Exam 1 Flashcards
Identify the main structural parts of a generalized prokaryotic cell and describe their functions
Membranous Intrusion
Mesosomes - membrane invaginations
These help with reproduction and metabolism
Membranous Extrusions
Pilli - Cause disease attach and inject toxin to host cell,
transfer genetic material
Flagella - function is motility
Define cell doctrine.
- All animals and plants are composed of cells
- Each cell can live in the absence of others
- The cells arise only from other cells
Describe Schleiden and Schwann’s cell theory and Virchow’s cell lineage theory.
Also define a cell.
Schlemiel and Schwann cell theory is parts 1 and 2 of cell doctrine.
Virchow cell lineage theory is most diseases start at the cellular level. Part 3 of doctrine was him.
A cell is the basic unit of life. Has definite boundary with which there is constant flow of energy and chemical activity
Discuss morphological variation among different types of eukaryotic cells. 6 items
RBCs, fibroblast cells, neurons, bone cells, muscle (smooth cardiac and skeletal) and retinal rod cells.
Identify the main structural parts of a generalized eukaryotic cell and describe their functions
System of membranes, both exo and endoplasmic
Cytoplasmic matrix where organelles are found
Number of organelles some membranous others non.
Describe the two types of prokaryotic cells
Eubacteria - true bacteria, present day live in soil and cause sickness. Example is Cyanobacteria
Archaebacteria - modern descendent of ancient prokaryotes, examples are methano, halo, suflo, bacteria and thermacidophiles
Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes 3
Genetic material is DNA
A membrane surrounds the cell
Ribosomes found in both types of cells
Describe diffences between pro and euk 5
No membrane around nucleus (pro) or double membrane (euk)
Binary fission (pro) or mitosis (euk)
Simple or complex nutritional requirements
Rapid growth and division (pro) or varies (euk)
Little or no membrane bound organelle (pro) or bunch (euk)
Describe the differences between inorganic and organic components of the cell.
Inorganic - small ionically bonded molecules w no carbons
Water and salts/ions
Organic - large carbon containing covalently bonded compounds
Proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, ATP, cyclic amp
Discuss why water is a vital compound in the living systems. List functions (5)
It is the most abundant substance in living cells
Superb solvent and suspending medium
Used to eliminate waste materials
Participates in chemical reactions (dehydration and hydrolysis)
Absorbs and releases heat very slowly
Serves as lubricant
Know the concentrations of cations and anions in the intracellular fluid and the interstitial fluid
Page 15 in Cell pays book…..COME BACK TO
Know the main functions of calcium ions in the cells and in the body. 6.
Bone formation
Teeth formation
Regulatory cofactor in muscle contraction
Act as cofactor in enzymatic activities
Role in blood clotting
Can affect cell secretion (endocrine and exocrine)
Understand the clinical significance of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia and their effects on the nervous system.
Hypercalcemia - decreased neuronal membrane permeability to Na+ ions. Na+ activation gates closed
Hypocalcemia - Increased permeability to Na+ so increased excitability…Tetany
Identify reasons for the occurrence of osteoporosis and osteomalacia.
Osteoporosis causes
not enough Ca+ in diet
Hormonal deficiency (low estrogen; calcitonin)
Osteomalacia causes
Ca2+ or P concentration abnormalities
Abnormalities of VitD metabolism
Absorption problems
Also discuss functions of phosphates in the body and their clinical implications. 5
Formation of bones and teeth along with calcium
Maintain structural integrity of cell membrane
Used to make ATP
Essential components of organic compounds in cell
Act as buffer
Clinical disorders are Osteoporosis (chronic) and reduced buffer (acute)
Learn the types and functions of iron in the body.
Functional Iron
Hemoglobin majority iron
Myoglobin small portion in muscle cells
In enzymes like cytochrome oxidase in mito
Storage Iron
Ferritin in the liver and spleen, soluble
Hemosiderin in liver and spleen, insoluble
Transferrin iron carrier protein in blood
Functions
carrier of O2 and CO2 in hemo/myoglobin
Role in blood formation
other functions act as coenzymes/catalysts
Describe how iron is involved in blood formation and what are the causes of microcytic anemia and macrocytic anemia.
What is the relationship of iron and cancer?
???????
Microcytic anemia caused by iron deficiency
Macrocytic anemia caused by cobalt or vitb12 deficiency - pernicious anemia
Increased iron contents in cells may increase risk. Because of assisting in production of free radicals
Discuss the functions of copper in the cells and its clinical relevance.
Part of cytochrome oxidase system in mito
Part of enzyme tyrosinase
Associated with superoxide dismutase. Scavenging free radicals
Copper defiency rare in adults. Preme infants may suffer from anemia and cardiomyopathy. Cant synthesize enough cytochrome c oxidase
Describe Proteins
Most have C, H, O, and N and some have S or P
Made of monomers which are AA
AA are linked by peptide bonds
What are the 6 types of functional classifications of proteins?
Molecular classifications ? 3
Structural (extra and intracellular) Contractile Transport Regulatory Catalytic Immunological
Fibrous, Globular, and Conjugated
What are the 6 main functions of proteins?
