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SOCI 201 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a “metrosexual”?

A

A heterosexual man whose lifestyle, spending habits, and concern for appearance are fashionable and similar to a homosexual man’s.

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2
Q

What is the difference between “sex” and “gender”?

A

Sex is rooted in biological inclinations and gender in social inclinations.

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3
Q

What is “sex”?

A

Biological distinctions between males and females in terms of physique, reproductive organs etc.

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4
Q

What is “gender”?

A

The roles/characteristics society attaches to males and females and carries with it the notions of inequality between the two.

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5
Q

What is “gender role”?

A

A set of attitudes and expectations of behaviour that is deemed as being male or female.

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6
Q

What does it mean to be “heterosexual”?

A

To be sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex.

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7
Q

What does it mean to be “homosexual”?

A

To be sexually attracted to people of the same sex.

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8
Q

What are examples of informal words of homosexuality?

A

Gay, queer. (applicable to both females and males)

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9
Q

What does “lesbian” mean?

A

A woman homosexual.

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10
Q

What is a “bisexual” person?

A

A person that is sexually attracted to people of both sexes.

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11
Q

Of the following, which are false about “bisexuality”?

  1. A homosexual experience during puberty and only heterosexual experiences make you bisexual.
  2. Bisexuality implies equal attraction
  3. Homosexuals under denial associate themselves as bisexual.
A

All of them.

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12
Q

What is a “transgender” person?

A

Someone who:
1. Does not conform with the gender roles of their biological sex
OR
2.Does not self-identiy with the biological sex assigned to them at birth

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13
Q

What does LGBT stand for and represent?

A

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender)

Represents a term for anybody who is not heterosexual.

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14
Q

What does it mean to be “intersex”?

A

To be born with both male and female sexual characteristics.

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15
Q

Is sex a continuum?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is the controversy behind early intersex surgery?

A
  1. It is considered “genital mutilation” because the child cannot consent to the surgery due to the young age it is done it.
  2. Removes the potential reproductive ability of the child which is unethical.
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17
Q

What are the four different strains of the feminist theory that approaches the study of gender, according to Kachuck?

A
  1. Feminist liberalism
  2. Feminist essentialism
  3. Feminist socialism
  4. Feminist postmodernism
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18
Q

What is “feminist liberalism”?

A

A feminist approach that typically involves working towards pay and work equity.

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19
Q

What is “pay equity”?

A

Where women in female-dominated industries recieve compensation similar to the salaries of those working in comparable professions that are typically dominated by men.

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20
Q

What is one major criticism of “feminist liberalism”?

A
  1. It only benefits heterosexual, white women.

2. Fails to recognize that social location may enable other women too receive benefits, but not others.

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21
Q

What does “feminist essentialism” focus on?

A

The differences between the way women and men think, and argues for equality, or female superiority, in that difference. (known to promote female superiority)

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22
Q

What does it mean to start out “tabula rasa”?

A

A blank slate where our social environment can write and shape our lives.

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23
Q

What is a shortcoming of “feminist essentialism”?

A
  1. Universalizes women, assuming that all gender experience is the same.
  2. Confuses natural phenomena with women’s strategies for coping with patriarchial demands
  3. Invites continued perceptions of women as social housekeepers in the worlds that men build.
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24
Q

What does it mean when a job is considered “gendered”?

A
  1. One sex will be predominant in the job.

2. The work itself involved gendered meanings and is defined in gendered terms. (ex. nursing, nurturing)

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25
Q

What does the “feminization” of an occupational sphere entail?

A

A particular job, profession or industry becoming dominated and associated with women

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26
Q

If males are in gendered roles, according o R. Connell, what four ways do they act out gender roles?

A
  1. Hegemonic masculinity
  2. Subordinate masculinity
  3. Marginalized masculinity
  4. Complicit masculinity
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27
Q

What is “hegemonic masculinity”?

A

Practices and beliefs that normalize and naturalize men’s dominance and women’s subordination.

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28
Q

What is “subordinate masculinity”?

A

Behaviours and presentation of self that can threaten the legitimacy of hegemonic masculinity. (ex. effeminate men)

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29
Q

What is “marginalized masculinity”?

A

Forms of masculinity that, due to class, race sexual orientation etc, are accorded less respect than other forms of masculinity,

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30
Q

What is “complicit masculinity”?

