Final Exam - 2013 Flashcards
If a young child is being radiographed and must be held by someone to keep them still, which of these is true?
- the dr. Should hold the child while an assistant pushes the exposure button
- The child’s parent should hold the child while the doctor pushes the exposure button
- Who wholes the child is not important, as long as they are protected with lead apron, gloves, etc.
- whoever holds the child should have a lead apron and gloves on to reduce their exposure
- When x-raying a child, radiation dose is so low that protective apron and gloves are not necessary
- The child’s parent should hold the child while the doctor pushes the exposure button
- Whoever hods the child should have a lead apron and gloves on to reduce their exposure
“Spectral matching” is a term that refers to a match between which of these?
- x-ray photon energy and thickness of the part of being x-rayed
- mA and kVp to produce the right quality of x-ray beam
- Size of the x-ray beam to the size of anatomy being imaged
- The color of light produced by the intensifying screens to film sensitivity
The color of light produced by the intensifying screens to film sensitivity
Which TWO of these is used as a means to reduce magnification in x-ray imaging?
- Decrease the SID
- Increase the SID
- Decrease the OID
- Increase the OID
Increase the SID
Decrease the OID
Any undesirable, random fluctuation in the optical density of a diagnostic image is called ____
Noise
A higher ratio grid has which of these advantages?
- Decreased patient dosage
- Better clean-up of scatter
- Less beam hardening
- Better beam focus
Better clean up of scatter
Voltage ripple is not a desirable feature because:
- The X-ray tube must have DC current
- It results in the production of more low energy x-ray photons
- It results in lower image contrast
- It decreases edge resolution
It results in the production of more low energy x-ray photons
The term “latent image” refers to which of these?
- Picture that appears on the x-ray film after it is processed
- Artifact that occurs when the patient moves during the x-ray exposure
- Artifact that occurs which poor film-screen contact
- Invisible change that occurs in the x-ray film when it is exposed
- Unintentional exposure that occurs if film is accidentally struck by light or x-ray
Invisible change that occurs in the x-ray film when it is exposed
The part of the tube referred to as the “rotor” is which of these?
- Anode
- Cathode
- Envelope
- Collimator
Anode
The dose-response model used to predict the late effect of radiation exposure is:
- Non-linear
- linear
- non-threshold
- Threshold
Linear
Non-Threshold
The advantage of using a moving grid instead of a stationary grid is:
- They remove move scatter
- Improved beam focus
- less grid cutoff
- more grid cutoff
- No grid lines on the image
No grid lines on the image
In the analog form of diagnostic imaging, the purpose of the intensifying screen is to:
- Convert x-ray energy to visible light
- Harden the x-ray beam
- Direct electrons toward the cathode
- Reduce scatter
Convert x-ray energy to visible light
The 10 day rule is best represented by which of these?
- If a person needs multiple x-ray studies, they should be taken at least 10 days apart
- The first 10 days in uterosacral are the most radiosensitive, so avoid elective procedure x-rays at the time
- To avoid in utero exposure it is safest time to x-rays a female of childbearing capacity during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle
- If a person does not experience any ill effect from x-ray exposure within 10 days, then it is almost certain that no harm was done
To avoid in utero exposure it is safest time to x-rays a female of childbearing capacity during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle
Select the 3 important user-controlled variables of x-ray exposure technique
- Time, distance, and resistance
- Time, tube current, and tube potential
- Patient size, amperage, and shielding
- Wavelength, amplitude and frequency
Time, tube current, and tube potential
X-rays are potentially dangerous to living organisms because they cause:
- cell heating
- ionization of atoms
- Destabilization of atomic nuclei
- Bad Karma
- Secondary radiation
Ionization of atoms
“Duplex film” is a term that refers to:
- x-ray film used to make duplicates or copies of x-rays
- x-ray film that has emulsion on two sides
- x-ray film that can be used with or without intensifying screens
- X-ray film that can be used twice before discarding
X-ray film that has emulsion on two sides
The effect of passing an x-ray beam through a filter is to:
- Increase the beam quality and reduce beam intensity
- Reduce both beam quality and intensity
- Polarize it, with some reduction of intensity
- Focus it and reduce the intensity
Increase the beam quality and reduce beam intensity
The anode heel effect results in which of these?
- Decreased risk of heat damage to the tube
- Increased risk of heat damage to the tube
- Increased intensity of the x-ray beam toward the anode side
- Decreased intensity of the x-ray beam toward the anode side
Decreased intensity of the x-ray beam toward the anode side
Select the THREE cardinal principles of radiation protection (as presented in class) from the list below:
- Time
- kVp
- Shielding
- Distance
- mA
Time, shielding, distance
The inverse square law describes the relationship between which of these?
- x-ray photon energy and amplitude
- x-ray photon energy and frequency
- x-ray intensity and distance from source
- Amperage and voltage
X-ray intensity and distance from source
Which of the following is a type of diagnostic x-ray interaction with matter that has complete absorption of the x-ray photon?
- Bremstrahlung
- Characteristic
- Compton
- Photoelectric
- Classical
Photoelectric
Increasing tube mA is going to have which of these effects?
- Increased beam quantity
- Increased beam quality
- Increased beam quality and quality
- None of these
Increased beam quantity
The effects of in utero radiation during the first 2 weeks of development are best described by which of these?
- Either reduced intelligence or reduced stature
- Increased rate of neonatal malignancy
- Increased rate of development abnormality
- Either no ill-effects or termination of pregnancy
Either no ill-effects or termination of pregnancy
Bremstrahlung is a term that is best described by which of these?
