Final exam 2110

Question 1

What is the major discipline of sociology?

Answer 1

Objectively observe/discover how society works, not trying to fix society just study society

Question 2

Verstehen’s theory?

Answer 2

Putting ourselves in the position of the people we are studying and trying to reconstruct the interpretations that people give their own actions

Question 3

Weber - class

Answer 3

class categorizes people by their income (economy category)

Classes over the years:

1800s – 2 classes upper and lower

900s – 3 classes upper, middle and lower

2023 – 5 classes elite/upper, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class and underclass

Question 4

Weber - status

Answer 4

They are formed by those with similar social status, lifestyles, world views, occupations, and living standards. Stratified by their consumption of goods

Question 5

Weber - Party

Answer 5

These are organizations that attempt to achieve certain goals in a planned and logical manner. Organized for the sole purpose of getting their agenda

Question 6

Iron cage of rationality

Answer 6

all modern institutions are bureaucracies with a predominant theme of efficiency

Question 7

Traditional Authority

Answer 7

Control through long-standing traditions and customs “the way it’s always been” royals possess royal blood

Question 8

Charismatic Authority

Answer 8

Wrote a lot about not based on just tradition, relies soley on the leaders ability to influence their people. Eg. Cults, politians, hitler and influencers

Question 9

Rational-Legal Authority

Answer 9

derives its powers from the system of bureaucracy and legality. the rules are enacted and obeyed as legitimate because they are in line with other laws

Question 10

SA - determine how domination is in a capitalist society

Answer 10

Authoritarian - Forbid public opposition of any kind, use force to ensure compliance with the written laws

Totalitarian - Even more controlling eg. Nazis. State intervention in peoples private lives demands people to complete loyality. Done to stop individual thought and socialization

Liberal democracy - People express their views by electing represetnatives to the state hierarchy. a complete SES tactic of social organization (social control)

Question 11

Authoritarian

Answer 11

Forbid public opposition of any kind, use force to ensure compliance with the written laws

Question 12

Totalitarian

Answer 12

Even more controlling eg. Nazis. State intervention in peoples private lives demands people to complete loyality. Done to stop individual thought and socialization

Question 13

Liberal democracy

Answer 13

People express their views by electing representatives to the state hierarchy. a complete SES tactic of social organization (social control)

Question 14

Labeling Theory

Answer 14

People respond to how they feel themselves judged & labelled by others: In turn, we judge & respond to others in terms of how those others are socially labelled.

Question 15

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 15

The social world (including its structures/institutions) is constructed by individuals interacting through the use of shared symbolic meaning

Question 16

Cultural Capital

Answer 16

The symbolic & interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations. Which several of our structures (institutions) favour & reward these sorts of cultural traits.

Question 17

Macro Structures in society

theories

Answer 17

Conflict: Institutions socialize only one dominant ideology (of the elite class) to uphold inequality (maintain SES).

Functionalist: Institutions socialize us to become functioning members of society.

Question 18

Goffman Dramaturgical

Answer 18

People in one another’s immediate physical presence are continually communicating (symbolically!)

Question 19

SA - Goffman Impression management

Answer 19

Verbal - Words which the person can easily control (expression or body language)

Role Taking - Consistent with the analogy of the theatre, we can think of people playing various roles

Front Region: Like the theatre’s stage, the place where the performance is given.

Back region: Like backstage, where the pressures to perform a given role are relaxed & unseen to the audience.

Question 20

basic principle of feminist theory

Answer 20

Feminist theory is a theory to help understand the inequility that women face. Help to end inequility about women as well, making more people aware of the discrimination.

Question 21

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 21

A normative ideal of masculinity: Aggressiveness, control, strength, ambition, not valuing “the feminine” (& women)

Question 22

Emphasized femininity

Answer 22

Normative ideals of emphasized femininity: Supportive, enthusiastic, attractive, discomforted beauty, slim, dependent

Question 23

Problems with the biological definition of gender

Answer 23

1. not everyone is a set level of X and Y some females produce Y when they are meant to have XX
2. gender is a performative structure in society that you can choose to be a part of or not. when it comes to your health these categories do matter since they can affect your health in different ways.
   EX. Prostate cancer is more frequent in males

Question 24

Relations of ruling Dorothy Smith

Answer 24

Seeing “The Everyday World as Problematic”. All people experience the everyday world differently

We all interact with institutions (& social policy) every day, throughout our lives.

