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Geography Gr.9 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Canada’s population density

A

4 people /km2

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2
Q

What are CMA’s?

A

urban areas with a population over 100 000

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3
Q

The province with the most CMA’s

A

Ontario

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4
Q

Three main settlement patterns and regions they are
associated with

A

dispersed (Prairies), concentrated (GLSLL), linear (Quebec)

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5
Q

Continuous & discontinuous ecumene

A
  • the part of the country where there is continuous, permanent settlement.
  • the part of the country where there are significant patches of settlement
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6
Q

Is the population of rural communities increasing or decreasing?

A

decreasing – people leaving for cities due to lack of jobs

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7
Q

Part of Canada most likely to experience an earthquake and
why?

A

B.C. – Juan de Fuca plate subducting the North American plate

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8
Q

Convergent, divergent & transform (conservative) boundaries

A

-convergent: two plates move toward each other
-divergent: two plates move apart
-transform (conservative): plates move in roughly parallel, but opposite directions

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9
Q

Tectonic plate Canada is located on

A

North American Plate

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10
Q

What formed the mid-Atlantic ridge?

A

divergent plate boundary

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11
Q

What formed the Rockies?

A

collision of the Pacific plate with the North American plate

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12
Q

How are igneous, sedimentary & metamorphic rocks formed?

A

-igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and hardens

-sedimentary rocks are created after millions of years of compaction and cementation of loose sediments

-metamorphic rocks are changed versions of igneous, sedimentary, and other metamorphic rocks when exposed to tremendous amounts of heat and pressure

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13
Q

Why the Canadian Shield is not good for farming

A

rocky, swampy, poor soil due to glaciation removing soil particles

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14
Q

Landform region where most Canadians live

A

GLSLL

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15
Q

Landform region where Rockies are found

A

Western Cordillera

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16
Q

Canada’s oldest and most eroded mountains

A

Appalachians

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17
Q

Landform region that contains oil, natural gas & potash

A

Interior Plains

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18
Q

Canada’s most remote highland region

A

Innuitian Mountains

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19
Q

Effect of latitude on AAT

A

AAT decreases as we move away from the Equator

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20
Q

Effect of ocean currents on air masses

A

ocean currents warm or cool air masses depending on whether they are warm or cold ocean currents

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21
Q

The rate at which temperature decreases as you go up a
mountain

A

-1 degree Celsius/100 meters up to condensation point
-0.6 degree Celsius/100 meters above condensation point

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22
Q

Direction of prevailing winds in Canada

A

West to East (Westerlies)

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23
Q

Continental vs maritime climates

A

-continental climates are far from an ocean and have low PPT and high ATR
-maritime climates are near an ocean and have high PPT and low ATR

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24
Q

Climate region with the coldest AAT

A

Arctic

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25
Q

Climate region with the warmest AAT & the smallest ATR

A

Pacific Maritime

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26
Q

Be able to match climographs with climate regions (pg. 62 & 64)

A

Moncton = Atlantic Maritime
Toronto = Southeastern
Timmins = Boreal
Regina = Prarie
Prince Geoerge = Cordilleran
Vancouver = Pacific Maritime
Yellowknife =Taiga
Resolute =Arctic

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27
Q

What the red line represents in a climograph

A

temperature

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28
Q

Calcified vs leached soils

A

-calcified (dry soils): soils that develop where calcification is the dominant soil-forming process – thick dark brown A Horizon

-leached (wet soils): soils that develop where leaching is the dominant soil-forming process – thin greyish A Horizon

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29
Q

Coniferous vs deciduous trees

A

-coniferous: also called evergreens, needle-leaved, softwood
-deciduous: also called broadleaf, broad-leaved, hardwood

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30
Q

Vegetation region known as a temperate rainforest

A

West Coast Forest

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31
Q

Transition zone between boreal forest & tall grasses

A

Parkland

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32
Q

Forest region that has been cleared for farming and urban growth

A

Deciduous Forest

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33
Q

Wide transition zone between boreal & deciduous forests

A

Mixed Forest

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34
Q

Largest vegetation region in Canada

A

Boreal and Taiga Forest

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35
Q

Where vegetation grows close to the ground

A

Tundra

36
Q

Landform region, vegetation region, climate region and soil type we live in

A

GLSLL, Mixed Forest, Southeastern climate region, Wet-climate soil

37
Q

Total stock

A

all parts of the natural environment including energy, living organisms, and non-living materials

