Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exist externally to any individual
ex. holding the door open
A
Social facts
2
Q
the skill of understanding others as they understand themselves
A
Sociological sympathy
3
Q
differences in groups’ shared ideas, as well as objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas
A
Culture
4
Q
assuming that one’s own culture is superior to the cultures of others.
A
Ethnocentrism
5
Q
Our bodies learn to respond to culturally constructed cues
A
embodied culture
6
Q
how we layer ideas and build connections between them
A
social construction
7
Q
A
research ethics
8
Q
the idea that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality
A
theory of symbolic interaction; made by Herbert Blumer
9
Q
Advocated for sociology as a science through empirical inquiry
A
Durkheim’s view of sociology
10
Q
The one who monitors behavior (subject of thought) is ______; and the one who is recognized (object of thought) is _______. This was created by __________.
A
The “I”; The “Me”; George Herbert Mead
11
Q
the socially constructed categories and subcategories of people in which we place ourselves or are placed by others
A
Social identities
12
Q
qualitative data with an intimate conversation
A
In-depth interview
13
Q
Quantitative date with a control and experimental group
A
experimental research
14
Q
mapping of social ties and exchanges between them
A
social network analysis
15
Q
investigating relationships between sociological variables and biological ones
A
Biosocial research methods
16
Q
involves counting and describing patterns or themes in media; could be quantitative, qualitative, or both
A
Content analysis
17
Q
uses computers to collect, extract, and analyze data
A
computational sociology
18
Q
one’s character is determined by their dedications to paid labor
A
Protestant work ethic
19
Q
purposefully breaking a social rule in order to test how others respond
A
Breaching
20
Q
caste system is a ______ versus a class system which is an ______ because a class system allows for more _______ than a caste system
A
closed stratification system; open stratification system; social mobility
21
Q
research aimed at revealing the underlying shared logic that is the foundation for social interaction
A
Ethnomethodology; by Harold Garfinkle
22
Q
After Great Depression, programs for people to act as social security net, but only benefited some people and housing acts
A
The New Deal
23
Q
violation of norms is called _______, and the violation of laws is called ________.
A
social deviance; criminal deviance
24
Q
Karl Marx, Ida B. Wells-Barnet, Ana Julia Cooper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, DeBois, Crenshaw
A
Conflict Theory theorists
25
the idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking
Neutralization theory
26
culturally specific norms, policies and laws that guide our behavior
Social rules
(folkways, mores, taboos, policies, laws)
27
a process by which a potentially controversial social fact is made acceptable. How to say how this is supposed to be
Legitimation
28
What was the role of agriculture in creating stratification?
after agriculture was established, there was a divide in stratification systems with the people who worked in fields versus the people who owned the fields (feudal system)
29
"Wasn't me!"
Neutralization Theory
Denial of responsibility
30
"no one got hurt"
Neutralization Theory
Denial of Injury
31
"they cant be hurt bad because..."
Neutralization Theory
Denial of victim
32
"we both do bad things"
Neutralization Theory
Condemnation of the Condemners
33
Robin Hood
Neutralization Theory
Appeal to higher loyalties
34
middle measure of central tendency
median
35
mathematical average measure of central tendency; outlier can drag average down
mean
36
most measure of central tendency; shows most frequent but leaves out outliers
mode
37
a capitalist system with little or no government regulation
Free market capitalism
38
people stayed in whatever stratified layer of society they were born into for a lifetime, passing their status to their children
Caste system
39
rich and powerful individuals born into nobility reigned over a peasant class; peasants worked the nobleman's land and received protection from neighboring cities
Feudal system
40
sort people into different positions in an economic hierarchy but also allow them to rise or fall
Class system
41
economic elite was allowed to legally own a class of humans and exploit them for their labor
Enslavement systems
42
an economic system based on the private ownership of the resources to create wealth and the right of individuals to personally profit
Capitalism
43
Salary and wages
income
44
A capitalist economic system with some socialist policies
welfare capitalistm
45
Salary and property
wealth
46
advantages or disadvantages that are passed down from parents to children
Intergenerational advantage/disadvantage
47
a persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies.
Social stratification
48
residential segregation so extreme that many people's daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races
Hypersegregation
49
Health relations to zip codes
often cities are separated into different districts. Poor and minority families are more likely to live near:
* Industrial mining and agriculture
* Toxic waste and garbage dumps
* Power plants
* Air, sea and river ports
50
lacking care facilities for children and elders
care deserts
51
lacking healthy, nutritious food
food deserts
52
lacking open space and parks
green deserts
53
lacking access to medical care
healthcare deserts
54
lacking functional utilities, infrastructure, and emergency services
service deserts
55
lacking adequate transportation services
transit deserts
56
Impact of the invention of agriculture on institutional racism
enslavement system; property ownership
57
the sorting of different types of people into different neighborhoods
Residential segregation
58
organized white resistance to intergration
White Fight
59
a phenomenon in which white people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents start to move in
White Flight
60
Capuchin monkey experiment
One monkey receives cucumbers, one monkey receives grapes for the same task. The monkey that receives cucumbers gets angry about the unequal payment and throws the cucumber back to the experimenter.
