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PNS > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many nerve pairs for cranial nerves?

Spinal nerve?

A

12

31

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2
Q

What are cranial nerves attached to?

Spinal nerves?

A

Directly to brain

Spinal cord by ventral and dorsal rootlets

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3
Q

Preganglionic short, release ACTH

Postganglionig, long, norepheniphrine

A

Sympathetic Division

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4
Q

Preganglionic long, ACTH

Postgang short, Acth

A

Parasympathetic

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5
Q

Olfactory nerve has fibers in olfactory mucosa that traverse to ___ and synapse on the ____

A

Cribriform plate

Olfactory bulb

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6
Q

CN 2 has fibers from the retina that converts on _____ and are carried in optic nerve, chiasma, and tract, to the _____

A

Optic disc,

lateral geniculate bodies

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7
Q

Describe CN 3

How many somatic and visceral muscles does it supply?

A

Motor; somatic, and parasympathetic

5 somatic muscles and 2 visceral

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8
Q

Describe CN 4 and which muscle does it supply?

Action?

A

Somatic motor

Supplies superior oblique

Depress and abduct cornea, intorsion

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9
Q

Describe CN 5.

A

Mixed; somatic motor and sensory

Great sensory nerve of face

Largest

Motor supply to mastication muscles

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10
Q

Describe CN 6

Supplies what muscle and action?

A

Somatic motor

Lateral rectus

abducts cornea

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11
Q

Describe the CN 7

From where does it carry taste info?

What muscles does it supply?

Glands?

A

Mixed. motor, somatic and parasympathetic: sensory; somatic and special

Facial expression nerve

anterior 2/3 of tongue

Facial expression ones including stylohyoid and stapedius

lacrimal and salivary

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12
Q

What is the A.O. of CN 8?

Describe CN 8

A

Cerebellopontine recess

Special sensory

Sensory info from cochlea and vestibule

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13
Q

Describe CN 9

From where does it carry taste info?

Which muscles supply?

Which gland?

A

Mixed; motor; somatic and parasympathetic: sensory; somatic and special

posterior 1/3 of tongue

somatic muscles inc. stylopharyngeus

parasympathetic supply parotid gland

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14
Q

Descibe CN 10

Unique how?

Somatic motor supply to where?

Parasymptathetic supply to where?

A

Mixed; motor; somatic and parasympathetic: sensory; somatic

longest of cranial nerves

Pharyngeal constrictors

Bronchi, heart, GI tract from esophagus to distal 1/3 transverse colon

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15
Q

Describe CN 11

What does it supply?

A

Motor

Supplies somatic muscles of pharynx, larynx, palate, trap, SCM

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16
Q

Describe CN 12

What does it supply?

A

Motor

Supplies intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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17
Q

Where is the skull opening for CN 1?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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18
Q

Where is the skull opening of CN 2?

3 and 4 and 6

A

Optic canal

Superior orbital fissure

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19
Q

Where do the three branches of CN 5 exit the skull?

A

V1 Superior orbital fissure

V2 Foramen rotundum

V3 Foramen Ovale

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20
Q

Were is the skull opening for cranial nerve 7 and 8?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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21
Q

Where is the skull opening for cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11?

A

Jugular foramen

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22
Q

Where is the skull opening for cranial nerve 12?

A

Hypoglossal canal

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23
Q

What are the two types of neurons in the somatic motor pathway?

A

Upper motor neurons and Lower motor neurons

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24
Q

Describe the pathway for Upper Motor Neurons

A

Descends through corona radiata, internal capsule, crus cerebra,

most cross in pyramids and descend in lateral cortospinal tract

synapse in anterior horn (rexed lamina VII) of gray matter

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25
Q

Describe pathway for lower motor neurons

A

Exit cord via ventral rootlets

carried in named nerves to supply skeletal somatic muscles

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26
Q

Describe the three types of neurons in the somatic sensory pathway

A

Primary (1st order) - bodies located in DRG. Info from receptor to CNS synapse in cord and travel to synapse again in MO

Secondary - Decussate and bring info to thalamus

Tertiary - relay info to cerebral cortex (post central gyrus) where info is integrated

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27
Q

CN 1 types of neurons and their locations

A

Olfactory neurons - Olefactory epithelium in upper nasal cavity

Mitral cells - cell bodies in olfactory bulb

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28
Q

Describe olfactory neurons

What supports them?

A

Their axons collect (10-20) to form fila olfactoria which brings info to bulbs.

Olefactory hair cells support by functioning as receptors.

Unmylenited but covered by Schwann cells

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29
Q

Describe Mitral cells

A

Relay information posterior via olfactory tract. They split at the anterior perforated substance into:

Media stria -

Lateral stria

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30
Q

Where are primary sensory neurons in CN 1 found?

