines the pulmonary cavity
20
Q
Lines of Pleural Reflection
A
sternal line, costal line, vertebral line
21
Q
Potential Pleural Spaces
A
costodiaphragmatic recess, costomediastinal recess
22
Q
Pleural Cavity
A
potential spaces between layers of the pleura
contains serous pleural fluid
23
Q
Lung Surfaces
A
costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic
24
Q
Lung Borders
A
anterior, posterior, inferior
25
Root and Hilum
Root contains vessels, nerves, bronchi
| Hilum penetrated by root
26
Right Lung
3 lobes
| oblique and horizontal fissures
27
Left Lung
2 lobes
| oblique fissure
28
Upper Respiratory Tract
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
29
Lower Respiratory Tract
trachea, bronchi, bronchopulmonary segments
30
Pulmonary Circulation
to oxygenate blood (pulmonary arteries and veins)
31
Bronchial Circulation
blood supply to the lungs (bronchial arteries from thoracic aorta) [systemic circulation]
32
Nerves of Parietal Pleura
sensation of touch and pain by intercostal and phrenic nerves
33
Nerves of Visceral Pleura and Lung
Pulmonary Plexus (ANS)
34
Parasympathetic (Vagus) nerves
bronchoconstriction
vasodilation
secretomotor
35
Sympathetic (sympathetic trunk) nerves
bronchodilation
vasoconstriction
inhibit secretomotor
36
Relaxed breathing is a (blank) process
PASSIVE process
37
Forced berating is a (blank) process
ACTIVE process
38
Movements of the thoracic wall
to increase thoracic cavity volume
39
Vertical Dimension
diaphragm depression
40
Lateral Dimension
ribs elevate (bucket handle movement)
41
Anteroposterior Dimension
sternum moves anteriorly (pump handle movement)
42
Principle muscle of respiration
diaphragm
43
Accessory muscle of respiration
any muscle that attaches to thoracic wall
44
Mediastinum
Central compartment of thoracic cavity. Extends from superior thoracic aperture to diaphragm, and from sternum and costal cartilages to bodies of thoracic vertebrae
45
Superior Mediastinum
transverse thoracic plane division between superior and inferior mediastinum
46
Inferior Mediastinum
anterior, middle, and posterior parts
47
Superior Division of Mediastinum Boundaries
```
Superior: continuous with neck
Inferior: pericardium
Anterior: manubrium
Posterior: bodies of T1-T4 vertebrae
Lateral: mediastinal pleura
```
48
Thymus
lymphoid organ, maturation of T-cells
| found in superior mediastinum
49
Great vessels in Superior Mediastinum
Brachiocephalic Veins, Superior Vena Cava, Arch of Aorta, Brachiocephalic trunk, Left Common Carotid, Left Subclavian Artery
50
Vagus Nerve
most anteriorly/medial [CN X]; posterior to brachiocephalic vein and root of lung
found in Superior Mediastinum
51
Phrenic Nerve
more lateral, lies on surface of pericardium, runs anterior to root of the lung
found in Superior Mediastinum
52
Nerves of Sympathetic Trunk
lie along vertebral bodies
| found in Superior Mediastinum
53
Trachea
posterior to vessels, end at sternal angle
| found in Superior Mediastinum
54
Esophagus
between Trachea and vertebral bodies, extends to stomach
| found in Superior Mediastinum
55
Thoracic Duct
lies on vertebral bodies; largest lymph vessel in the body (between azygos vein and thoracic aorta)
found in Superior Mediastinum
56
Inferior Division (Anterior) of Mediastinum Boundaries
Superior: transverse thoracic plane
Inferior: sternum
Posterior: pericardium
Lateral: parietal pleura
57
Inferior Division (Anterior) of Mediastinum Contents
Thymus, Internal Thoracic Vessels, Fat, Connective Tissue, and Lymph Nodes
58
Inferior Division (Middle) of Mediastinum includes
Pericardial sac, fibrous pericardium, serious pericardium
59
Pericardial Sac
fibrous membrane that covers the heart and the beginning of the great vessels
60
Fibrous Pericardium
tough external layer that is continuous with the central tendon of the diaphragm
61
Serous Pericardium
internal surface of the fibrous pericardium; composed of mainly mesothelium, a single cell layer of flattened cells forming an epithelium
62
Parietal Layer
internal surface of the fibrous pericardium is lined with a glistening serous membrane
63
Visceral Layer
layer is reflected onto the heart at the great vessels
64
Pericardial Cavity
space between opposing layers of the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium; normally contains fluid that enables the heart to beat in a frictionless environment
65
Sinuses
