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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

sentinel event:

A

unexpected event leading to death
or serious injury to a patient

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2
Q

purpose of nursing care:

A

health promotion, illness prevention, health restoration, and end-of-life care

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3
Q

professional organizations:

A

ANA: National professional organizations
NLN: Establishes and maintains a universal standard of education
ICN: Federation of national nursing organizations
NSNA: Represents nursing students

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4
Q

state board of nursing:

A

nurse practice acts and licensure

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5
Q

Florence Nightingale:

A

pioneer in using data analysis in healthcare. She used statistical data to create her famous “rose chart”, one of the first pie charts, to show that preventable diseases were the leading cause of death among British soldiers in the Crimean War, “the act of utilizing
the environment of the patient
to assist him in his recovery,” she is the founder of modern nursing

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6
Q

nursing is:

A

helps the public understand the value of nursing, helps differentiate activities of nursing from those of medicine, helps students understand what is expected of
them

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7
Q

urinary words to know:

A

-polyuria: excessive urination
-ketonuria: ketones in urine
-anuria: pus in urine
-proteinuria: protein in urine
-oliguria: decreased urine output
-glycosuria: glucose in urine
-nocturia: peeing at night
-dysuria: painful urination
-pyuria:absence of urine

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8
Q

different types of incontinence:

A

-stress: coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical activity that increases pressure on the bladder
-urge: strong urge to urinate, but leaking occurs before getting
to the toilet
-reflex: urinary leakage as a result of nerve damage
-overflow: incomplete bladder emptying which results in the bladder overfilling when full
-functional: physical inability to reach the toilet in time
-bedwetting

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9
Q

urinary retention: and how does it occur

A

occurs when the bladder is not able to fully empty.
-symptoms of urinary retention include the inability to urinate, pain,
abdominal distention, urinary frequency, urinary hesitancy, weak or slow
urine stream, and urinary leakage

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10
Q

uti:

A

-bacteria entering the urinary tract
-more common in women, shorter urethra
-if left untreated can cause a kidney
infection called pyelonephritis

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11
Q

kidney stones:

A

(also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, or urolithiasis) are hard formations of
minerals and salts that collect in
the kidneys

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12
Q

kidneys, ureters, bladder:

A

-two bean shaped organs
-average filter 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine
-kidneys, urine is transported to the bladder by ureters, or thin tubes of muscle, there is one ureter from each kidney
-a bladder can hold up to 2 cups of urine

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13
Q

what are three sets of muscle to help prevent unwanted urination

A

-urethra
-bladder neck which is composed of the internal sphincter
-pelvic floor

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14
Q

diuretic and antidiuretic

A

-antidiuretic: minimize fluid loss by preventing urine production in the kidneys
-diuretics: increase urination by increasing urine production in the kidneys

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15
Q

urinary tract:

A

-primary function is to eliminate waste and excess fluid from the body in the form of urine
-regulated levels of electrolytes, produces hormones that are important for blood pressure regulation, develops red blood cells, and helps to keep bones strong
-urine travels through the urinary system or urinary tract, which consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

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16
Q

hygiene:

A

as actions and practices that decrease the
spread or transmission of pathogens, thereby lessening the occurrence of illness

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17
Q

how long do you rub hands together after hand sanitizer? and when can it not be used?

A

20 seconds , contact with bodily fluid, visibly dirty/greasy, around diseases and parasites

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18
Q

how far up the arm do we wash ?

A

1 inch above the wrist

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19
Q

which way do we open the top flap of a sterile field? whats the maximum border around a sterile drape that is considered unsterile?