What are they supported by?

What do the primary neuron axons form together?

Are they mylenated?

Where do they pass through and then enter to synapsing with what?

A

Olfactory epithelium upper nasal cavity

Hair cells

Fila Olfactoria

No, but covered in by Schwann cells

Cribriform plate, olfactory bulb to synapse on dendrites of mitral cells.

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31
Q

Where are CN 1 secondary neurons located?

Relay info posteror via what?

At anterior perforated substance the fibers split into what two things?

A

Mitral cell bodies found in olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

Medial and Lateral Stria

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32
Q

Medial stria fibers cross the midline via what?

Traveling to where?

A

Anterior Commissure

The Opposite olfactory bulb

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33
Q

Lateral stria fibers carry info to which three places?

A

Primary olfactory cortex; perimygdaloid and prepiriform area, including uncut (BM 34)

All of this is medial aspect of temporal lobe

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34
Q

Lok at note after this point in blue…

A

end of first page of unit 2

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35
Q

What are three clinical considerations for CN 1 Problems and how to test/identify?

A

Loss of smell - Cover one nostril and test both side (rare)

Skull fractures way to loose smell

CSF leakage - fluid clear

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36
Q

What are the three major layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous tunic

Vascular tunic

Retina

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37
Q

What is the fibrous tunic made up of?

A

Sclera - white part

Cornea - primar refactory part of eye

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38
Q

What is the Vascular tunic made of?

A

Ciliary bond

Iris

Chorid - blue thin layer

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39
Q

Describe the first 5 layers of the retina. (ten total)

A

Pigmented layer adjacent to choroid - cementing layer

Photosensitive outer of rods and cones

External limiting membrane

Outer nuclear layer - has rod and cone cell bodies

Outer plexiform layer - R and C synapse w bipolar cells here

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40
Q

Describe the second 5 layers of retina

A

Inner nuclear layer - bipolar cell bodies

Inner plexiform layer - bipolar cells synapse w ganglions

Ganglion cell layer - G cell bodies

Nerve fiber layer- ganglion cell axons. NOT myelinated

Internal limiting membrane - glial boundary from vitreous body

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41
Q

When depolarized photoreceptors relay info to bipolar cells by synapsing in outer plexiform layer, Bipolar cell bodies are found where?

Bipolar cells relay info to ganglion cells, the synapse occurs which layer?

A

Inner nuclear

Inner plexiform

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42
Q

Are optic nerve axons myelinated?

What cells form the myelin

A

Yes

Schwann

43
Q

The optic tract travels around cerebral peduncles and fibers synapse in one of three nuclei of termination. They are?

A

(Most)Lateral geniculate body to cerebral cortex at BM 17

Superior colliculus to the tectospinal tract - SCM and Trap influenced

Pretectal nucleus of midbrain - light reflexes

44
Q

Describe signs and symptoms of Lesion of optic nerve

Chiasma

Tract

A

One eye vision loss

Periph vision loss

Half field vision lost

45
Q

What are four visual reflexes? (they are afferent only)

A

Direct and consensual light reflex (pupil constricts)

Accommodation reflex

Corneal reflex

Convergence (cross eye look close)

46
Q

What muscles does CN 3 supply?

Which two types of fibers does it carry?

A

All extra ocular except SO and LR

Somatic and Parasymp

47
Q

CN 3 nuclei of origin are somatic, located where?

A

Periaqueductal gray matter, anterior to cebral aqueduct, at the level of superior colliculi

48
Q

What part of cerebral cortex sends axons TO the oculomotor nuclei?

Where else dos the nuclei receive fibers from?

A

BRDM 8

Superior colliculus and medial longitudinal fasciculus

49
Q

CN 3 axons go anteriorly through Red nucleus and exit CNS in the ___. At this point the nerve becomes____

A

Interpeduncular fossa

Myelinated

50
Q

CN 3 Nerves then penetrate the dura mater and exit through superior orbital fissure where it then splits into superior and inferior rami.

What muscles do each rami supply?

A

Superior Rami
Superior rectus
Levator Palp sup

Inferior ramus
medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique

51
Q

Axons from the accessory oculomotor nucleus follow CN 3 and synapse where?

What type of fibers?

A

Ciliar ganglion

Pregang parasymp

52
Q

Where is the ciliary ganglion located?

A

Posterior to eyeball about 1cm anterior to superior orbital fissure

53
Q

Where do post gang parasymp axons go?

Supply what two things?

A

Follow course of ciliary arteries, pierce sclera and travel around its internal surface.

Ciaris

Papillary constrictor

54
Q

What type of nerve is CN 4 and what does it supply?

A

Somatic Motor, SO

55
Q

Where is the trochlear nucleus located?

What does it give rise to? What do they do?