A

Forms of masculinity that do not conribute to or embody male hegemony, yet still benefit from it (the gender order and local gender regimes)

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31
Q

What is a “boyat”

A

A tomboy in Arabic

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32
Q

What are the two common East Asian stereotypes?

A
  1. Lotus Blossom Baby

2. Dragon Lady

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33
Q

What is a “Lotus Blosso Baby”?

A

A stereotype that encompasses he image of the China dall, the geisha girl, and the shy Polynesian beauty.

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34
Q

`What is a “Dragon Lady”?

A

A stereotype that include prostitues and “devious madams”

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35
Q

What image of the geisha did the Lotus Blossom Baby contribute?

A

The geisha as an expensive prostitute.

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36
Q

What is an “Indian Princess”?

A

A heroine that forms an integral part of the American story of how their country was built,

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37
Q

What is a “squaw”?

A

A figure used by white writers to characterize Aboriginal people as savages, providing ample justification for white colonial dominance.

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38
Q

What is “feminism”?

A

The advocacy of social equality between men and women.

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39
Q

What are the 5 basic ideas of feminism?

A
  1. Working to increase equality between men and women.
  2. Expanding human choice.
  3. Eliminate gender stratification
  4. Ending sexual violence
  5. Promoting sexual freedom.
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40
Q

What is “feminist socialism”?

A

A feminist approach that looks at oppression through the interplay between class and gender.

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41
Q

What is “feminist postmodernism”?

A

The feminist approach that involves looking at women more as subjects with voices and standpoints, rather than object being researched. Believe in a continuum of gender. (social-constructionist position)

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42
Q

Which feminist approach argues that not all women are biologically all female and all males are not biological all male?

A

Feminist postmodernism.

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43
Q

Butler’s “queer theory” is another perspective of feminist postmodernism. What is it?

A

The approach that rejects the idea of gender identity being connected to biological essence, instead gender reflects social performance on a continuum with male and female on opposite poles, and people act along the continuum depending on different situations and times.

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44
Q

What are two historical examples of the feminization of occupations?

A
  1. Gin Craze (18th century)

2. Clerical Work in Canada (1891-1971)

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45
Q

What is the ideology of the fag?

A

A set of beliefs and sanctions that are invoked to keep people in line of gender roles. (ex. A feminine action you do, and a friend saying “that’s gay”, puts you in line of your gender role)

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46
Q

What is Kachuck’s main criticism of feminist postmodernism?

A

Leads to no conclusions.

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47
Q

What is “sexual orientation”?

A

A person’s preference in terms of sexual partners.

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48
Q

What are the 4 main sexual orientations?

A
  1. Heterosexuality
  2. Bisexuality
  3. Homosexuality
  4. Asexuality
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49
Q

What are three examples of intersex/transgender in various cultures?

A
  1. Hijra
  2. Kathoey
  3. de Muche
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50
Q

What is a “transexual”?

A

A person born male/female, who change their sex because they don’t identify as such.

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51
Q

Who are the “two-spirit” in Aboriginal culture?

A

Highly regarded members of society who manifest both male and female roles, similar to transgender, except that they have fluidity in moving between roles.

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52
Q

What is an example of a two-spirit person?

A

A female warrior.

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53
Q

What are “gender roles”?

A

A set of expectations concerning behaviour and attitudes that relates to being female or male.

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54
Q

What does gender socialization argue?

A

That gender is learned.

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55
Q

What are four socialization agents for gender socialization?

A
  1. Family
  2. Peer Group
  3. School
  4. Mass Media
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56
Q

What is “sexism”?

A

Belief that one gender is innately superior to the other.

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57
Q

What does sexism mainly achieve?

A

Establishes inequality between men and women and limits the opportunities and ambitions of an entire population

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58
Q

What is “gender stratification”?

A

Unequal distribution of wealth, power and prestige between men and women.

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59
Q

Where is there significant gender stratification?

A
  1. Education
  2. Occupation
  3. Income
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60
Q

What is a “patriarchy”?

A

A society where the men are in power and in charge.

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61
Q

In terms of patriarchy, Canadian society is:

A
  1. Male-dominated
  2. Male-identified
  3. Male-centered
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62
Q

What does it mean if something is “male identified”?

