Chapter 2: Motor Learning And Recovery Of Function Flashcards
What is recovery of function?
The reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury
What is motor learning?
The study of modification and or acquisition of movement.
What are the four concepts of motor learning?
(1) learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
(2) learning results form experience or practice
(3) learning cannot be measured directly
(4) leads to permanent changes in behavior
What is learning?
A permanent change of motor behavior
What is performance?
A temporary change in motor behavior seen during practice sessions
What is declarative or explicit Memory?
The learning of facts (things places, bits of information)
What are the three subtypes to non declarative of implicit learning?
(1) non associative
(2) associative
(3) procedural
What is non associative learning and how is it broken down?
When we are given a single stimulus repeatedly. (Habituation and sensitization)
What is habituation?
A decrease in responsiveness that occurs as a result of a repeated exposure to a non painful stimulus. (ie the shirt on your back)
What is sensitization?
Sensitization is an increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimulus.
When might sensitization become useful in the clinic?
Increasing a patients awareness of stimuli indicating likelihood for impending falls could help a patient quickly do balance training.
What is associative learning and how is it broken down?
Predicting relationships between stimuli/behaviors. (Classical conditioning and operant conditioning)
What is classical conditioning?
Pavlov’s dogs
What is operant conditioning?
Learning to associate behaviors to consequence.
What is procedural learning?
Learning tasks that can be consciously preformed automatically without attention or conscious thought.
What is schmidts schema theory?
Motor programs do not contain the specifics of movements, but instead contain generalized rules for a specific class of movements (in other words a generalized set of rules that can be applied to a variety of contexts)
What are the clinical implications for schema theory?
Optimal learning will occur if this task is practiced under many different conditions (allows individual to develop a set of rules for a task and then can be applied to all similar tasks)
What are the limitations to schema theory?
(1) Not supported by research
(2) Lacks specificity (how are generalized motor programs created)
(3) inability to account for the immediate acquisition of new types of coordination
What are the clinical implications to ecological theory?
Individuals learn to distinguish the relevant perceptual cues important to organizing action. (Ex: reaching for a glass of milk… Cues ▶️ Size of the glass, slipperiness of the glass, how full the glass is)
What are the limitations of ecological theory?
Hasn’t really been applied to specific examples of motor skill acquisition in any systematic way.
What is the three-stage model to learning motor skills?
(Stage 1) learner understands the nature of the task, develops strategy for carrying out the task and determining how the task should be evaluated -known ask the cognitive stage (novice)
(Stage 2) associative stage- has a best strategy for the task and now begins to refine the skill
(Stage 3) autonomous stage- low degree of attention required and can spend more attention on the environment
What is systems three stage model? *** page 31
(1) novice -freezes degrees of freedom during early stage of learning
(2) advanced
(3) expert
What is Gentiles two stage model ?***
In the first stage, the learner must develop an understanding if the task dynamics. The second stage (diversification stage) is when the learner refines the movement (able to adapt)
How are motor programs formed?
Motor programs are learned individually then combined
As a learner develops their skill and becomes more advanced, how does it effect practice performance?
Early in practice of a new task, performance improves rapidly, while after much practice, it improves more slowly
What are the two types of feedback?
Intrinsic versus extrinsic
What is intrinsic feedback?
Is felt by the individual simply through the various sensory system as a result of the normal production of the movement. (Includes visual information or somatosensory information)
What is extrinsic feedback?
Given through others or from video analysis
What is Knowledge of results?
Feedback about the outcome of the movement
What is knowledge of performance?
Feedback relating to the movement pattern used to achieve the goal
What are the two types of practice schedule?
Massed versus distributed practice
What is Massed practice?
A session in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials
What is distributed practice?
The amount of rest between trials is equal to greater than the amount of time for a trial
What type of tasks are best learned using variable practice?
Tasks that are likely to be performed in variable conditions (good for patients)
Which is better for learning, random or blocked practice?
Random
Which is better for performance, random or blocked practice?
Blocked practice
Which procedure is better for learning?
It depends on what stage of learning they’re in… If they’re a novice, them guidance… If they aren’t brand new then discovery learning is always better
What is function?
The complex activity of the whole organism that is directed at performing behavioral task
What is recovery?
Regaining function that has been lost after an injury
What is the difference between recovery and compensation?
Compensation= behavioral substitution Recovery= achieving function through original process
What are the preinjury Factors that affect the recovery of function?
(1) age - younger brains recover better
(2) severity of the lesion
(3) preinjury neuro protective factors- preinjury exercise, diet, environmental enrichment.
What are the post injury factors affecting recovery?
(1) pharmacology
- drugs with trophic factors
- drugs that act as NT replacements
- drugs that prevent effects of toxic substances
- drugs that restore circulation
- antioxidants like vitamin E
(2) exercise and training
What are the effects of exercise and training on recovery of function?
Early and intense motor enrichment may promote neural plasticity in the contra lateral hemisphere but it exaggerated the effects of injury in the perilesional area
What are the 4 processes for declarative learning ?
Encoding
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval
