Final Exam Flashcards by Brad Francis

Which nervous system is cholinergic?

Adrenegeric?

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Visceral afferent cell bodies are located where?

Posterior root ganglia or CN ganglion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do visceral afferent axons enter cord through?

Dendrites carrie impulses from viscera to cell bodies via what?

Travels to what by passing through white rams commnuicans?

Posterior root or CN

Sympathetic trunk,

Spinal ganglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parasympathetic afferents travel in which type of nerves?

Sacral spinal nerves and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which nerves are parasympathetic?

Where do they generally synapse at?

CN 3, 7, 9, and 10
S 2, 3, and 4

Peripheral ganglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which parasympathetics generally supply structures in the head?

Cardiac, respiratory, digestive in neck thorax and abdomen?

Digestive distal and urogenital?

3 7 9

S234

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are preganglionic cell bodies of the occulomotor nerve located?

Where do they synapse?

Postganglionic axons are carried in short ciliary nerves that enter eyeball to supply which two muscles?

In accessory oculomotor nucleus

Ciliary ganglion

Ciliary muscle
Sphincter pupillae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pregang cell bodies of facial nerve located where?

Exit CNS in intermediate nerve and carried in which two branches?

Salivary nucleus

Greater Petrosal nerve
Chorda Tympani

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the greater petrosal nerve ultimately join?

Its postganglionic fibers are then distributed in which two nerves to reach lacrimal, nasal, palatine, and pharyngeal glands?

Ptergopalatine ganglion

Lacrimal and ptergopalatine nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which ganglion does the chord tympani eventually reach?

Postganglinic fibers travel to submandibular and sublingual glands?

Submandibular ganglion

Yep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are pre gang cell bodies of Glossopharyngeal nerve located?

Which ganglion do they travel to?

Postgang parasymp fibers from this ganglion are carried to which two glands?

Salivary nucleus

Otic

Parotid - auricolutemporal

Posterior Lingual - lingual branch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pregang cells of vagus nerve are located where?

What do the descending fibers supply?

Where are post gang cells usually located?

Dorsal nucleus of Vagus

Smooth muscles of bronchial tree, GI tract, gall bladder, myocardium, pancreas liver spleen

In the organs or vessels of organs that supplied

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the vagus pathway to heart

Pregang in superior and inferior cardiac nerves

Synapse in cardiac plexus

Postgang to SA, AV, Bundle, and purkinge

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe pathway of vagus to lungs

Pregang carried in anterior and posterior bronchial branches

Synapse in pulmonary plexuses

Postgang reach bronchial musculature and glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe pathway of vagus to esophagus

Pregang in recurrent laryngeal nerve and A/P esophageal branches

Synapse in wall of esophagus

Postgang supply smooth muscle of esophagus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vagus pathway to stomach describe

Pregang fibers reach stomach via branches from anterior and posterior vagal trunks

Synapse in submucosal and myenteric plexuses of stomach

Postgang axons reach smooth muscle from plexuses above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vagas nerve pathway to SI, cecum, appendix, asending/transverse colon pregang fibers travel via what?

Fibers reach duodenum via what plexus?

Remaining pre gang fibers reach destination via same plexus as above and continue through which other plexus to synapse in submucosal and myenteric plexuses?

Postgang axons reach smooth muscle fibers how?

Posterior vagal trunk

Celiac

Mesenteric plexus

Plexuses mentioned above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vagus pathway to gall bladder, pancreas, and biliary tree.

Pregang fibers from primarily where?

Via what plexus that is a extension of celiac plexus?

Synapse in muscular walls of items where post gang fibers reach what?

Right Vagal trunk

Hepatic plexus

Smooth muscle or glands of targets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vagal pathway to spleen pregang fibers from what?

Via what?

Posterior vagal trunk

Splenic plexus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vagal pathway to kidney via what plexus?

Motor supply to kidneys is strictly what?

Fibers reaching the kidney that are parasymp are likely what?

Hepatic

Sympathetic

Visceral afferents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vagus pathway to the liver pre gang fibers are from where?

Reach liver via what plexus that is extension of celiac?

Parasympathetic supply to liver is primarily afferent or efferent?

Anterior vagal trunk

Hepatic plexus

Afferent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vagus pathway to suprarenal glands is similar to what?

Afferent or efferent?

Fibers carried through what?

Kidneys and liver

Afferent

Posterior vagal trunk

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do the sacral parasymp pathways arise from?

Carried inferior in what structure?

Exit via what?

Carried in what nerves?