A

Core ideas of good, desirable etc. are located in the male domain. (ex. independence and competition are “male” traits)

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63
Q

What does it mean to be “male-centered”?

A

Focussed on the accomplishments and activities of men.

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64
Q

What is an “operational definition”?

A

A working definition that we can use for statistical purposes.

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65
Q

Postmodernist sociological theory teaches us to be suspicious of “binaries”. What is that?

A

Either/or distinctions that separate people into discrete categories. ex. heterosexual/homosexual.

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66
Q

Do postmodernists believe gender is discrete or on a continuum?

A

Continuum

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67
Q

What is “disability”?

A

Any condition, mental/physical and temporary/permanent, that limits a person’s ability to participate in regular activities in the home, work, school or recreational pursuits.

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68
Q

Who is considered the father of the sociology of disability?

A

Irving K. Zola

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69
Q

Zola’s study combined two things: participant observation and institutional ethnography. Define both.

A
  1. Participant observation: Observing people as an outsider and actively participating in various activities of the studied people’s lives.
  2. Institutional ethnography: Ethnography that challenges a neutral stance, instead claims any institution has two sides: ruling interests, and the interests of the workers in the institution.
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70
Q

What is Dorothy Smith’s Standpoint Theory?

A

The view that knowledge is developed from a particular lived position/standpoint, making objectivity impossible.

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71
Q

What is “passing” in the context of disability?

A

Downplaying disabled status and claiming a position in the ablist mainstream.

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72
Q

What are the three generic main models of disability?

A
  1. Medical models
  2. Economic models
  3. Social Constructionist Models.
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73
Q

What is the medical model of disability?

A

Presenting/interpreting disability by doctors, specialists and medical practitioners.

74
Q

What is the economic model of disability?

A

Viewing the disabled in terms of their contribution/drain on the economy

75
Q

What is “eugenics”?

A

The science of improving a population be controlling breeding. (Only allowing “good genes” to circulate)

76
Q

Eugenics is based on two fundamental beliefs:

A
  1. Inteligence can be measured

2. It is inherited from one generation to the next.

77
Q

What does “dynamic” mean?

A

Denoting a social situation in which groups are subject to change.

78
Q

What does it mean to have patrilineal descent?

A

Kinship is determined among the male line.

79
Q

What does it mean to have matrilineal descnet?

A

Kinship is determined among the female line.

80
Q

What does it mean to have bilateral descent?

A

Kinship is is determined through the consideration of both sides of the family.

81
Q

What are the two types of family forms?

A
  1. Nuclear family

2. Extended family

82
Q

What is nuclear family?

A

Family units composed of one or two parents and their immediate offspring.

83
Q

What is an extended family?

A

Parents + children + other kin

84
Q

Families are grounded in what?

A

Kinship

85
Q

What is kinship?

A

A social bond based on blood, marriage, or adoption

86
Q

What is a “simple household”?

A

Unrelated adults, with or without children.

87
Q

What is a “complex household”?

A

Two or more adults who are related, but not married that live together when they reasonably coul live separately

88
Q

What are the two relationship patterns?

A
  1. Monogamy

2. Polygamy

89
Q

What is monogamy?

A

Marriage between two partners

90
Q

What is polygamy?

A

A marriage that unites 3 or more people

91
Q

What is polygyny?

A

A polygamous marriage with one man and many women

92
Q

What is polyandry?

A

A polygamous marriage with one women and many men.

93
Q

What are the 9 major changes in the Canadian family?

A
  1. Marriage rates are decreasing and cohabitation rates are increasing
  2. The age of first marriage is rising
  3. There are more divorces overall but the rate is decreasing
  4. More women are having children in their thirties
  5. The #children/family has dropped below replacement rate.
  6. There are more couples without children than with.
  7. Children are leaving home at a later age.
  8. There are more lone-parent families
  9. There are more people living alone
94
Q

What are “common-law” or “cohabiting” unions?

A

A couple who live together, but are not married.

95
Q

What is “fercundity”?

A

The physical ability of women to conceive.

96
Q

What is the “total fertility rate”?

A

The average estimate of the #childre”emn a women 15-49 will have in her lifetime

97
Q

What is a “replacement rate”?

A

The number of children that a woman must bear in order for the population to remain stable.

98
Q

What is a “cluttered nest”?

A

A phenomenon in which adult children continue to leave at home with their parents.