Major structural materials in animals (cellulose in plants)
All enzymes are proteins
Responsible for movment (actin myosin)
Transport of materials through circulatory system and also across the cell membrane
Antibodies are proteins
Clotting of blood requires the interaction of a number of proteins
Describe carbohydrates and how are they classified?
Main sources of energy for the majority of the cells. Form structural components of the cell wall and intracellular materials.
Classified by the number of sugars they contain
Describe Lipids, what are the main 4 functions of them
macromolecules that are soluble in organic compounds but not inorganic ones (like water)
fat synthesis and energy storage
synthesis of other compounds like membranes and hormones
insulation
specific biological functions
Describe the energy sources of the liver, heart, muscle, and brain cells under normal and/or abnormal physiological conditions.
Liver - stores glycogen but its energy needs are satisfied by fats
Heart - 70% fatty acids and 30% carbs
Muscle - stores a ton of glycogen… energy source?????
Brain - SUGAR…glucose.
Discuss ketone metabolism during starvation and uncontrolled diabetic condition.
Page 25 ??????????
How many types of diabetes exist?
Type 1: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Type 2: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Gestational: Glucose intolerance diagnosed in pregnancy. May Or may not continue after termination of preg.
What are their characteristics? (type one vs type 2 diabetes)
Type 1 - autoimmune destruction of beta cells, childhood onset, insulin deficiency, not related with obesity, ketoacidosis present
Type 2 - Insulin resistance due to target cell receptor deficiency, adult onset, impaired beta cell function and insulin synthesis, obesity common, ketoacidosis possible under stress
Describe long term complication of diabetes.
Retinopathy (visual problems, blindness)
Neuropathy (diarrhea, impotence) foot ulcers and amputations
Nephropathy
CV Disease
Know what is done for the diabetic patient assessment.
Blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C identifies patients who do not comply with treatment
MIcroalbuminera, serum creatine and urine protein
Eye exam
ECG and neurologic exam
Serum and libid levels
Check my web site for new diabetic guidelines
Describe other organic compounds such as nucleic acids, ATP, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and their functions.
Nucleic acids: Acids found in the nucleus. DNA and RNA examples. Most DNA in nucleus but RNA in cytosol. Functions of DNA are heredity and momement by moment functions of the cell.
ATP: Adenine-Ribose+PPP stores 7.3 kcal energy. Function is principal energy storage compound in most cells
Cyclic AMP: Adenine-Ribose+P Function is a second messenger in the hormonal system. First messenger is hormones.
What are the three types of Inclusions in cells?
Granules, Pigments, and Crystals.
Describe the type of granules in the body.
Glycogen Granules:
Stored in skeletal muscle and liver
Not encased in membrane.
Function is homeostatic regulation of blood glucose.
Insulin and Glucagon
Lipid Granules:
Stored in adipose
Not bounded by a membrane
Functions are energy metabolism and synthesis of membranes and hormones.
Secretion Granules:
Located in secretory cells.
They are enclosed by a membrane
Zymogen granules - stored in pancreas and stomach cells
Renin Granules - tubules cells of kidneys.
Describe the types of Pigments in the body
Melanin:
Dark brown pigment stored in melanocytes of the epidermis, epithelial cells of retina and iris.
Lipofuscin:
Tan, light brown pigment stored in skin cells. “aging spots.” in older people. 2ndary lysosomes bodies that have residues cuz of
Ferritin:
Gold brown pigment stored in liver and spleen. Has iron- containing storage protein.
Describe the types of Crystals in the body.
Solid - found as part of inorganic matrix of bone
Liquid - fond as part of the myelin sheath of nerves
Describe the ultrastructure of mitochondria. Discuss the role of cristae and respiratory stalks in energy production and why mitochondria are known as “power plants” of the cell.
Ultrastructure: Double membrane-bound organelles. Inner membrane infolded into transverse partitions called cristae.
Cristae increase surface area to receive respiratory enzymes and to meet mitochondrial metabolic demands. Also provide sites for transport of electrons for ATP production.
Powerhouse because convert potential energy of food into chemical energy. 95% of ATP produced by mito.
Define cell metabolism. Include a discussion of catabolism, anabolism, exergonic and endergonic reactions . Give an overview of the pathways of metabolism, including but not limited to, defining chemical bond energy and its ultimate source, and types of energy that can be used by us humans for the performance of biological work. Also present an overview of cellular respiration
GEt to it
Glycolysis
Location End Product Products Yeilded ATP Yeild Aerobic or Anerobic
Cytoplasm 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ATP Anerobic by itself but may be part of aerobic pathway.
Question 14 and 15
come back to later
Define glycogenesis:
glycogenolysis:
gluconeogenesis:
lipogenesis:
deamination and transamination:
Glucose not needed converts to glycogen in liver
COME BACK TOO
Describe the functions and clinical implications of chromium, iodine, and zinc in the body.
Chromium: “glucose-tolerance factor” Enhances binding of insulin with receptors on target cells enhances glucose tolerance
Iodine: rôle in growth and metabolism
Zinc: Stimulates insulin release. Maintence of skin integrity and wound healing. Sexual maturity. Immunity. Cofactor
Diabetics have Zn deficiency cuz they excrete Zn in glucose urine.
