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Motor Control > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

0
Q

What is posture?

A

A position of a persons body when standing or sitting

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1
Q

What is balance?

A

An even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady

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2
Q

What are the 7 components of postural control?

A
  1. Musculoskeletal component
  2. Internal representations
  3. Adaptive mechanisms
  4. Anticipatory mechanisms
  5. Sensory strategies
  6. Individual sensory systems
  7. Neuromuscular synergies
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3
Q

What is postural control?

A

Involves controlling body’s position in space

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4
Q

What is postural orientation?

A

Ability to maintain appropriate relationship between body segments and between the body and environment for a task

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5
Q

What is postural stability?

A

The ability to control COM in relationship to the base of support

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6
Q

What is COM?

A

Center of mass: is the point at the center of the total body mass at L1-L2

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7
Q

What is COP?

A

Center of pressure: is center of distribution of total force applied to supporting surface (COP is found through GRF)

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8
Q

What is COG?

A

Center of gravity: vertical projection of COM.

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9
Q

What is the base of support?

A

The area of the body in contact with the supporting surface

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10
Q

What does COG do during locomotion?

A

During locomotion COG will be projected outside of the BOS in order to assist with movement

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11
Q

What are the 3 systems in postural control?

A
  1. Higher level planning
  2. Coordination
  3. Force generation
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12
Q

Where does higher level planning come from for postural control?

A
  • frontal cortex

- motor cortex

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13
Q

What parts of the nervous system control coordination?

A

Brainstem

Spinal networks coordinating muscle response synergies

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14
Q

What is responsible for force generation in postural control?

A

Motor neurons and muscles

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15
Q

How does muscle tone assist with motor control if quiet stance?

A

Muscle tone should provide passive resistance to lengthening

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16
Q

What are the three components of postural tone during motor control of quiet stance

A

Antigravity muscles
Vestibular system
Vestibuloocular reflex

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17
Q

What are the three movement strategies during perturbed stance?

A

Cone of stability
Feedback control
Feed foreword (anticipatory) control

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18
Q

What is cone if stability?

A

How far we can lean forward without falling

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19
Q

True or false: if the COM is within the cone of stability, balance can be maintained

A

True

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20
Q

What are the three types of feedback control?

A

Proprioception
Visual
Vestibular

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21
Q

What is feed forward (anticipatory) control?

A

Muscles and posture react to visual, cognitive and other inputs to get ready for a change

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22
Q

What are the three methods for maintaining stability?

A

Ankle strategy
Hip strategy
Stepping strategy

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23
Q

What strategy for maintaining balance is used for the most distal direction?

A

Ankle

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24
Q

What strategy for maintaining balance is used for the most proximal direction?

A

Stepping (to widen BOS or to correct balance)

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25
Q

What muscles (anterior) are used to correct backward sway?

A

Tibialis anterior
Quadriceps
Abdominals

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26
Q

What muscles (posterior) are used to correct anterior sway?

A

Gastrocnemius
Hamstrings
Paraspinals

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27
Q

When is stepping strategy used to correct COG?

A

If the COG has exceeded the original base of support, then the active limb is used to reestablish a new base of support

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28
Q

What is suspensory strategy and when is it used?

A

Lowering the COG toward the base of support (when all else fails)

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29
Q

What 2 things are used to overcome mediolateral instability?

A

Abduction-adduction at the hip

Muscle patterns organized in a proximal-to-distal direction

30
Q

What three things are falls dependent on?

A

The particular perturbation
The limitation of the individual
The conditions of the environment

31
Q

What age does crawling emerge?

A

2 months

32
Q

What age does sitting (unsupported) emerge?

A

6 to 7 months

33
Q

What age does creeping emerge?

A

8 to 10 months

34
Q

What age does pull-to-stand emerge?

A

9 to 10 months

35
Q

What age does independent stance emerge?

A

12 to 13 months

36
Q

What age does walking emerge?

A

14 to 18 months

37
Q

When learning to perform the next milestone, children must revert back to a ____

A

Symmetric pattern

38
Q

What is the limiting factor on the emergence of other behaviors as well as the inhibition of reflexes in children?

