Final Exam Flashcards
______ a summary description of a fixed characteristic or measure of the target population.
Parameter
______ denotes the true value which would be obtained if a census rather than a sample was undertaken.
Parameter
is a summary description of a characteristic or measure of the sample. The sample is used as an estimate of the population parameter
Statistic
The error when the sample selected is an imperfect representation of the population of interest.
Random Sampling Error
the desired size of the estimating interval. This is the maximum permissible difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter.
Precision Level
________ _______ is the range into which the true population parameter will fall, assuming a given level of confidence.
Confidence Interval
The probability that the confidence interval will include the population parameter
Confidence Level
The distribution of the values of a sample statistic. Computed for each possible sample of a given size.
Sampling Distribution
The process of using sample statistic to estimate corresponding population values.
Statistical Inference
as sample size increases, the distribution of the sample mean of randomly selected samples approached the normal distribution. *True regardless of distribution of original pop distribution.
Central Limit Theorem
The normal distribution of proportion approximates a normal in large samples.
Sampling distribution of the mean
Average of sampling distribution of the mean = _________
The corresponding population value
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
Standard error of the mean
When one variable is considered at a time.
Frequency distribution
The distribution of the values of a sample statistic. Computed for each possible sample of a given size.
Frequency distribution
Average Value, mod commonly used measure of central tendency.
Mean
The value that occurs most frequently it represents the highest peak of the distribution.
Mode
The middle value when data is arrayed ascending or deciding order. is the 50th percentile
Median
The mean squared deviation from the mean. It can never be negative
Variance
The square root of the variance
Standard deviation
Measures the spread of the data. The difference between the largest and the smallest values in the sample.
Range
Statement of the satis quo, one of no difference or no effect. It is not redirect, no changes will be made. (Value of parameter)
Null Hypothesis
One which some difference or effect is expected. Accepting this hypothesis will lead to changes in opinions or actions.
Alternative Hypothesis
This test is used for the nthull hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is expresses directionally.
One-tailed Test
When both hypothesis are note expressed directionally.
Two tailed test
Measure how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis and follows a all- known distribution, such as normal, t, chisquare.
Test statistic
occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis when it is fact true.
Type 1 error
The probability of typo ! error is called
Level of significance
Occurs when, based on the sample results, the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is in fact true.
Type ii error
the probability of observing a value of the test statistic as extreme as or more extreme than, the value actually observed – assuming the null is true.
p-value
Describes two ore more variables simultaneously.
Cross tabulation
Theresults in tables that reflect the joint distribution of two or more variables with a limited number of categories or distinct values.
Cross tabulation
Contingency table with to variables
Bivariate cross-tabulation
is a skewed distribution whose shape depends solely on the number of degrees of freedom.
Chi-square distribution
As the number of degrees of freedom increases, t_______ ______ becomes more symmetrical.
Chi -square distribution
Assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale.
Parametric test
The samples are _______ if they are drawn randomly from different populations.
Independent
Test of sample variance may be performed if it is not known whether the two populations have equal variance.
F test
It is used as a test of means for two or more populations. The null hypothesis, typically, is that all means are equal.
ANOVA
A particular combination of factor levels, or categories, is called a
Treatment
It involves only one categorical variable, or a single factor. The treatment is the same as a factor level.
One way analysis of variance
This is the sum of squares divided by the appropriate degrees of freedom.
Mean square
The null hypothesis that the category means are equal in the population. It is tested based on the ratio of mean square related to X and mean square related to error.
F statistic
This is the variation in Y related to the variation in the MEANS of the categories of X.
SSbetween or SSx
this is the variation in Y due to the variation WITHIN each of the categories of X
SSwithing, SSerror
It , summarizes the strength of association between two metric (interval or ratio scaled) variables, say X and Y.
Product moment correlation
The correlation coefficient between two variables will be the same regardless of their underlying units of measurement.
Product moment correlation