Travel to what plexus to be distributed to pelvic organs?

Lateral horns of S2-S4

Cauda equina

Sacral foramina

Pelvic splanchnic

Inferior hypogastric

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sacral parasympathetic pathways to the distal colon pre gang fibers via inferior hypogastric plexus go to what other plexuses?

Via what nerve?

Postgang fibers reach target from what plexus?

Superior hypogastric and inferior mesenteric plexuses

Hypogastric nerve

Inferior mesenteric plexus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sacral parasymp pathway to the rectum and anus pre gang fibers travel to what plexus? Postgang fibers reach target

Inferior hypogastric Cool

Sacral parasymp pathway to urinary bladder pre gang travel to what plexus? Postgang fibers reach what primary target? Parasymp stimulation does what to bladder? Somatic supply to external urethral sphincter follows what pathway? What happens to neurons as bladder empties?

Inferior hypogastric Detrusor muscle Empties Same Inhibited

Sacral parasymp pathway to prostate and seminal vesicle pregang fibers reach prostatic plexus via what plexus? Post gang fibers reach smooth muscles of what two things?

Inferior hypogastric plexus Prostatic urethra and seminle vesicle

Sacral parasymp pathway to uterus pregang fibers travel to what plexus? Postgang fibers to ____ of uterus? Parasympt inhibits these muscles but what plays a larger role esp during pregnancy?

Inferior hypogastric Myometrium Hormones

Sacral parasymp pathway to vagina pregang fibers synapse in what plexus? Reached via what other plexus? Parasymp activity does what?

Vaginal plexus Inferior hypogastric Vasodilation and increased secretory activity

Sacral parasymp pathway to penis or clitoris pregang fibers travel to what plexus via the inferior hypogastric plexus? Parasymp activity dos what?

Cavernous plexus Vasodilation and filling of sinuses of erectile tissue

Where are cell bodies of sympathetics located? Exit cord via what? Follow VPR and exit to enter sympathetic trunk via what? Most synapse on what? Some pre gang fibers pass through symp trunk to be carried in what nerves?

Lateral horn of T1-L2/3 Anterior rootlets White rams communicants Postgang cells in ganglia of symp trunk Splanchnic nerves

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers release what?

DUNNO!?

How many paravertebral columns of interconnected ganglia make up symp trunk? Carry ascending or descending fibers? Extends from what to what? How many ganglia in each trunk? Located ____ to carotid sheath in cervical area _____ to neck of ribs in upper thoracic area

2 Both Superior cervical ganglion down to ganglion impar 21 or 22 3Cervical, 11thoracic, 4 lumbar, 4 sacral Posterior Anterior

The cervical sympathetic trunk is located between longs collie, capitis muscle and what structure? White rams communicants present? Gray ramus communians present? How many cervical ganglia? May fuse with first thoracic ganglion to make what?

Carotid sheath None At each cervical nerve 3, sup mid and inf Stellate ganglion

Which cervical ganglion is the largest? It is a union of how many of the upper cervical ganglia? Which level is it found at? Located between longus capitis and what structure?

Superior Cervical ganglion 4 C2 - C3 Carotid Sheath

Postgang fibers of superior cervical ganglion are distributed in what three branches? Which branch has GRC, communicates with VPR of C1-C4 Which one travels to larynx, pharynx and heart by superior cardiac nerves and carries Efferent fibers only? Which follows common and external carotid arteries and innervates vessels supplying structures INSIDE AND OUTSIDE skull?

Lateral, medial and anterior Lateral] Medial Anterior

Which cervical ganglion is the smallest? Level located? Communicates with VPR of which nerves via GRC? What two branches? Which branches make up middle cardiac nerves and contribute to deep part of cardiac plexus? Which branches go to thyroid and parathyroid glands and are primarily vasomotor?

Middle cerviacal ganglion C6 C5 and C6 Thyroid and Cardiaac Cardiac Thyroid

How often does the inferior cervical ganglion form stllate ganglion? Which level is inferior cervical ganglion located at? Communicates with VPR of which levels? Which branches are there?

80% C7 TP and neck of Rib 1 C7, C8 maybe T1 Cardiac and Branches to subclavian artery

How many thoracic ganglia are there in the thoracic trunk? Which ones have GRC and WC? Which are located anterior to rib heads Which are located on lateral aspects of Vertebral bodies?

11 maybe 12 All of them Superior thorax ones Lower thorax ones

Branches from the upper 5 ganglia of the thoracic trunk travel which direction? Supply structures of the what? Carier which type of fibers?