But the dominant androcentric intellectual world presents itself as both universal & objective.

Question 25

Doing gender

Answer 25

Identities as emerging out of different material situations that men and women find themselves in, as they take up particular practical struggles.

Question 26

Intersectionality

Answer 26

various biological & social categories interact on multiple levels to produce systematic social inequality.

Question 27

The difference in prejudice and discrimination

Answer 27

Prejudice – A negative assessment about what a person/group is like before you actually meet them.

Discrimination – Actions that deny/grant advantages to members of particular groups.

Question 28

Understanding of race

Answer 28

Race is a social contract that Designates certain groups as racially different by assigning biological significance to their perceived differences

Question 29

Dominant ideology

Answer 29

the main ideology in a society which is made up of a set of standards among society.

Question 30

Foucault discourse

Answer 30

Belief systems embedded in expert knowledge influence how we think about our personal lives: The influence of the “professional”

Question 31

Pattern of behaviour in todays youth

Answer 31

iGeneration (Generation Z) & Generation Alpha: Young people of the past few decades/today.

Spend much of every day by themselves, hooked into personal electronic gadgets.

Question 32

SA - define the concept of racialization and provide examples

Answer 32

Racialization is ideologically infused with preconceived notions within a context of power. It involves relationships of inequality.

EX. An individual might racialize another individual or group through particular actions (e.g. avoiding eye contact, crossing the street, asking invasive questions about their ancestry) that designate the target individual or group as “other” or “not-normal.”

Question 33

SA - how foucault’s discourse is constant discourse reflects invisible power in our society + examples

Answer 33

Our daily discourse directly reflects dominant ideology in society (we “parrot” those ways of speaking & thinking!).

Because we are socialized to accept dominant ideology through experiencing institutions on a daily basis throughout our lifetimes.

It reflects invisible power because people are confiding to these rules yet they are not a piece of legislation or taught in schools.

EX. In school you act a certain way to be considered “cool” when it comes effortlessly the invisible power is shown from those who have to work or choose to “stand out”

Question 34

Is there upward class social mobility?

Answer 34

Yes you can move between classes either as time goes on and new classes are developed or if your income were to change.

Question 35

Identify the problem with 1st, 2nd, 3rd world terminology

Answer 35

These labels indicated a hierarchical & derogatory ranking of which countries are considered superior.

The newer, more politically correct, root word “Develop” are in relation to the economic capitalist benchmark

Question 36

1 dominant insitution in today’s society

neoliberalism

Answer 36

1980s-present: Neoliberalism. - Corporations as the most influential institution.

Question 37

SA - characterize neoliberalism provide example for each point

Answer 37

An increase in long & protracted civil wars.
- In this society many people think they are in the right and are close minded to alternative ways of thinking

“Ethnic cleansing” of many minority groups
- Many religions are being strayed away from and many people are more comfortable to leave their religion

Question 38

SA - the key global institutions that have been created to structure the global capital world in which we live

Answer 38

International Monetary Fund (IMF).

supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation

World bank

to reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies and to improve the standard of living of their people.

World trade organization

help its members use trade as a means to raise living standards, create jobs and improves people’s lives

Question 39

International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Answer 39

supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation

Question 40

World Bank

Answer 40

to reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies and to improve the standard of living of their people.

Question 41

World Trade Org

Answer 41

help its members use trade as a means to raise living standards, create jobs and improves people’s lives

Question 42

SA - describe the three distinct patterns of capitalist social organization since WW2

Answer 42

Post-WWII: The “Welfare State”. Golden age! Economic boom times. Institutions: Rigid nuclear family roles.

b) 1960s-1970s: Demand for social equality for ALL people. Institutions: Political structures of marginalization (ex: Canada’s MC policy).

c) 1980s-present: Neoliberalism. Corporations as the most influential institution.