A

In periaqueductal gray, caudal to oculomotor nuclei

Lower motor neurons that cross and exit midbrain inferior to inferior colliculi

56
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons TO trochlear nucleus ?

Where else does nucleus receive fibers from?

A

BRDM 8

Superior colliculus and medial longitudinal fasciculus

57
Q

What does CN 6 supply and what type of fibers is it?

A

Lateral Rectus

Somatic motor

58
Q

Where is the abducens nucleus located at?

Its axons project where and exit CNS where?

A

Caudal part of the pons, floor of rhomboid fossa

Anteriorward and exit at inferior border of pons

59
Q

The abducens nerve receives info from same parts of CNS as what other nerve?

A

Trochlear

60
Q

Describe the three clinical considerations for CN 6

A

Strabismus - eyeballs point opposite. Internal or external

Diplopia - double vision. Subjective.

Ptosis - eylid droops cuz levator palp sup weakness. Oculomotor lesion cause maybe

61
Q

Describe Oculomotor paralysis and what can happen

Potential causes

A

External ophthalmoplegia
ex strabismus eye down/out

Diplopia and Ptosis

Internal ophthalmoplegia no constrict pupil and loss of light and accommodation reflex.

Uncal herniation, PCA aneurysms or diabetes

62
Q

Describe Trochlear and Abducens paralysis

A

Trochlear - rare, internal strabismus so can’t look down. hard go downstairs

Abducens - most common, internal strabismus

63
Q

What is damaged for internuclear ophthalmoplegia?

A

MLF - Medial Longitudinal Fasiculus

64
Q

CHART ON PAGE 15

A

KNOW BOTH!

65
Q

Describe CN 5

What are its three nuclei of termination?

A

Largest CN, Mixed, Great sensory nerve of the face

Main sensory, Spinal, Trigeminal mesencephalic

66
Q

What is CN 5 nucleus of origin?

Which ganglion is associated with CN 5?

What are Cn 5 three branches?

A

Trigeminal motor nucleus

Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion

Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

67
Q

Descibe Cn 5 sensory pathway to main and spinal nuclei

Name the analogous cord pathways

A

Cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion

Periph processes come from face to ganglion

Central process enter CNS and go to main trigeminal nucleus (touch, vibrate, joint proprioception) or spinal nucleus (pain and temp)

Lateral Spinothalmic Tract

68
Q

Describe CN 5 sensory pathway to mesencephalic nucleus

A

Dendrites from periph go THROUGH trigeminal gang, enter CNS, ascend to mesencephalic nucleus

Only sensory neurons that have cell bodies IN CNS*

69
Q

CN 5 motor pathway

A

Axons from motor nucleus leave CNS to trigeminal ganglion to be carried in mandibular branch to supply mastication muscles

ONLY mandibular branch motor*

70
Q

Motor nucleus RECEIVES info from what 5 things?

A

Cerebral cortex

Reticular formation

Red nucleus

Tectum

MLF

Mesencephalic nucleus

71
Q

Apparent origin of Trigeminal nerve?

Travels anterior-ward over pertrous part of temporal bone and enters ___ where the trigeminal ganglion is.

A

Lateral aspect of PONS

Trigeminal (Meckels) cave

72
Q

Where does ophthalmic division of CN 5 enter orbit?

Where does it carry sensation from?

A

Superior orbital fissure

Skin over nose, forehead, and scalp.

Mucous membranes in frontal and sphenoid sinuses, membrane covering nasal septum.

73
Q

What are the four branches of the Opthalmic division of trigeminal?

A

Meningeal nerve/tentorial branch

Lacrimal nerve

Frontal nerve

Nasociliary nerve

74
Q

Describe the meningeal nerve/tentorial branch. What does it supply?

A

Comes off ophthalmic division before leaves skull. Supplies dura mater lining middle cranial fossa

75
Q

Describe lacrimal nerve

A

Smallest branch of ophthalmic division.

Travels over lateral rectus, through lacrimal gland it supplies.

Carries some parasympathetic fibers to gland coming from pterygopalatine ganglion and reach lacrimal nerve by way of zygomatic and zygomaticotemporal

76
Q

Describe Frontal nerve

A

Largest branch of opthalmic division.

Divides into

Supratrochlear nerve
sensation from medial eye corner

Supraorbital nerve
From conjunctiva, upper eyelid and forehead, also mucus membrane of frontal sinus

77
Q

Describe the nasociliary branch of ophthalmic division trigeminal

A

Gives rise to three branches before dividing into two terminal branches

Ciliary ganglion communicating branch

Long ciliary nerve

Posterior ethmoid nerve - sphenoidal and ethmodial sinuses

Anterior ethmoid nerve - skin over nose and mucous over anterior nasal septum

Infratrochlear nerve - medial corner of eye and lacrimal sac

78
Q

Where does the maxillary division of trigeminal enter the pterygopalatine fossa through?