A

An immature postural system

39
Q

What may constrain independent mobility and skills in a child?

A

Abnormal development

40
Q

Most developmental tests and measures evaluate emergency of motor behaviors by evaluating what?

A

Performance on functional skills that require postural control

41
Q

What are three attitudinal reflexes?

A

Asymmetric tonic neck reflexes
Symmetric tonic neck reflexes
Tonic labyrinthine reflex

42
Q

What are 5 righting reactions?

A 
Labyrinthine righting
Optical righting
Body-on-head righting
Neck-on-body righting
Body-on-body righting
43
Q

What are three balance and protective reactions?

A

Tilting response
Protective reaction
Staggering reaction

44
Q

What are the symmetric tonic neck reflexes?

A

Neck extension causes UE extension and LE flexion

Neck flexion causes UE flexion and LE extension

45
Q

What is the labyrinthine righting reaction?

A

Orients head to vestibular input

46
Q

What is optical righting?

A

Orientation of the head to visual input

47
Q

What is the body-on-head righting?

A

Orients the head to proprioceptive and tactile input from the supporting surface

48
Q

What are some common reflexes that are present during the first month after birth?

A 
Root/suck/swallow
Moro
Crossed extension
Flexor withdrawal 
Palmar and plantar grasp
Stepping anterior side if leg on table and step
Positive support
49
Q

When are reflexes linked to abnormal development?

A

If they persist beyond their normal time period or if they fail to appear in the normal time period

50
Q

Can children be classified as having normal development solely based on reflexes?

A

No

51
Q

What is the agreement between the two theories (reflex theory and system theory)?

A

Mapping is the beginning of internal neural representations necessary for coordinated postural abilities

52
Q

According to reflex theory what appears when a child is 2 months of age?

A

Visual/motor coordination

53
Q

According to system theory what is present in an infant at birth?

A

Visual/perceptual mapping

54
Q

What is the cause of a lack of head control in a newborn?

A

Lack of strength and lack of organized muscle activity

55
Q

This is a statement- direction specific postural responses in the neck muscles underlying reactive balance control occurs in infants as young as 1 month old

A

Couldn’t figure out how to make that a question.

56
Q

There are subcortical neural networks involved in the vision-driven control of posture. Are they functional at birth?

A

Yes

57
Q

What special sense in infants does vision have a significant effect on?

A

Vestibular

58
Q

At what age should a child be able to hold his head and upper trunk up during static balance control in sitting?

A

4 to 5 months

59
Q

At what age should a child be able to prop sit?

A

5 months

60
Q

At what age should a child be able to independently sit?

A

6 to 8 months

61
Q

When is reactive balance control present in a child during sitting?

A

At birth

62
Q

What is the exception of progression (think age) of balance control during sitting?

A

Reactive balance control improves steadily, except at 3 months of age … Where it then reappears with greater frequency and refinement

63
Q

How can postural response be modified in children?

A

Postural training may help children with motor delays

Practice increases the emergence of postural responses

64
Q

What is Base of Support (BOS)?

A

The part of the body in contact with the surface you’re in contact with or what ever

65
Q

What is Center of Mass (COM)?

A

The part of the body in contact with the surface you’re in contact with or what ever…

66
Q

Which sensory system elicits postural responses earlier than the somatosensory system?

A

Visual system

67
Q

What balance strategy is not used during the first year of walking?

A

Hip strategy

68
Q

Which strategy is not developed until 7-10 years of age?

A

Hip strategy

69
Q

After what age is there no correlation between structural growth and sway during normal quiet stance?

A

7 years old

70
Q

Visual reliance for balance is most prominent until age _____.

A

3 years old

71
Q

Anticipatory postural control emerges at what age in standing?

A

10 months

72
Q

When is anticipatory postural control present in sitting?

A

Present in infancy

73
Q

Does postural demands of younger children tax attentional resources more than for older children?

A

Yea

Motor Control (5 decks)

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