- Heat energy released when electrons stride the node
- Electron release when the cathode is heated
- X-ray energy created by projectile electron interact with the electromagnetic field of the nucleus of an atom
- X-ray energy released when electrons move from one shell to another in the same atom
- Absorption of x-ray photons when they interact with matter
X-ray energy created by projectile electrons interact with the electromagnetic field of the nucleus of the atom
Which of the following is true regarding darkroom safelights?
- Safelights produce light that cannot expose x-ray film
- Safelights are only safe if the light intensity is controlled
- Amber safelight filters may be used with an x-ray film
- Red safelight filters should never be used with x-ray film
- Blue safelight filters can only be used with red sensitive film
Safelights are only safe if the light intensity is controlled
According to your notes, a minimum radiation dose of approximately ____ rem is required to involve the GI tract in the acute radiation syndrome.
- 100
- 500
- 1000
- 1500
- 2000
1000
The acronym “FFD” is an older term is still used and represents which of these?
- Distance from the subject to the X-ray tube
- Distance from the X-ray tube to the subject
- Distance from the X-ray tube to the imaging plane
- Distance from the grid to the imaging plane
Distance from the X-ray tube to the imaging plane
X-ray film that turns brown over a period of weeks after it has been processed is a result of thick of these problems?
- The film was overexposed - too much x-ray was used when the x-ray image was made
- The film was exposed to sunlight after the x-image was processed
- Fixer solution was left on the film after it was exposed
- An amber safelight was used with the film was developed
Fixer solution was left on the film after it was exposed
The primary control of a beam quality is which of these?
- Time of exposure
- kVp
- mA
- Percentage of characteristic x-ray beam
- Thermionic emission
KVP
An area of the film described on an x-ray report as “radiolucent” will be:
- a darker area, representing anatomy that x-rays passed though more easily
- a whiter area, representing anatomy that x-rays did not pass through easily
- a darker area, representing anatomy that x-rays did not pass through easily
- a Whiter area, representing anatomy that x-rays passed through more easily
A darker area, representing anatomy that x-rays passed through more easily
Which of these is a recognized late effect of radiation exposure to the eyes?
- Retinoblastoma
- Iritis
- Glaucoma
- Cataract
Cataract
Which of the following is a type of x-ray interaction with matter that is very dependent on the atomic number of material involved?
- Compton
- Characteristic
- Photoelectric
- Photodisintegration
- Classical
Photoelectric
The stage of x-ray film processing that is most sensitive to small temperature changes is which of these?
- Fixing
- Drying
- Washing
- Developing
Developing
The collimator is a device that is used to _____
- Filter the x-ray beam
- Focus the x-ray beam
- Increase the quality of the x-ray beam
- Limit the x-ray beam to the area of interest
- Strain the spaghetti
Limit the x-ray beam to the area of interest
Which of the following cells are higher in radio sensitivity than the others?
- Neurons
- Muscle cells
- Lymphocytes
- Osteoclasts
Lymphocytes
A focused grid is one that
- allows the operator to limit the x-ray beam to the area of interest
- has angled grid strips to match x-ray beam divergence
- Focuses the “scattered” x-rays back to their original path
- Can be used as SID
Has angled strips to match x-ray beam divergence
The “focal range” of a grid refers to which one of these?
- Range of kVp selection that will work effectively with the grid
- Range of acceptable X-ray tube placement distances (SIDS) to work with the grid
- Range of mAs selection that will work effectively with the grid
- Range of acceptable spacing between the grid and image receptor
Range of acceptable spacing between grid and image receptor
A small focal spot is used when possible because it provides which of the following as an advantage?
- uses less energy
- decreases likelihood of heat damage
- increases the edge resolution of the x-ray image
- Decreases patient exposure
Decreases likelihood of heat damage
The typical exposure resulting from congenital x-ray diagnostic imaging of the musculoskeletal system is less than a REM (true or false)
True
Generally speaking, images that are created using higher kVp and lower mAs will show ___ when compared to images used lower kVp and higher mAs
- More contrast
- Less contrast
- Better edge resolution
- Less focal spot blur
Less contrast
For insulation of an X-ray tube used for imaging of patients in standing position, ____ side of the X-ray tube should be up (ie closer to the ceiling)
- Anode side
- Cathode side
Anode side
The wattage for a safelight bulb is:
15 watts maximum
Rare earth phosphors are important components of which of these?
- x-ray film emulsion
- x-ray intensifying screens
- x-ray anodes
- x-ray grids
X-ray intensifying screens
The ____ type of personnel radiation dosimeter that is most often used because it is inexpensive and sufficiently accurate
- film badge
- thermoluminescent
- optionally stimulated
- Ionization chamber
Film badge
Which of these is a unit of radiation dose?
- The roentgen
- The RAD
- The Curie
- The Air Kerma
The RAD
Which of these is/are important in controlling scatter x-rays?
- Collimation
- Grids
- X-ray exposure technique selection
- intensifying screens
Collimation
Grids
X-ray exposure technique selection
X-ray tubes for general purposes typically have both a ______ and a _____ filament
- blue and green
- large and small
- AC and DC
- Rectified and unrectified
Large and small
Faster imaging systems are typically associated with greater noise (true or false)
True
Estimation of radiation induced malignancy at low levels of exposure is difficult because the type of cancer that results is not different from that generated by other causes (true or false)
True
Silver halides are important components of which of these?
- x-ray film emulsion
- x-ray intensifying screens
- Developer solution
- X-ray tube cathodes
X-ray film emulsion
An important function of the fixer solution in film processing is which of these?
- Reducing ionic silver to metallic silver
- Accelerating the action of the developer
- Clearing unexposed emulsion from the film
- Making the darkroom smell bad
Clearing unexposed emulsion from the from the film