61
a person’s worth is determined wholly by their performance; this causes people to forget how they got there, through luck and privilege
Michael Young and Meritocracy
62
Unequal educational opportunities both within and across schools translate into disparities in academic achievement
Education inequality
63
How schools are primarily funded
Nearly half of school funding comes from taxes paid by local property owners, meaning that a poor district is going to have lower quality of education
64
a form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children
Adultification
65
prejudice against and discrimination toward people with dark skin compared to those with light skin
Colorism
66
the action to make a substance illegal to create negative stigma around Mexican legal immigrants
Criminalizing marijuana
67
A time where there was a "crack down" on drug use, although it mostly targeted non-white communities
War on Drugs
68
"we all need someone else"
Durkheim’s types of solidarity: Organic
69
when people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions
Cross-institutional advantage/disadvantage
70
a phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it
Gender in sports/male flight
71
Man who contacted Marianne Weber and published Max Weber's theories in english, but had no interest in Marianne's theories
Talcott Parsons
72
argued that poverty among Black Americans was caused by their failure to adhere to the breadwinner/homemaker model
Daniel Patrick Moynihan
73
where women and children are owned by men
Patriarch/property marriage
74
a model of marriage that involves a wage earning spouse, supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children
breadwinner/homemaker marriage
75
a relationship model based on love and companionship between equals
partnership unions
76
men do the grilling, women do the baking. Men work in factories, women are secretaries
Gendered divisions of labor
77
the production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity
Androcentrism
78
promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior
Heteronormativity
79
refers to the production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female
Sexism
80
masculine man > feminine man
masculine woman > feminine woman
Gendered hierarchies
81
Impact of COVID on gendered division of labor and job market
82
a concentration of people who perform femininity are at the bottom of the income scale
Feminization of poverty
83
a series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid workers
Global care chains
84
the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture
Hegemonic masculinity
85
a household where both partners earn a wage to support their family
Dual-earner households
86
the idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves
Individualism
87
the differences in wealth between the power elite and the average working class American
Wealth inequality
88
the process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation
Social Reproduction
89
research method that involves careful observation of naturally occurring social interactions
Ethnography/participant observation
90
prejudice against people perceived to be foreign
Xenophobia
91
Coined the term 'hegemony,' believed that people were letting their power to be taken from them
Antonio Gramsci
92
power maintained primarily through persuasion
Cultural hegemony
93
a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions
Status Elites and Elite power
94
social cohesion from familiarity
Durkheim's types of solidarity: mechanical
95
a succinct claim as to the nature of a social act
Frames
96
claim to challenge an existing social movement
Counter frames
97
cultural ideas, objects, practices, or bodies that create or constrain activist strategies
Cultural Constraints/Opportunities
ex. COVID, George Floyd
98
First, define a state of affairs as harmful. Second, convincingly claim that the harm requires a cultural or institutional solution instead of a personal or interpersonal one
Social construction of social problems
99
refers to the role of money in enabling or limiting a movement's operations and influence
Economic Constraints/Opportunities
ex. tariffs might constrain a movement
100
proposed the idea of power elite and the elite theory of power
C. Wright Mills
101
challenged the notion that everyday people are powerless
Frances Fox Piven
102
power of noncooperation
Interdependent power
103
the number of people you know and the resources they can offer you
social capital
104
shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social problem
Repertoire of contention
105
culturally resonant frames that can be used across many different social movement causes
Master frames
ex. individual rights (gun rights and LGBTQ)
106
sudden and dramatic occurrences that motivate non-activists to become politically active
Critical event
107
a recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action
Insurgent consciousness
108
symbolic resources that communicate one's social status
cultural capital
109
the social processes that are expending and intensifying connections across nation-states
Globalization
110
a planet with a global market organized by a capitalist economy; means countries are highly connected
World system
111
a practice in which countries claim control over territories, the people in them, and their natural resources, then exploit them for economic gain
Colonialism
112
Role of transnational corporations in climate change
exploit peripheral countries to gain cheap resources; no regulations around pollutants produced
113
home to most of the world’s economic capital; control most of the transnational governmental organizations and are host to the richest transnational corporations
Core countries
114
exploit the periphery when they can, struggle to avoid falling into it, and try to compete with richer countries
Semi-peripheral countries
115
cheap labor; exploited by core countries; limited mobility to other countries
Peripheral countries
116
a society constructed in-group based on a shared planet
Global imagined community
117
the capacity to consider how people's lives are shaped by the social facts that surround us
The Sociological Imagination
118
three tenants of symbolic interactionism
- we respond to the meaning we give reality, not reality itself
- meaning of reality is produced through social interaction
- meaning is negotiated in every interaction
119
symbolic interactionism
120
the theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability
Structural functionalism
121
the idea that societies aren't characterized by shared interests but compelling ones
conflict theory
122
strengths and weaknesses in the existing political system that shape the options available to social movement actors
Political Constraints/Opportunities
ex. being in an authoritarian regime