Medially Thoracic cavity Postgang visceral afferent

Branches for lower 7 ganglia of thoracic trunk are associated with how many splanchnic nerves? Carrier what type of fibers to plexuses in which cavities?

Three Pregang visceral afferent to plexuses in abdominal and pelvic cavities

Where does the lumbar sympathetic trunk lie? How many ganglia? Which nerves have WRC? Which ones have GRC?

Retroperitoneal space on lateral aspects of lumbar bodies 4 First two maybe three All of them

Sacral sympathetic trunk is located where? How many ganglia? Which nerves have GRC? Both trunks (sacral and lumbar?) meet to form what on the anterior suface of coccyx?

Anterior aspect of sacrum medial to anterior sacral foramina 4 or 5 All sacral nerves and coccygeal nerves Ganglion impar

Which pre gang axons of sympathetic trunk ascend? Descend? Associated with head and neck? Assoicated with heart? Lungs? Upper extremities? Abdominal viscera? Pelvic viscera? Lower extremities?

T1 - T5 T5 - L2 T1 and T2 T1 - T4 T2 - T4 T3 - T7 T5 - T12 T10 - L2 T10 - L2

Pregang head and neck axons of symp trunk synapse in which ganglion? Heart ones? Lungs? Upper extrem Abdominal viscera Pelvic viscera Lower extrem

Superior cervical A cervical or direct to heart 2nd to 4th thoracic ganglia Middle and inferior/stellate Lower thoracic ganglia Ganglia in lower T, L and P areas L2 - S4 ganglia

What three ways are fibers carried from the sympathetic trunk? Virtually all nerves carry which type of fibers? These fibers will be what three things?

Nerves, Vessels, Direct branches Postganglionic Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor, Sudomotor, Motor to arrector pili

The internal carotid nerve is a branch from which ganglion? Enters cranial cavity with what artery? Divides into what?

Superior cervical ganglion Internal carotid artery Medial and lateral branchesq

Lateral internal carotid nerve forms what plexus? Many of its branches terminate on blood vessels where? Communicate with which ganglion? Postgang fibers form deep petrosal nerve which combines with greater petrosal nerve to form what? Fibers reach?

Internal carotid Inside skull Trigeminal Nerve of the pterygoid canal Lacramal, nasal, palatine, and some pharyngeal glands

Which nerves combine with the tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to form the tympanic plexus and supply glands and vessels of middle ear?

Caroticotympanic nerves

What plexus does the medial internal carotid nerve form within the cavernous sinus next to the sella turica? Fibers travel through which ganglion to supply cilia's, dilator and tarsus muscles?

Cavernous plexus Ciliary ganglion

Study the weird slides around number 50 cuz they suck

The lens, retina, cornea, and pigmented layers are derived from what? Fibrous coats of eye are derived from?

Ectoderm Mesoderm

What are the five layers A to P of the cornea? Which part is the largest? Covers inside surface of cornea and lines iridiocorneal layer? Continuous with conjunctiva?

Corneal epithelium Anterior limiting lamina Substantia propria Posterior limiting lamina Endothelium 3 5 1

What two items make up the Fibrous tunic of the eye?

Sclera and Cornea

What three things make up the Vascular tunic of the eye?

Iris, Ciliary body, and Choroid

What is the name for the nervous tunic?

Retina

Is the Choroid thin or thick? Weak or rich blood supply? May have a ____ effect Heavily supplied by what type of fibers? Loosley attached to sclera except where? Dark or light pigmented?

Thin Rich Cooling Autonomic vasomotor Where optic nerve penetrates it Dark

Ciliar body is continuous with chord Posterior or anterior? How bout with Iris? What does it suspend? Produce? Contains what muscle that allows lens to become more convex?

Choroid posterior Anterior Lens Aqueous fluid anterior segment and GAGS of citrous body Ciliary muscle

Retina is an outgrowth of what? Thin layer in contact with what two things externally and internally?