38
Q

Resource

A

anything that can be used to produce goods and services

39
Q

Natural resources

A

things found in the total stock that people find useful

40
Q

Production of energy by type (pie graph on pg. 84)

A

Oil, Natural gas, Coal, Hydro, Flow, Nuclear

41
Q

Renewable resources

A

resources that can be regenerated if used carefully such as soil, forests, and fish stocks

42
Q

Non-renewable resources

A

resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up such as fossil fuels and minerals

43
Q

Flow resources

A

resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or are lost

44
Q

Other resources

A

resources that do not fit into the other three categories such as the Northen Lights, Rocky Mountains, and Niagara Falls which attract tourists

45
Q

None of the 3Rs, recycling, reusing, reducing (Fig. 4-5 on pg.86)

A

None,Some,More,Most

46
Q

Rethinking our use of resources (the Fourth “R”)

A

-includes rethinking how we recycle, reuse, and reduce our consumption of resources
-can be as simple as choosing to use a reusable cup instead of a disposable one

47
Q

Conservation

A

the wise use of resources

48
Q

Period when there were more births than deaths

A

1861-1901

49
Q

The year more people came to Canada than left Canada

A

1913

50
Q

The main reason Canada’s population is currently growing

A

immigration

51
Q

The century in which immigration became significant

A

20th century

52
Q

The period since natural increase rate has been decreasing

A

1961-1971

53
Q

Canada’s total population increase per day

A

923 people/day

54
Q

What matters the most when studying population

A

rates – relationship between the number of births/deaths/immigrants/emigrants and the size of total population

55
Q

How to calculate birth rate

A

number of births divided by total population multiplied by 1000

56
Q

Natural increase rate

A

birth rate minus death rate

57
Q

What a negative natural increase rate means

A

more deaths than births

58
Q

What a positive net migration rate means

A

more immigration than emigration

59
Q

How to calculate population growth rate

A

natural increase rate (birth rate – death rate) + net migration rate (immigration rate – emigration rate)

60
Q

Doubling time (know how to calculate too)

A

the time it takes for a country’s population to double itself at current growth rate

61
Q

Rule of 70

A

70 divided by a country’s growth rate = doubling time

62
Q

Power of compounding

A

net growth occurring on growth that has taken place

63
Q

Projected growth of Canada’s population

A

growing steadily

64
Q

Percentage of Canadians that are immigrants or descendants of immigrants

A

97%

65
Q

Push & pull factors and examples of each

A

push factors – reasons that encourage people to move away from their current country such as war, poor environmental conditions or desperate economic problems

pull factors – reasons that make a particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants such as economic or educational opportunities and political stability

66
Q

What makes it difficult to immigrate

A

intervening obstacles such as process, cost, don’t qualify, leaving
family behind

67
Q

Illegal immigrants

A

-can’t qualify, don’t want to wait for the process
-not as big of a problem in Canada compared with USA

68
Q

Year Canada had the most immigrants

A

1913

69
Q

When Canada gave free land in the Prairies

A

1896-1913

70
Q

Becoming an immigrant

A

difficult, many Canadians wouldn’t qualify, tough standards

71
Q

Two broad categories of immigrants

A

-Economic: includes permanent residents (skilled worker class, skilled trades class, Canadian Experience Class, Start-Up Visa) and temporary residents (temporary foreign worker program)

-Social and Humanitarian: family class and refugee class

72
Q

Provinces where most immigrants settle

A

Ontario and B.C.

73
Q

Why do immigrants settle in cities?

A

jobs, family, friends, support systems

74
Q

Internal migration

A

intraprovincial (people moving within a province) and interprovincial (people moving from one province to another)

75
Q

Interprovincial migration

A

people moving from provinces with low employment to provinces with high employment

76
Q

Provinces that gained most from interprovincial migration

A

Alberta, Ontario and B.C.

