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Motor Control > Chapter 2: Motor Learning And Recovery Of Function > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Motor Learning And Recovery Of Function Flashcards

0
Q

What is recovery of function?

A

The reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury

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1
Q

What is motor learning?

A

The study of modification and or acquisition of movement.

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2
Q

What are the four concepts of motor learning?

A

(1) learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
(2) learning results form experience or practice
(3) learning cannot be measured directly
(4) leads to permanent changes in behavior

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3
Q

What is learning?

A

A permanent change of motor behavior

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4
Q

What is performance?

A

A temporary change in motor behavior seen during practice sessions

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5
Q

What is declarative or explicit Memory?

A

The learning of facts (things places, bits of information)

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6
Q

What are the three subtypes to non declarative of implicit learning?

A

(1) non associative
(2) associative
(3) procedural

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7
Q

What is non associative learning and how is it broken down?

A

When we are given a single stimulus repeatedly. (Habituation and sensitization)

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8
Q

What is habituation?

A

A decrease in responsiveness that occurs as a result of a repeated exposure to a non painful stimulus. (ie the shirt on your back)

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9
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Sensitization is an increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimulus.

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10
Q

When might sensitization become useful in the clinic?

A

Increasing a patients awareness of stimuli indicating likelihood for impending falls could help a patient quickly do balance training.

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11
Q

What is associative learning and how is it broken down?

A

Predicting relationships between stimuli/behaviors. (Classical conditioning and operant conditioning)

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12
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov’s dogs

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13
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning to associate behaviors to consequence.

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14
Q

What is procedural learning?

A

Learning tasks that can be consciously preformed automatically without attention or conscious thought.

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15
Q

What is schmidts schema theory?

A

Motor programs do not contain the specifics of movements, but instead contain generalized rules for a specific class of movements (in other words a generalized set of rules that can be applied to a variety of contexts)

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16
Q

What are the clinical implications for schema theory?

A

Optimal learning will occur if this task is practiced under many different conditions (allows individual to develop a set of rules for a task and then can be applied to all similar tasks)

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17
Q

What are the limitations to schema theory?

A

(1) Not supported by research
(2) Lacks specificity (how are generalized motor programs created)
(3) inability to account for the immediate acquisition of new types of coordination

18
Q

What are the clinical implications to ecological theory?

A

Individuals learn to distinguish the relevant perceptual cues important to organizing action. (Ex: reaching for a glass of milk… Cues ▶️ Size of the glass, slipperiness of the glass, how full the glass is)

19
Q

What are the limitations of ecological theory?

A

Hasn’t really been applied to specific examples of motor skill acquisition in any systematic way.

20
Q

What is the three-stage model to learning motor skills?

A

(Stage 1) learner understands the nature of the task, develops strategy for carrying out the task and determining how the task should be evaluated -known ask the cognitive stage (novice)
(Stage 2) associative stage- has a best strategy for the task and now begins to refine the skill
(Stage 3) autonomous stage- low degree of attention required and can spend more attention on the environment

21
Q

What is systems three stage model? *** page 31

A

(1) novice -freezes degrees of freedom during early stage of learning
(2) advanced
(3) expert

22
Q

What is Gentiles two stage model ?***

A

In the first stage, the learner must develop an understanding if the task dynamics. The second stage (diversification stage) is when the learner refines the movement (able to adapt)

23
Q

How are motor programs formed?

A

Motor programs are learned individually then combined

24
Q

As a learner develops their skill and becomes more advanced, how does it effect practice performance?

A

Early in practice of a new task, performance improves rapidly, while after much practice, it improves more slowly

25
Q

What are the two types of feedback?

A

Intrinsic versus extrinsic

26
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

Is felt by the individual simply through the various sensory system as a result of the normal production of the movement. (Includes visual information or somatosensory information)

27
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

Given through others or from video analysis

28
Q

What is Knowledge of results?

A

Feedback about the outcome of the movement

29
Q

What is knowledge of performance?

A

Feedback relating to the movement pattern used to achieve the goal

30
Q

What are the two types of practice schedule?

A

Massed versus distributed practice

31
Q

What is Massed practice?

A

A session in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials

32
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

The amount of rest between trials is equal to greater than the amount of time for a trial

33
Q

What type of tasks are best learned using variable practice?

A

Tasks that are likely to be performed in variable conditions (good for patients)

34
Q

Which is better for learning, random or blocked practice?

A

Random

35
Q

Which is better for performance, random or blocked practice?

A

Blocked practice

36
Q

Which procedure is better for learning?

A

It depends on what stage of learning they’re in… If they’re a novice, them guidance… If they aren’t brand new then discovery learning is always better

37
Q

What is function?

A

The complex activity of the whole organism that is directed at performing behavioral task

38
Q

What is recovery?

A

Regaining function that has been lost after an injury

39
Q

What is the difference between recovery and compensation?

A 
Compensation= behavioral substitution 
Recovery= achieving function through original process
40
Q

What are the preinjury Factors that affect the recovery of function?

A

(1) age - younger brains recover better
(2) severity of the lesion
(3) preinjury neuro protective factors- preinjury exercise, diet, environmental enrichment.

41
Q

What are the post injury factors affecting recovery?

A

(1) pharmacology
- drugs with trophic factors
- drugs that act as NT replacements
- drugs that prevent effects of toxic substances
- drugs that restore circulation
- antioxidants like vitamin E
(2) exercise and training

42
Q

What are the effects of exercise and training on recovery of function?

A

Early and intense motor enrichment may promote neural plasticity in the contra lateral hemisphere but it exaggerated the effects of injury in the perilesional area

43
Q

What are the 4 processes for declarative learning ?

A

Encoding
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval

Motor Control (5 decks)

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