Final Exam Flashcards
Describe Structure and function of Rough ER
Smooth ER
Flattened sheets studded with ribosomes. Protein Synthesis
More tubular and lacks attached ribosomes. Lipid synthesis
Describe the ultrastructure of Golgi complex and other crap
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Differentiate between Primary and Secondary lysosomes
Primary - Initially formed by cell, not engaged in digestive activity
Secondary - Formed by combo of primary lysosomes and with an endocytic or autophagic vesicle. Digestive function.
Autophagy?
Autolysis?
Factors contribute to autolysis?
Heterophagy?
Intracellular digestion of intracellular material
Autodigestion, (cell injury and death) (apoptosis)
Lack of O2, exposure to some carcinogens, starvation, excess Vit. A
Intracellular digestion of Extracellular material (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)
Describe development of inborn lysosomal storage diseases.
Mutation of gene –> alteration of one enzyme –> disturbance in degradation of one or several macromolecules –> pile up of waste material –> clinical manifestations of the disease.
How asbestos and silicon exposure can have adverse effect on lysosomal function and cause disease?
Role of liposomes and “stealth” liposomes.
Inhaled and taken up by alveolar macrophages. Combine with lysosomes weakening their membranes. Release of hydrolytic enzymes, inflammation and cell destruction
Stealth lyposomes are used to evade recognition by professional phagocytes. They coat liposomes with polyethylene glycol to prevent molecular flags from combining with liposomes, thus evading macrophages.
What are the functions of peroxisomes?
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Functions of microtubules?
Microfilaments?
Intermediary filaments?
Why are intermediary ones important for cell? How important for diagnosing cancer?
Cytoskeleton, Chromosome movement, Cilia and flagella movement, Transfer sensory info, Continuous organelle movement.
Movment in non muscle cells, Cell shape changes, Role in cell secretion, muscle contraction, structural core of microvilli, form cell cortex beneath cell membrane.
Form Cytoskeleton, Play a structural or tension bearing role
Most stable and least soluble component of cytoskeleton. Tissue specific so used to identify cell types.
What is the microtubule-organizing center in the cell?
Structure and function of them?
Centrioles and Basal Bodies
Centrioles - 9 sets of microtubules called triplets. Forms spindle apparatus in cell division
Basal Bodies - Called this when centriole migrate to position just underneath the membrane where organization of cilia and flagella occur. Function is to organize microtubules of cilia and flagella.
Describe two major motility systems in the cell.
Role of motor molecules and how they bring motion within the cell.
Microtubule based and Microfillament based. (pg 162)
They bring motion within the cell by converting chemical energy to mechanical through using ATP as the energy source
Cilia and flagella structure and function
Role of Dynein arm and ATP and microtubules in colliery movement.
Describe Immotile Cilia Syndrome and reasons for development
Central axoneme or shaft, Surrounding plasma membrane, Some cytoplasm
Propel cells through liquid environment.
Dynein is Mg and Ca activated ATPase enzyme. It hydrolyses ATP so energy is released and used for movement.
Dynein arms in patients are deficient or absent so cilia and flagella unable to move
Infertility, Chronic Bronchitis, Sinusitis
Describe the sequence of events of acute hypoxic injury to myocardium.
- Occlusion of coronary artery Ischemia and loss of ATP production
- Speeds up glycolysis leading to increased lactic acid production
- NaK pump becomes more permeable leading to release of certain enzymes from cell into ECF and blood. (creatine phosphokinase, LDH, glutamic oxaloacatete transaminase)
- Exit of enzymes leads to cell death causing heart attack
The detection of which three enzymes is a good indacator of Acute Myocardial Infarction?
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)
Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Glutamic Oxaloacetate Transminase (GOT)
What tests do hospitals use for AMI?
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Discuss the synthesis and functions of interferon in the body.
How is it involved in antiviral and anti tumor activities?
It is a glycoprotein secreted by virus infected cells that act on nearby uninfected cells to render them resistant to broad spectrum of viruses.
First defense against infection by many viruses
Antitumor activity because it retards rapid cell division of cell division.
What two ways is Interferon synthesized in the lab>
Using Cultured Leucocytes which are exposed to appropriate viruses
With Recombinant DNA Technique
Define Inflammation.
List 5 symptoms associated with it.
Tissue response to injury from mechanical forces, chemical irritants, exposure to excessive radiation, or exposure to extreme temperature.
Redness, Heat, Pain, Swelling, Function loss
Describe the process of Inflammation
Histamine, Serotonin, Kinins, and Prostaglandins released by damaged tissue causing vasodilation and increased permeability of vessels
Further cell injury prevented by phagocytes
Fibrin isolates infected area
Pus is produced, if not drained like usual then an abcess develops. Open sore called ulcer.
Tissue Repair occurs by cell division from stroma and parenchyma
What conditions can affect tissue repair?
Nutrition
Adequate Blood Flow
Age
Define resistance to disease.
Discuss specific and non-specific resistance to disease.
The ability to combat infection - ward off disease
Non-Specifiic
Not depend on prior exposure
Immune system no ned to recognize identity of
foreign substance
Results in elimination of foreign substance
Specific
Depends on prior exposure. Recognition needed. Immunity is conferred by certain types of white blood cells.
Define Immunity
Distinguish an antigen from antibody
List various characteristics.
Define haptens and antigenic determinant sites.
Specific Resistance to Disease
Antigen (Immunogen) - chemical substance that when introduced to body cause it to produce specific antibodies which can then react.
Immunogenic and Reactive
Antibody - Proteins made by immune cells in response to antigens.
Small antigen attached to macromolecule is called a Hapten. Macromolecule itself is haptenic determinant
Antigenic determinant sites are found on Ag for attaching several Ab’s
What is Cellular immunity?
Humoral Immunity?
Mediated by T lymphocytes and can attach to foreign substance and destroy it by secreting lymphotoxins. Good for Fungi, Parasites, viral, cancer, foreign transplants
Consists of production and circulation of antibodies by B lymphocytes. Antibodies secreted by B attack the invading agent and destroy it. Good for Bacterial and viral and parasites
What is meant by self-tolerance?
Why would an individual develop an autoimmune disease?
To prevent self-destruction the immune system discriminates between self-antigens and foreign antigens.
If the immune system loses tolerance to some of its self-antigens. Start making antibodies against self antigens. RA, MS, Type 1 Diabettus
Summarize steps in cell-mediated immunity
- Antigen engulfed, part digested and presented by macrophage
- Undiferentiated T cells with specific receptors recognize antigen
- T cells divide by mitosis
- T cells differentiate into cytotoxic cells, NK cells, and memory cells
- Cytotoxic T cells release lymphotoxins and/or perforin
- The target cell dies as a result of a programmed death
Summarize steps in Bacterial infection
Nutrophil and NK cells migrate to infected area
Inflammation and lymphokines attract phagocytes
Cytotoxic T cells appear
B cells differentiate into plasma cells
A gradual sustained increase in antibodies occurs
Antigen-antibody complex in blood activates complement proteins of blood resulting in elimination of bacteria
Define allergy
Immediate allergy from Delayed allergy
What happens during allergic reaction at cell level?
Side effect of immunity
Has circulating antibodies in blood and attached to cells
No antibodies to specific allergens found in blood but mediated by lymphocytes
What happens during allergic reaction at cell level?
Initial Contact
Allergen contacts
Cells produce antibodies
Antibodies become attached to Mast cells
Subsequent Contact
Allergen contacts
Antibodies attached to mast cells get w allergen
Allergen-antibody reaction affects mast cells
Mast cell releases histamine
Vasodilation, Smooth muscle contract, Edema