77
Q

Where are Aboriginal people moving and reasons why

A

moving to urban areas because of lack of jobs and poor living
conditions on many reserves

78
Q

What has been done to help First Nations

A

-reserve lands set aside by treaties for agriculture, mining, forestry, and service industries

-unfair application of existing treaties

-Aboriginal friendship centres help people cope with the transition to city life

79
Q

What is a population pyramid

A

-a graph that shows population distribution by age and gender

80
Q

What is dependency load

A

-the % of the population that is non-working (those under 15 and over 65)

81
Q

Know the different ages and respective roles

A

-children (under age 15)
-working adults (ages 15 to 64)
-older adults (65 and over)

82
Q

Is Canada’s dependency load increasing or decreasing and why

A

-increasing because we have an aging population that will require health care and seniors’ homes

83
Q

Why are dependency loads different in other countries (i.e. Japan and Togo)

A

-Togo has a higher dependency load due to a high number of children and Japan is due to a high number of seniors

84
Q

In paragraph form, discuss any three physical characteristics
(e.g. landform, body of water, climate, soil, and vegetation)
that make Innisfil’s location in Southern Ontario a great place
to live

A

Innisfil’s location in Southern Ontario offers a blend of physical characteristics that make it a desirable place to live. First, its proximity to Lake Simcoe provides residents with easy access to recreational activities such as boating, fishing, and swimming, enhancing the quality of life with outdoor leisure opportunities. Second, the region’s moderate climate, with warm summers and snowy winters, allows for a variety of seasonal activities, from beach outings to winter sports, catering to diverse interests and lifestyles. Lastly, the fertile soil in the area supports agriculture, contributing to a local food culture and ensuring fresh produce is readily available. These three factors—access to a major body of water, a temperate climate, and productive soil—combine to make Innisfil an attractive and comfortable place to call home.

In addition to its recreational opportunities, moderate climate, and fertile soil, Innisfil boasts several other physical characteristics that enhance its appeal. The region’s diverse vegetation, including lush forests and well-maintained parks, provides scenic beauty and outdoor activities like hiking and bird-watching. Moreover, the gently rolling landscape of Southern Ontario offers picturesque views and a serene environment, perfect for those seeking a peaceful lifestyle. Lastly, the presence of numerous small lakes and rivers in the area not only adds to the natural beauty but also supports a rich ecosystem, promoting biodiversity and environmental sustainability. These elements combine to make Innisfil a well-rounded and attractive place to live.

85
Q

In paragraph form, discuss how Canadians can use each of the 3 Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) to manage our renewable and non-renewable resources more effectively.

A

Canadians can play a pivotal role in managing both renewable and non-renewable resources by embracing the 3 Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle. By reducing consumption, individuals can significantly decrease the demand for raw materials, which in turn lessens the environmental impact of resource extraction. This can be achieved through conscious choices such as minimizing energy use, cutting down on single-use plastics, and opting for products with minimal packaging. Reusing items extends their lifespan, thereby reducing the need to produce new goods. This can take many forms, such as donating or repurposing old clothing, using reusable containers, and opting for second-hand items instead of buying new ones. Finally, recycling helps to keep materials in circulation, reducing the strain on natural resources and mitigating waste. By properly sorting recyclables and supporting recycling programs, Canadians can ensure that valuable materials like metals, glass, and paper are processed and reused rather than ending up in landfills. Together, these practices not only conserve resources but also promote a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly lifestyle.

86
Q

In paragraph form, discuss the challenges and opportunities for the future that will result from Canada’s aging population?

A

In paragraph form, discuss the challenges and opportunities for the future that will result from Canada’s aging population?
Canada’s aging population presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities for the future. On the one hand, the increase in the number of elderly individuals is likely to put substantial pressure on the healthcare system, leading to higher costs and a greater demand for medical professionals and long-term care facilities. Additionally, an aging workforce could result in labor shortages and increased pressure on pension systems, which might necessitate policy reforms and innovative approaches to retirement planning.

Conversely, the aging population also presents significant opportunities. The growing demographic of older adults could drive advancements in healthcare technologies, with a greater focus on geriatric care, wellness, and preventive medicine. The “silver economy,” which targets the needs and preferences of older adults, is poised to expand, fostering new markets for products and services tailored to this age group. Moreover, the wealth of experience and knowledge that older Canadians possess can be leveraged through mentorship programs and part-time or flexible work arrangements, thereby enriching the workforce and promoting intergenerational collaboration.

Ultimately, Canada’s aging population will require careful planning and adaptation, but with the right strategies in place, it has the potential to lead to significant social and economic benefits.

Geography Gr.9 (7 decks)

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