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Chemistry 120 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three laws of thermodynamics?

A

Energy never created or destroyed
Entropy of the universe increases in spontaneous, unchanged in equilibrium
Entropy of a perfect crystalline substance is zero at the absolute zero of temperature

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2
Q

What is the atomic number equal to?

A

Number of protons

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3
Q

What is the mass number equal to?

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What are the two types of ions?

A

Cation - positive charge

Anion - negative charge

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5
Q

How many nanometers are in one meter?

A

1 X 10^9

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6
Q

What is the unit for frequency?

A

Hertz

1/s

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7
Q

What does heisenburgs uncertainty principle state?

A

Can not know position and momentum of a particle at the same time

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8
Q

What are the quantum numbers?

A

n - energy or distance from nucleus (1,2,3…..)
L - Shape (0,1,2 … n-1)
ML - Orientation in space ( -L to L)
Ms - Electron spin ( + .5 or - .5)

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9
Q

What are the shapes of the orbitals based on the L numbers?

A 
0 = S-orbital
1 = P-orbital
2 = D-orbital
3 = F-orbital
4 = G-orbital
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10
Q

What happens in an excited state?

A

An electron gets bumped up a level

Always add or subtract from the orbital with the largest n followed by highest L

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11
Q

What does isoelectronic mean?

A

Any atom/ion with the same electronic configurations

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12
Q

What is the ionization energy?

A

Energy required to remove an electron

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13
Q

Why does ionization energy increase from left to right?

A

The force holding the electrons increases, closer to full orbital

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14
Q

Why does ionization energy decrease from top to bottom?

A

As you go down n increases, therefore so does the radius

Force on electrons is decreased as R goes up

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15
Q

Why does atomic radius increase from top to bottom?

A

There are more orbitals

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16
Q

Why does atomic radius decrease from left to right?

A

Elements with more protons in a period will have more attraction making the radius smaller

17
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond

18
Q

What is formal charge and how do you calculate it?

A

Mechanism that compares valence electrons in an atom

FC = (number of valence electrons) - (number of lone pair electrons) - .5(number of bonding electrons)

19
Q

What is a resonance structure?

A

The location of the double bonds can change and the resonance structure is like a hybrid

20
Q

What is the steric number?

A

Number of bonded atoms and lone pairs on a central atom

21
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same number of protons, different number of neutrons

22
Q

What are paramagnetic?

A

Has at least one unpaired electron

23
Q

What is diamagnetic?

A

No unpaired electrons

24
Q

What are the bonding electron pairs, arrangement, angle, and shape?

A

2 - Linear - 180 - Linear
3 - Trigonal Planar - 120 - trigonal planar
4 - Tetrahedral - 109.5 - Tetrahedral
5 - Trigonal bipyramidal-120 or 90-trigonal bipyramid
6 - Octahedral - 90 - octahedral

25
Q

What are the bonding electrons, lone pair electrons, arrangement, angle and shape?

A

2 - 1 - Trigonal planar - <109.5 - Trigonal Pyramidal
3 - 2 - Trigonal bipyr - 120, 90 - TShaped
4 - 1 - Trig bipyr - 120,90 - See saw
4 -2 - Octahedral - 90 -Square Planar
5 - 1 - Octahedral - 90 - square pyramidal

26
Q

What is the hybridizarion based on the steric number?

A

2 - sp
3 - sp2
4 - sp3
5 - sp3d

27
Q

What is the bond order?

A

.5(electrons in bonding pair) - .5(electrons in antibonding)

28
Q

What are the two exceptions for molecular orbitals?

A

O2, ne2 and F2 have r2p before the pi2p

29
Q

What is the triple point?

A

Intersection of three phase boundries, all three exist simultaneously

30
Q

What is the critical point?

A

Where the gas and liquid line terminate

31
Q

What is the order of strengths with internolecular forces?

A 
Hydrogen
Dipole - dipole
Polar
Dipole induced 
Dispersion
32
Q

What are the atoms that hydrogen bonds can form with?

A

Oxygen
Nitrogen
Fluorine

33
Q

According to simple collision theory what three things must happen for a reaction to occur?

A

Collision between reactant particles
Correct oroentation of collision particles
Minimum energy must be met to get it activated

34
Q

What must a molecule have to be dipole?

A

Must be polar

35
Q

How do you tell if a molecule is polar?

A

A molecule is polar if there are lone pairs on central atom or the centeal atom is bonded to different atoms

36
Q

How are intramolecular forces related to boiling and melting point?

A

The stronger the intramolecular forces the higher the melting point and lower the boiling point

37
Q

What is a buffer system?

A

A solution that resists change in pH

Consists of a weak acid and a weak base

38
Q

What is a system?

A

Substance of interest

39
Q

What are the surroundings?

A

All matter around the system

Chemistry 120 (6 decks)

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