99
Q

What is an “empty nest”?

A

A household where the children haave moved out of the home.

100
Q

What is “endogamy”?

A

Marrying someone of the SAME ethnic, religious or cultural group as oneself

101
Q

What is “exogamy”?

A

Marrying someone with DIFFERENT ethnic, religious, or cultural groups as oneself.

102
Q

What are “conjugal roles”?

A

Distinctive roles of the husband and wife that result form the division of labour within the family.

103
Q

Bott identifes two types of conjugal roles. What are they?

A
  1. Segregated

2. Joint

104
Q

What are joint conjugal roles?

A

Many tasks, interests and activities are shared.

105
Q

What are segregated conjugal roles?

A

Tasks, interests and activites are clearly different.

106
Q

Rod Beaujot studied the changing of conjugal roles and identifed two similar conjugal roles. What are they?

A
  1. Complementary roles

2. Companionate roles.

107
Q

What are complementary roles?

A

The conjugal roles of partners in a marriage where the husband does the paid work, and the wife does the unpaid work of caring for the kids and the household chores.

108
Q

Wha are companionate roles?

A

The overlapping conjugal roles of partners in a marriage who both work outside the home and dow work in the house.

109
Q

Beaujot recognized that women did more work than men: they worked outside, and also came home to do the household chores. What is this called?

A

The second shift.

110
Q

Who created the term “second shift”?

A

Arlie Hochschild

111
Q

Arlie Hoschild also termed “gender strategy”?

A

A plan of action through which a person tries to solve problems at hand given cultural notions of gender at play.

112
Q

What is an example of gender strategy?

A

Working part-time to care for an infant and eventually moving full-time when they are grown.

113
Q

Gender Strategy is often the cause of Beaujot’s occupational segregation of men and women. What is occupational segregation?

A

The situation in which women choose (or end up in) occupations that afford them some flexibility and greater tolerance of childcare-related work interruptions.

114
Q

What are examples of Baudrillard’s work interruptions?

A

Staying at home to care for a sick child, or maternity leave.

115
Q

What is Baudrillard’s work interruptions?

A

Time taken off at work to care for a sick child etc.

116
Q

What is one major weakness in Beaujot’s work?

A

He completely ignores the ethnic factor in conjugal roles.

117
Q

How does societal determinants shape family formation?

A

Through gederal policies. REVIEW NOTES ON THE EXAMPLES!!

118
Q

Does sexual sterilization count as a genocide?

A

Yes

119
Q

Eugenics have often been labelled as scientific racism. What is scientific racism?

A

The use of flawed pseudoscientific ideas to justify discrimminatory actions against certain racialized groups.

120
Q

What is scientifc classism?

A

The use of flawed, pseudoscientific ideas to justify discrimminatory actions against poor people.

121
Q

The Sixties Scoop was a federal law to limit Aboriginal reproducion and family formation. What was the Sixties Scoop?

A

A program that removed thousands of Aboriginal children (after parents were deemed “unfit”) from their families, communities and home provinces and placed them in non-Aboriginal homes in the 1960’s.

122
Q

What is Durkheim’s “anomie”?

A

A state of confusion caused when the bond between individuals and social institutions break down.

123
Q

Why is education one of the most important institutions?

A

Because it exerts a strong influence on socialization, status, social order and economic productivity

124
Q

What was education like prior to the Industrial Revolution and why?

A

There was no education because by keeping the population illiterate, authority went unchallenged.

125
Q

What was education like during the Industrial Revolution and why?

A

There was mass education available because a skilled labour force (literate and capable of calculations) was needed.

126
Q

What is the human capital thesis?

A

The thesis that as industrial societies invest in factories and equipment to increase efficiency, they invest in schools to increase knowledge and skills of wokers.

127
Q

There are three types of public education models in Canada. What are they?

A
  1. Assimilation model
  2. Multicultural model
  3. Anti-racism, Ant-oppression model.
128
Q

What is the Assimilation model?

A

Integrates and assimilates minorities into the dominant culture throug education. Teaches dominant views, practicies and believes and promotes monoculturalism.

129
Q

What is monoculturalism?

A

The promotion of just one culture.

130
Q

What is the multicultural model?

A

An education model to preserve and celebrate diversity and other cultures.

131
Q

What are the three main assumption of the multicultural model?