Where does it carry sensation from?

A

Foramen Rotundum

Skin between eyes and mouth, over cheeks and temples. Also carries info from mucosa lining the maxillary sinuses, nasal conchae, palate and gingiva

79
Q

Four branches of Maxillary division of trigeminal

A

Middle meningeal nerve

Zygomatic nerve
   communicating branch
   Zygomaticotemporal
   zygomaticofacial
   Infraorbital
   superior alveolar nerve

Look at Kahle page 127

80
Q

What does the infraorbital nerve give rise to? (three nerves)

A

Post. Middle. and Anterior.

superior alveolar nerves

81
Q

The mandibular division of trigeminal exits vault through what?

A

Foramen ovale. Both sensory and motor roots.

82
Q

Mandibular division carries sensation from?

Motor to what 8 muscles?

A

Skin over mandible, posterior cheek and temple. Mucosa of lower oral cavity and cheeks

Masseter, Temporalis, Med and Lat pterygoids, Tenor veli palatini, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, anterior digastric

83
Q

What two branches of mandibular division are given off in the infra temporal fossa?

What happens next?

A

Recurrent meningeal branch (nervous spinosum) - info from middle cranial fossa dura, anterior cranial fossa, calvarium

Medial pterygoid nerve - motor to medial pterygoid, tensor veli palatine, tensor tympani

Divides into main motor anterior and main sensory posterior division

84
Q

The anterior division of mandibular division gives rise to?

A

Masseter, Deep Temporal, Lateral Pterygoid, and Buccal nerves

85
Q

Posterior division of Mandibular division gives rise to?

A

Auriculotemporal, Lingual, and Inferior alveolar nerve which has two branches

Incisive branch and mental nerve

86
Q

Look over CN 5 Now

A

Fuck

87
Q

Which two autonomic ganglia communicate with the mandibular division?

A

Submandibular and Otic ganglia

88
Q

Clinical consideration for CN 5

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia - “worst pain imiganible, usualy unilateral. Throbbing, hot, maybe constant”

89
Q

Describe CN 7

Where is its primary nucleus of origin?

Which nucleus contributes preganglionic parasymp fibers to facial nerve?

A

Mixed cranial nerve, “nerve of facial expression” supplies motor to facial muscles.

Motor nucleus of facial nerve

Superior Salivtory

90
Q

Where do sensory fibers of facial nerve terminate?

Cell bodies are found in what ganglion?

A

Solitary nucleus

Geniculate

91
Q

Describe CN 7 sensory pathways

A

General sense from outer ear and lateral tympanic membrane to geniculate ganglion. Then axons go to solitary nucleus

Taste info geniculate ganglion and solitary nucleus, taste from anterior tongue is chorda tympani

92
Q

Describe CN 7 Motor pathways

A

LMN axons in motor nucleus exit CNS go through geniculate gang, innervate facial expression muscles (???)

93
Q

What is interesting about the motor nucleus of facial nerve?

A

Receives info from both cerebral sides, but the part of the nucleus supplying muscle in inferior face receives ONLY info from contralateral cortex. Also receives from reticular formation.

94
Q

Parasympathic pathways for CN 7

A

Pre parasymp fibers from superior salivatory nuc. synapse in pterygopalatine or submandibular ganglions.

Postgang fibers supply lac, submandib, sublingual, and small glands in oral and nasal cavities

95
Q

A.O. of CN 7

What are the two roots at the AO?

A

Sulcus between pons and MO - lateral aspect

named cerebellopontine angle/recess

Motor root (facial nerve proper) and Intermediate nerve (carry sensory and parasymp)

96
Q

Motor and intermediate roots from CN 7 AO travel and to internal acoustic meatus and then form a single trunk to enter facial canal, bending and forming? What is located there?

A

External genu of the facial nerve.

Geniculate ganglion!

97
Q

What is the other name for the greater petrosal nerve?

A

Superficial petrosal nerve.

Info page 23

98
Q

Nerve to stapedius comes off facial nerve and is motor. Supplies Stapedius muscle in middle ear

A

Cool

99
Q

Third branch off of facial nerve?

A

Chorda tympani which transverses the tympanic cavity and combines with lingual nerve branch of mandib div trigem.

100
Q

So to recap this shit. what are the three major branches off of facial nerve?

A

Greater petrosal nerve

Nerve to stapedius

Chorda Tympani

101
Q

Read the last bit of facial nerve

A

FUCK!

102
Q

Clinical considerations of facial nerve?

A

Bells Palsy

Superficial parodiectomy

103
Q

100 card just because

A

Still fuck!

PNS (5 decks)

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