Diencephalon Choroid external Vitreous body internal

What are the 10 layers of the retina external to internal?

``` Pigmented layer Rods/Cones External limiting membrane Outer nuclear Outer plexiform Inner nuclear Inner plexiform Ganglion cell layer Nerve fiber layer Internal limiting memberane ```

Describe the Vision pathway

Photoreceptors synapse with the inner nuclear bipolar cells which go to Multipolar ganglionic layer cells which go to lateral geniculate body where axons form the optic radiation and synapse in Broadman area 17!

What is the name of the structure where the optic nerve attaches to the eyeball? What color is it? Which photoreceptors are present? What enters eyeball here?

Optic Disc WHite/yellow NONE Major blood vessels

What is the name of the darker area in the center of the funds? What is the middle of the maculae lute called? Area of what vision? Photoreceptors present?

Macula lutea Fovea centralis Clearest Cones

What is the primary refractory structure? What is the name for the clear fluid secreted by ciliary processes? Where are ciliary processes located?

Cornea Aqueous humor Posterior aspect of ciliary body

Which chamber is aqueous humor secreted to? It then passes through the pupil into what chamber? Travels lateraly and ultimately leaves eyeball through what?

Posterior Anterior Scleral venous sinus

Glaucoma results from increased pressure in what segment?

What is the name for the condition where the lens gets harder with age? Results in more difficult ____ vision Lens becomes less transpatenr name? When lens becomes more convex it allows for near or far vision?

Presbyopia Near Cataracts Near

Vitreous body fills what segment? Describe it? What is the name for a vestigial structure that connects optic nerve and posterior aspect of lens?

Posterior Gelatinous and transparent Hyaloid canal

What are the names of the modified sebaceous glands in each eyelid that secret an oily substance that covers tears upon blinking? It also reduces what?

Tarsal glands Evaporation of tears

Where are lacrimal glands located? Lacrimal ducts? What they do? Lacrimal sac location? What drains tears into the inferior nasal meatus?

Superolaterally to eyeball Each eyelid below and medial to eyeball drain tears to lacrimal sac Groove between the lacrimal bone and maxilla Nasolacrimal duct

Arterial supply of the eye all arteries come from branches of the what artery? How many posterior ciliary arteries are their on each side? How many short ciliary arteries? Anterior ciliary arteries? What is the only artery that supplies the retina?

Ophthalmic artery 1 long one on each side 6 to 12 6 to 8 Central retinal atery

Where does the long posterior ciliary artery run between? Short ciliary arteries? Anterior ciliary arteries?

Sclera and choroid Enter from posterior surface and forms run around optic nerve Arch over or under eyeball

What nerves are branches of the nasocilary nerve of the ophthalmic division of trigeminal? What do they supply?

Long ciliary nerves supply sensory to ciliary body, iris, and cornea Short ciliary nerves sensory to eyeball

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers of eyeball come from what plexus? Pass through ciliary ganglion and reach what muscles?

Cavernous Ciliaris Dilator pupillae

Postganglioninc parasympathetic fibers come from what ganglion? Supply?

Ciliary ganglion Sphinctor pupillae and ciliaris

What is the name of the ectodermal thickening on the lateral "head" of the ear? It invaginates and gives rise to what?...then what?

Placode Auditory pit....Auditory vesicle

The auditory vesicle gives rise to most of what?

Membranous inner ear

What two structures of the ear come from the 1st pharyngeal pouch? What comes from the dorsal end of ventral mandibular cartilage? From dorsal end of 1st pharyngeal arch? Dorsal end of 2nd pharyngeal arch? Interstitial mesoderm? 1st pharyngeal groove? Groove next to first pharyngeal groove?

Auditory tube and tympanic cavity Malleus Incus Stapes Tympanic membrane EAC Auricle

What is the external ear consist of? Other name for auricle?

Auricle and EAM Pinna

What are the three extrinsic muscles that position the auricle? Which one is the smallest and inserts on the front of helix? Largest and inserts on superior said of auricle? Which one inserts on lower posterior aspect of concha?

Anterior, superior, and posterior auricular muscles Anterior Superior Posterior

What are the 6 intrinsic muscles of the auricle?

``` Helicis major Helicis minor Tragicus Antitragicus Transverse muscle of auricle Oblique muscle of auricle ```

What shape is the EAM? How much of it is within the temporal bone? What is produced by modified sweat glands? Where does it end? Is the canal straight?

S medial 2/3 Cerumen Tympanic membrane NO!

What are the main blood vessels that supply the external ear?

Posterior auricular branch of external carotid Anterior auricular branch of superficial temporal Auricular branch of occipital

Where doe the sensory supply of the external ear come from?

Auriculotemporal nerve of ophthalmic trigeminal Auricular branch of vagus Great auricular nerve

Where does the motor supply to external ear come from? Sympathettic supply?

Temporal and posterior auricular branches of facial nerve Superior cervical ganglion

The middle ear is a small space between what two things? What are the two muscles of the inner ear?