A
  1. Learning about on’e sculture will improve educational achievement
  2. Learning about one’s culture will promote quality of opportunity
  3. Learning about other cultures will reduce prejudice/discimination.
132
Q

What is one main criticism of the multiultural model?

A

Does not address societal forces, does not take into account institutional racism.

133
Q

What is the anti-racism, anti-oppression model?

A

A model that encouraged students to critically examine information, stereotypes racism etc. Tried to eliminate institutional and individual racism by enabling the students to think for themselves.

134
Q

What is a hidden curriculum?

A

The unstated, unofficial agenda of school system authorities

135
Q

What two aspects does hidden curriculum cover?

A
  1. Social control

2 Social placement

136
Q

What are the 5 functions of schooling?

A
  1. Transmission of skills and knowledge
  2. cultural innovation
  3. social integration
  4. social placement through tracking
  5. socialization
137
Q

What does the socialization aspect of schooling encompass?

A
  1. Transmits non-material culture
  2. exposure to bureaucracy
  3. Social control
  4. Hidden curriculum
138
Q

Social control of the hidden curriculum teaches what disciplines in primary and (post)secondary education?

A

Primary: discipline of the body

(post)secondary: cognitive discipline

139
Q

Focault’s term the “docile body” also contributes to the social control aspect of the hidden curriculum. What is it?

A

A group that has been conditioned, through a set of specific procedures to behave precisely the way administrators want it to.

140
Q

How is a docile body achieved?

A
  1. hierarchial observation
  2. normalizing judgement
  3. examination
141
Q

What is hierarchial observation?

A

The notion that people are controlled through observation and surveillance by an authority figure

142
Q

What is normalizing judgement?

A

The judgement of individuals not on the intrinsic rightness or wrongness of their actions, but on how their actions rank compared to others.

143
Q

What is examination?

A

The combination of hierarchial observation and normalizing judgement, often through documentation of test and exam scores.

144
Q

What is the cultural reproduction theory?

A

The theory that the education system reproducees and reinforces the inequality of the surrounding society

145
Q

What is tracking?

A

The process whereby students are divided into categories so that they can be assigned in groups to various kinds of classes.

146
Q

What did Jeannie Oakes contribute to the social placement in a hidden curriculum?

A

The notion of tracking/streaming in high schools and how it breeds inequality.

147
Q

What three things did Jeannie Oakes discover in her test of tracking?

A
  1. Sorting based on class, race, ethnicity etc., rather than percieved ability
  2. Lower tracks had a lower quality of education
  3. Trust, cooperation and goodwill of teachers were lower in the lower tracks.
148
Q

What did Pierre Bourdieu contribute to social placement in the hidden curriculum?

A

The notion that cultural capital gives upper classes advantages in education and careers. (ex. educated language=good side on teachers)

149
Q

Legitimization of inequality is key to the cultural reproduction theory. What is it?

A

The validation of streaming where a student accepts their differential tracking placement as fair, thus legitimizing the inequality bred in the school system.

150
Q

Another iportant aspect of the cultural reproduction theory is the “reproduction of the social structure”. Define it.

A

The institutions helping upper-class children to be upper-class adults, middle-class children to be middle-class adults etc.

151
Q

What did Jean Anyon contribute to social placement in hidden curriculum?

A

The notion that education taught the skills of the class the children were in, thereby engaging in the reproduction of the social structure.

152
Q

What are the four schools Jean Anyon identified and what are the skill they focussed on?

A
  1. Working class school: copying down and memorizing
  2. Middle-class school: Reading the textbook and finding the right answer
  3. Affluent professional school: Finding info on assigned topic and writing it in owne words
  4. Executive elite school: Anazlying social systems and looking for strengths and weaknesses.
153
Q

What are the two fundamentally opposing positions concerning education and social mobility and define them?

A
  1. Meritocracy (academic performance reflects natural ability)
  2. Cultural Reproduction (education system reproduces and reinforces inequality)
154
Q

A growing issue in Aboriginal education is that Aboriginal voices in textboks have been largely scarce and are considered “disqualified knowledges”. What does that mean?

A

Knolwedges that have been disqualified as being inadequate to their task (ex. not scientific or objective enough)

155
Q

“Credentialism” often blocks Aboriginal attempts to improve education. Define the word.

