Final Exam Flashcards
Canada’s population density
4 people /km2
What are CMA’s?
urban areas with a population over 100 000
The province with the most CMA’s
Ontario
Three main settlement patterns and regions they are
associated with
dispersed (Prairies), concentrated (GLSLL), linear (Quebec)
Continuous & discontinuous ecumene
- the part of the country where there is continuous, permanent settlement.
- the part of the country where there are significant patches of settlement
Is the population of rural communities increasing or decreasing?
decreasing – people leaving for cities due to lack of jobs
Part of Canada most likely to experience an earthquake and
why?
B.C. – Juan de Fuca plate subducting the North American plate
Convergent, divergent & transform (conservative) boundaries
-convergent: two plates move toward each other
-divergent: two plates move apart
-transform (conservative): plates move in roughly parallel, but opposite directions
Tectonic plate Canada is located on
North American Plate
What formed the mid-Atlantic ridge?
divergent plate boundary
What formed the Rockies?
collision of the Pacific plate with the North American plate
How are igneous, sedimentary & metamorphic rocks formed?
-igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and hardens
-sedimentary rocks are created after millions of years of compaction and cementation of loose sediments
-metamorphic rocks are changed versions of igneous, sedimentary, and other metamorphic rocks when exposed to tremendous amounts of heat and pressure
Why the Canadian Shield is not good for farming
rocky, swampy, poor soil due to glaciation removing soil particles
Landform region where most Canadians live
GLSLL
Landform region where Rockies are found
Western Cordillera
Canada’s oldest and most eroded mountains
Appalachians
Landform region that contains oil, natural gas & potash
Interior Plains
Canada’s most remote highland region
Innuitian Mountains
Effect of latitude on AAT
AAT decreases as we move away from the Equator
Effect of ocean currents on air masses
ocean currents warm or cool air masses depending on whether they are warm or cold ocean currents
The rate at which temperature decreases as you go up a
mountain
-1 degree Celsius/100 meters up to condensation point
-0.6 degree Celsius/100 meters above condensation point
Direction of prevailing winds in Canada
West to East (Westerlies)
Continental vs maritime climates
-continental climates are far from an ocean and have low PPT and high ATR
-maritime climates are near an ocean and have high PPT and low ATR
Climate region with the coldest AAT
Arctic
Climate region with the warmest AAT & the smallest ATR
Pacific Maritime
Be able to match climographs with climate regions (pg. 62 & 64)
Moncton = Atlantic Maritime
Toronto = Southeastern
Timmins = Boreal
Regina = Prarie
Prince Geoerge = Cordilleran
Vancouver = Pacific Maritime
Yellowknife =Taiga
Resolute =Arctic
What the red line represents in a climograph
temperature
Calcified vs leached soils
-calcified (dry soils): soils that develop where calcification is the dominant soil-forming process – thick dark brown A Horizon
-leached (wet soils): soils that develop where leaching is the dominant soil-forming process – thin greyish A Horizon
Coniferous vs deciduous trees
-coniferous: also called evergreens, needle-leaved, softwood
-deciduous: also called broadleaf, broad-leaved, hardwood
Vegetation region known as a temperate rainforest
West Coast Forest
Transition zone between boreal forest & tall grasses
Parkland
Forest region that has been cleared for farming and urban growth
Deciduous Forest
Wide transition zone between boreal & deciduous forests
Mixed Forest
Largest vegetation region in Canada
Boreal and Taiga Forest
Where vegetation grows close to the ground
Tundra
Landform region, vegetation region, climate region and soil type we live in
GLSLL, Mixed Forest, Southeastern climate region, Wet-climate soil
Total stock
all parts of the natural environment including energy, living organisms, and non-living materials
Resource
anything that can be used to produce goods and services
Natural resources
things found in the total stock that people find useful
Production of energy by type (pie graph on pg. 84)
Oil, Natural gas, Coal, Hydro, Flow, Nuclear
Renewable resources
resources that can be regenerated if used carefully such as soil, forests, and fish stocks
Non-renewable resources
resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up such as fossil fuels and minerals
Flow resources
resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or are lost
Other resources
resources that do not fit into the other three categories such as the Northen Lights, Rocky Mountains, and Niagara Falls which attract tourists
None of the 3Rs, recycling, reusing, reducing (Fig. 4-5 on pg.86)
None,Some,More,Most
Rethinking our use of resources (the Fourth “R”)
-includes rethinking how we recycle, reuse, and reduce our consumption of resources
-can be as simple as choosing to use a reusable cup instead of a disposable one
Conservation
the wise use of resources
Period when there were more births than deaths
1861-1901
The year more people came to Canada than left Canada
1913
The main reason Canada’s population is currently growing
immigration
The century in which immigration became significant
20th century
The period since natural increase rate has been decreasing
1961-1971
Canada’s total population increase per day
923 people/day
What matters the most when studying population
rates – relationship between the number of births/deaths/immigrants/emigrants and the size of total population
How to calculate birth rate
number of births divided by total population multiplied by 1000
Natural increase rate
birth rate minus death rate
What a negative natural increase rate means
more deaths than births
What a positive net migration rate means
more immigration than emigration
How to calculate population growth rate
natural increase rate (birth rate – death rate) + net migration rate (immigration rate – emigration rate)
Doubling time (know how to calculate too)
the time it takes for a country’s population to double itself at current growth rate
Rule of 70
70 divided by a country’s growth rate = doubling time
Power of compounding
net growth occurring on growth that has taken place
Projected growth of Canada’s population
growing steadily
Percentage of Canadians that are immigrants or descendants of immigrants
97%
Push & pull factors and examples of each
push factors – reasons that encourage people to move away from their current country such as war, poor environmental conditions or desperate economic problems
pull factors – reasons that make a particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants such as economic or educational opportunities and political stability
What makes it difficult to immigrate
intervening obstacles such as process, cost, don’t qualify, leaving
family behind
Illegal immigrants
-can’t qualify, don’t want to wait for the process
-not as big of a problem in Canada compared with USA
Year Canada had the most immigrants
1913
When Canada gave free land in the Prairies
1896-1913
Becoming an immigrant
difficult, many Canadians wouldn’t qualify, tough standards
Two broad categories of immigrants
-Economic: includes permanent residents (skilled worker class, skilled trades class, Canadian Experience Class, Start-Up Visa) and temporary residents (temporary foreign worker program)
-Social and Humanitarian: family class and refugee class
Provinces where most immigrants settle
Ontario and B.C.