Tympanic membrane and inner ear Stapedius and tensor tympani

What are the the 6 boundaries of the middle ear?

``` Roof Floor Lateral (membranous wall) Posterior (mastoid wall) Carotid wall Labyrinthine (medial wall ```

Study Middle ear pic in slideshow

Okay

What is the roof of the middle ear formed by?

Petrous part of temporal bone

What is the floor (jugular wall) of middle ear form dby? Small opening in bone is entrance for what?

Thin layer of bone separating cavity from internal uvular vein Tympanic branch of GP nerve

What is the lateral wall of middle ear formed by? Other name?

Tympanic membrane Membranous wall

What is the posterior wall of middle ear formed by? What is name for opening between tympanic cavity and mastoid air cells? Name for opening that the endow of stapedius muscle passes through? Also has an opening for what? Other namek

It is incomplete Aditus of mastoid antrum Pyramidal eminence Chorda tympani Mastoid wall

Carotid wall of middle ear has what openings?

Large opening for pharyngotympanic tube Opening for tensor tympani Chorda tympani exits through a small opening

What wall is the boundary between middle and inner ear? What landmarks are there?

Labyrinthine wall Promontory of cochlea Prominence of facial anal Prominence of semicurlar canal Stapes attached to oval window Round window

What is the larges ear bone? What does it contact?

Malleus Tympanic membrane

What is the middle bone of ear sequence? What does it do?

Incus Transmits vibration from males to stapes

What is the third ear bone and where does it sit?

Stapes Oval window

What are the two main sources of blood supply for middle ear?

Anterior tympanic branch of internal maxillary artery Tympanic branch of internal carotid artery

What provides sensory nerve supply to middle ear? Motor supply? Sympathetic supply?

Tympanic nerve of CN 9 Nerve to stapedius of facial nerve Medial ptergoid of mandib tirgem Caroticotympanic nerve

What are the two parts of the inner ear or labyrinth?

Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

Three parts of the bony labyrinth?

Cochlea Vestibule Semicircular canals

What does the cochlea contain? Vestibule contain? Semicurular canals?

Cochlear duct Utricle and saccule Semicircular ducts

What is the membranous labyrinth made of? What is inside it?

Cochlear and Vestibular labyrinth Endolymph

What is the name of the bony part of the cochlea that consists of a tube coiled around a cone shaped central bony structure? Ho many times does cochlea wrap around it?

Modiolus 2.5 to 2.75X

What is the name for the apex of the cochlea?

Cupula

What connects the cochlea to the modiolus?

Bony ridge, lamina of modiolus

What are the three channels of the cochlea?

Cochlear duct (scala media?) Scala vestibuli Scala tympani

What channel is associated with oval window? Round window?

Scala vestibuli Scala tympani

What is the name of the apex channel that ST and SV communicate?

Helicotrema

Where is the spiral organ located?

On floor of the cochlar duct

Describe the transmission of sound

Waves enter EAM Tympanic membrane vibrates Ossicles transmit and amplify Stapes hits oval window More amplification (18x) Transmit thru perilymph to reach round window Basilar membrane vibrates Stimulate spiral organ Info transmit to cochlear nerve

What makes up the vestibular labyrinth? What communicates with cochlear duct? What communicates with three semicircular ducts?

Saccule and Utricle Saccule Utricle

What is the name for the sense organs within the utricle and sacule that are hairlike projections? What are they bathed in? What "floats" on this?

Maculae Endolymph Otoliths

What type of acceleration does Utricle detect? Saccule?

Centrifugal and vertical Linear

What are the names of the sense organs within the semicircular ducts? Where in the duct are they located? They are particularly sensitive to which type of acceleration although together can detect any movement?

Crista Ampulla Rotational

Impulses form the vestibular labyrinth are carried by neurons with cell bodies in what ganglion? Dendrites carrying info to this ganglion are collected into what two branches?

Vestibluar Superior and inferior

Anterior and lateral SC ducts are associated with which branch of vestibular ganglion? Posterior SC duct? Saccule? Utricle and Saccule (voits nerve)?

Superior Inferior Inferior Superior

What is the blood supply to the inner ear?

Internal audior artery branch of basilar artery Stylomastoid artery which is a branch of auricular artery

What main two nerves supply the inner ear?

Cochlear nerve Vestibular nerve

Info relayed thru cochlear nuclei goes to which other two nuclei in the MO? Info then carried to _____ lemniscus to _____ colliculi and _____ geniculate bodies End up in brodmann areas?

Superior olivary and Trapezoid Lateral, Inferior, medial 41 and 42

Where are axons from vesitibular nerve carried to in the MO?

Vestibular nucear complex