form during development of the heart as a consequence of the folding of the primordial heart tube
66
Oblique Pericardial Sinus
the reflection of the serous pericardium around the SVC, IVC, and Pulmonary Veins; a wide pocket-like recess in the pericardial cavity posterior to the base of the heart; formed by the left atrium
67
Transverse Pericardial Sinus
a transversely running passage within the pericardial cavity between the aorta and pulmonary trunk and the SVC anteriorly, and the reflections of the serous pericardium around them
68
Pulmonary Circulation
right heart returns blood to the lungs to get oxygenated
69
Systemic Circulation
left heart pumps blood to the body
70
Epicardium
outermost layer, formed by visceral layer of serous pericardium
71
Myocardium
middle layer; cardiac muscle
72
Endocardium
innermost layer; lines cavity (lumen) by a layer of endothelium
73
External Form of Heart
appears trapezoidal, but in 3D is shaped like a tipped over pyramid
74
Apex of Heart
formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle, likes posteriorly to the left 5th intercostal space; where sounds of mitral valve closure are maximal
75
Base of Heart
heart's posterior aspect; formed mainly by left atrium; faces posteriorly towards the bodies of vertebrae T6-T9
76
Sternocostal surface of Heart
anterior, formed by right ventricle
77
Diaphragmatic surface of Heart
inferior, formed by the left ventricle and partly by the right ventricle; related mainly to central tendon of the Diaphragm
78
Pulmonary surface of Heart
right: formed by the right atrium
left: formed by the left ventricle; forms the cardiac impression in the left lung
79
Right border of the Heart
formed by the right atrium and extending between the SVC and IVC
80
Left border of the Heart
formed mainly by the left ventricle and slight by the left auricle
81
Superior border of the Heart
formed but the right and left atria and auricles in an anterior view; this border forms the inferior boundary of the transverse pericardial sinus
82
Inferior border of the Heart
formed mainly by the right ventricle and slightly by the left ventricle
83
Coronary Sulcus
externally demarcates the atria from the ventricles
84
Anterior & Posterior Interventricular Sulci
demarcates the left and right ventricles from each other
85
Sulcus Terminalis
terminal groove which separate smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall externally
86
Right Atrium
receives blood from the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus
87
Interatrial Septum
wall between atria
88
Sinus Venarum
opening in which the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus open into; found in right atrium
89
Crista Terminalis
where pectinate muscle ends and smooth muscle being; found in right atrium
90
Fossa Oval
depression in intra-atrial wall; open, flat in fetal heart to allow blood flow from one side of heart to the other; found in right atrium
91
Opening for Coronary Sinus
where coronary sinus enters the right atrium
92
Atroventricular Septum
wall between the atria and the ventricle; valve found here
93
Right Ventricle
forms the largest part of the heart
94
Conus Arteriosus
opening into the pulmonary truck; found in right ventricle
95
Trabeculae Carnae
rough muscular wall; found in both right and left ventricle
96
Papillary Muscles
projecting from trabeculae; attach to chordae tendinae; found in both right and left ventricle
97
Chordae Tendineae
attach to valves; hold valves closed; found in both right and left ventricle
98
Left Atrium
forms most of the base of the heart
99
Pectinate Muscles
only exist in the left auricle of left atria
100
Left Ventricle
forms the apex of the heart; walls are 2-3x thicker than the right ventricle
101
Aortic Vestibule
opening into ascending aorta; found in left ventricle
102
Tricuspid Valve
guards the right AV orifice
103
Pulmonary Valve
semilunar valve; to pulmonary trunk
104
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
valve between left atrium and left ventricle
105
Aortic Valve
semilunar valve; to aorta
106
Fibrous Skeleton
anchors the muscle fibers of the heart; is a complex framework of dense collagen forming four fibrous rings
107
Functions of the Fibrous Skeleton
keeps valces patent and prevents them from being overly distended by the blood going through
provides attachments for the cusps of the valves
provides attachment for the myocardium
forms and electrical "insulator"