A

The practice of valuing credentials over actual knowledge and ability.

156
Q

How has credentialism blocked improvement in Aboriginal education?

A

Elder’s lack credentials, yet are an important source of knowledge and education. Teacher’s coming in do not recognize the elder status, knowledge becomes unimportant.

157
Q

What are some issues with post-secondary education?

A
  1. Funding drawbacks (tuition increase, reduction of faculty)
  2. Online education
  3. Plagiarism
  4. Unemployment/underemploymen
  5. Education as a commodity
158
Q

Who are adjunct professors and what issues do they face?

A

Professors who are brought in to teach courses, but are not part of the staff. They face relative deprivation (deprivation in comparison to a reference group that is no better), because of lower pay, no security, and unfair working conditions compared to staffed professors.

159
Q

What contributed to the rising influence of online courses?

A

University fund cuts

160
Q

What is access without mobility?

A

Access to online courses, thus university degrees by people who would otherwise not have been able to attend uni due to costs or other situations

161
Q

What is the commodification of education?

A

The treatment of education as something to be bought and sold. (no personal experience)

162
Q

What is the issue with online degrees/courses?

A

Education is commoidified, there is a sense of aienation, instructors become disconnected with intellectual property

163
Q

Online education is more suited for instrumental education that a critical education. What is the difference between the two?

A

Instrumental education focusses on a particular set of tasks, where critical education focusses on analysis of ideas and discussion

164
Q

What is underemployment?

A
  1. involuntary part-time work for people seeking full-time employment
  2. low-wage, low-skill employment for people will valuable skills, experience and credentials.
165
Q

What is the relationship between underemployment and post-secondary students?

A

If the marketplace demand is low, then post-secondary students will have to take on jobs that they are overqualified for. Usually due to demographics (baby boomers)

166
Q

A factor in the willingness to plagiarize is social distance. Define it.

A

A lack of personal familiarity for face-to-face interactions. A student familiar with their prof will more likely not plagiarize.

167
Q

What does “cultures of education” mean?

A

The attitudes towards education and educational practices associated with different cultural groups. (ie. plagiarism might be okay in some cultures)

168
Q

What is the social constructionist model of disability?

A

Any human category, like disability, is not natural, but socially constructed.

169
Q

What is the Critical Disability Theory (CDT)?

A

A theory that makes a distinction between natural impairment (the physical condition) and disability (the barriers set up by society in dealing with the impairment.

170
Q

Activisim on CDT calls for “substantive equality” rather than formal equality. What is the difference?

A

Substantive equality: accomodating the impairments through modifications (ie. ramps)
Formal equality: Everyone faes and must adapt to the same socially driven architecture.

171
Q

What are two main approaches to Disability?

A
  1. Elimination (ex. eugenics)

2. Rehabilitation (integration into mainstream society)

172
Q

What is ableism?

A

The prejudice and discrimination against people who have disabilities (either through architecture, words, etc.)

173
Q

What is deaf culture?

A

Historically established cultural traditions of the deaf (ie. learning sign language, schools, theatre and writing etc.)

174
Q

What is “medicalization”?

A

A tendency to define a particular condition as a medical problem requiring medical intervention.

175
Q

Who are border crossers?

A

People who do not belong to a group, but nevertheless are sympathetic to the goals of the group and support it.

176
Q

What is “tokenism”?

A

A symbolic gesture of inclusion intended to give the impression of inclusion.

177
Q

What is stigma (stigmata)?

A

A human characteristic that is somehow discrediting

178
Q

What are the three types of stigmata?

A
  1. Bodily stigmata: physical features judged to be undesirable.
  2. Moral stigmata: character blemishes
  3. Tribal stigmata: group identities that are negatively viewed.
179
Q

Do people with disabilities only face only bodily stigmata?

A

No they can face all three.

180
Q

What is “disability oppression”?

A

All forms of mistreatment that people with disabilities face.

181
Q

What is the intersectionality theory and can it be applied to disability?

A

Intersectionality theory: the combination of social factors to make an individual more minoritized and depressed.

Yes, gender and disability can intersect.

182
Q

What are four major difficulties that people with disabilities face?

A
  1. Blatant and subtle discrimination
  2. Internalized Oppression
  3. Economic Hardships
  4. Inadequate government assistance.

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SOCI 201 (2 decks)

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