Why do immigrants settle in cities?
jobs, family, friends, support systems
Internal migration
intraprovincial (people moving within a province) and interprovincial (people moving from one province to another)
Interprovincial migration
people moving from provinces with low employment to provinces with high employment
Provinces that gained most from interprovincial migration
Alberta, Ontario and B.C.
Where are Aboriginal people moving and reasons why
moving to urban areas because of lack of jobs and poor living
conditions on many reserves
What has been done to help First Nations
-reserve lands set aside by treaties for agriculture, mining, forestry, and service industries
-unfair application of existing treaties
-Aboriginal friendship centres help people cope with the transition to city life
What is a population pyramid
-a graph that shows population distribution by age and gender
What is dependency load
-the % of the population that is non-working (those under 15 and over 65)
Know the different ages and respective roles
-children (under age 15)
-working adults (ages 15 to 64)
-older adults (65 and over)
Is Canada’s dependency load increasing or decreasing and why
-increasing because we have an aging population that will require health care and seniors’ homes
Why are dependency loads different in other countries (i.e. Japan and Togo)
-Togo has a higher dependency load due to a high number of children and Japan is due to a high number of seniors
In paragraph form, discuss any three physical characteristics
(e.g. landform, body of water, climate, soil, and vegetation)
that make Innisfil’s location in Southern Ontario a great place
to live
Innisfil’s location in Southern Ontario offers a blend of physical characteristics that make it a desirable place to live. First, its proximity to Lake Simcoe provides residents with easy access to recreational activities such as boating, fishing, and swimming, enhancing the quality of life with outdoor leisure opportunities. Second, the region’s moderate climate, with warm summers and snowy winters, allows for a variety of seasonal activities, from beach outings to winter sports, catering to diverse interests and lifestyles. Lastly, the fertile soil in the area supports agriculture, contributing to a local food culture and ensuring fresh produce is readily available. These three factors—access to a major body of water, a temperate climate, and productive soil—combine to make Innisfil an attractive and comfortable place to call home.
In addition to its recreational opportunities, moderate climate, and fertile soil, Innisfil boasts several other physical characteristics that enhance its appeal. The region’s diverse vegetation, including lush forests and well-maintained parks, provides scenic beauty and outdoor activities like hiking and bird-watching. Moreover, the gently rolling landscape of Southern Ontario offers picturesque views and a serene environment, perfect for those seeking a peaceful lifestyle. Lastly, the presence of numerous small lakes and rivers in the area not only adds to the natural beauty but also supports a rich ecosystem, promoting biodiversity and environmental sustainability. These elements combine to make Innisfil a well-rounded and attractive place to live.
In paragraph form, discuss how Canadians can use each of the 3 Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) to manage our renewable and non-renewable resources more effectively.
Canadians can play a pivotal role in managing both renewable and non-renewable resources by embracing the 3 Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle. By reducing consumption, individuals can significantly decrease the demand for raw materials, which in turn lessens the environmental impact of resource extraction. This can be achieved through conscious choices such as minimizing energy use, cutting down on single-use plastics, and opting for products with minimal packaging. Reusing items extends their lifespan, thereby reducing the need to produce new goods. This can take many forms, such as donating or repurposing old clothing, using reusable containers, and opting for second-hand items instead of buying new ones. Finally, recycling helps to keep materials in circulation, reducing the strain on natural resources and mitigating waste. By properly sorting recyclables and supporting recycling programs, Canadians can ensure that valuable materials like metals, glass, and paper are processed and reused rather than ending up in landfills. Together, these practices not only conserve resources but also promote a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly lifestyle.
In paragraph form, discuss the challenges and opportunities for the future that will result from Canada’s aging population?
In paragraph form, discuss the challenges and opportunities for the future that will result from Canada’s aging population?
Canada’s aging population presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities for the future. On the one hand, the increase in the number of elderly individuals is likely to put substantial pressure on the healthcare system, leading to higher costs and a greater demand for medical professionals and long-term care facilities. Additionally, an aging workforce could result in labor shortages and increased pressure on pension systems, which might necessitate policy reforms and innovative approaches to retirement planning.
Conversely, the aging population also presents significant opportunities. The growing demographic of older adults could drive advancements in healthcare technologies, with a greater focus on geriatric care, wellness, and preventive medicine. The “silver economy,” which targets the needs and preferences of older adults, is poised to expand, fostering new markets for products and services tailored to this age group. Moreover, the wealth of experience and knowledge that older Canadians possess can be leveraged through mentorship programs and part-time or flexible work arrangements, thereby enriching the workforce and promoting intergenerational collaboration.
Ultimately, Canada’s aging population will require careful planning and adaptation, but with the right strategies in place, it has the potential to lead to significant social and economic benefits.