A

away from your body, one inch

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20
Q

skin:

A

largest organ, epidermis:outer layer, dermis: under epidermis, hypodermis: beneath dermis, acts as cushion
Body temp regulation
Vitamin D production
Immunologic
Absorption
Elimination

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21
Q

chain of infection: and the steps

A

sequence of infection to occur infectious agents, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission
1) infectious agent: contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite
2) reservoir: habitat of infectious agent, lives, grows, reproduce
3) portal of exit: agent leaves
4)mode of transmission
5) portal of entry: body orifice, be thru skin
6) susceptible host: take hold and become a reservoir/infection, not every host is susceptible

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22
Q

modes of transmission:

A

-contact: occurs when microorganisms move from an infected person to
another person.
~direct contact: microorganisms are
directly moved from the infected
person to another person without
having a contaminated object
~indirect contact: microorganisms are
moved from the infected person to
another person with a
contaminated object
-droplet: occurs when airborne droplets from the respiratory tract of a client
travel through the air and into the mucosa of a host.
-airborne: occurs when small particulates move into the airspace of another
person

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23
Q

when should you not put a catheter in ?

A

when a pt is incontinent

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24
Q

specific and nonspecific immunity

A

specific: antibodies (also called
immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes
nonspecific: neutrophils and macrophages and their work as phagocytes

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25
Q

stages of infection:

A

-incubation: An infection enters host
and begins to multiply.
-prodromal: The client begins
having symptoms.
-acute illness: Manifestations of the
specific infectious disease process
are obvious and may become
severe.
-decline: Manifestations begin to
wane as the degree of infectious
disease decreases.
-convalescence: The client returns
to a normal or a “new normal” state
of health.

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26
Q

systemic vs local infections

A

systemic: start as local infections and then spread to the bloodstream to infect the entire body
local: confined to one area of the body

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27
Q

medical asepsis vs sterile asepsis

A

medical: clean technique, reducing the number of microorganisms
sterile: sterile technique, free of all microorganisms

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28
Q

nursing process:

A

key to helping nurses make clinical
judgments that are appropriate for
clients
-assessment: Assess the objective
and subjective data that pertains to
the client.
-analysis: Determine the client
problems.
-planning: Create a plan to address
client problems.
-implementation: Take action to
provide care as outlined in planning.
-evaluation: Evaluate the
effectiveness of the interventions
provided and document the client’s
response
they go in order for the most part, but can go back to center ones

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29
Q

critical thinking vs clinical reasoning:

A

critical: skill of learning to analyze and
interpret data to solve a problem to
achieve a desired outcome
clinical: mental process used when
analyzing all the data of a clinical
situation to make a decision based
on that analysis
(clinical reasoning and judgment cannot be delegated)

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30
Q

SMART:

A

S: specific
M: measurable
A: attainable/ achievable
R: relevant/ realistic
T: timely

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31
Q

clinical judgement measurement model:

A

1)recognize cues: data gathering phase, validating the information you are collecting. NEVER ASSUME (vital signs)
2)analyze cues: create meaning from the information, cluster into groups, distinguish relevant and irrelevant
3)prioritize hypotheses: ABCs, after its judgement call, biggest risk
4)generate solution/ expected outcomes: providing quality patient care is to improve the client’s health
5)take action/ interventions: how you plan to accomplish your goal, assess, teach, tasks
6)evaluate outcomes: early and often, reduce errors, assessment, what improved/declined, any modifications

this is not the same as the nursing process!

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32
Q

six medication rights:

A

right dose, route, time, patient, documentation, medication

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33
Q

additional rights:

A

right to refuse, right assessment, right education, right response/evaluation

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34
Q

medication reconciliation:

A

preformed every time the patient is transferred from one healthcare professional to another (readmissions or transfer within hospital), involves reviewing current medications and addressing omissions and duplications

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35
Q

Pharmacodynamics:

A

the study of how a drug effects the body, relationship to drug concentrations, how body responds

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36
Q

drug doses:

A

-therapeutic range: concentration of drug in the blood serum that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity
-half-life: amount of time it takes for 50% of blood concentration of a drug to be eliminated from the body
-peak: when a drug is at its highest concentration, does not mean it is at its most therapeutic level
-trough: the lowest levels of concentration of a medication that correlates to the rate of elimination
-duration:

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37
Q

different medications admin:

A

-afferent: sensory neurons, travel ack towards the CNS
-efferent: motor neurons, travel outward from CNS
-antagonist: blocks target receptor site
-agonist: stimulates target receptors site
-teratogenic: cause fetal defects
-anaphalaxysis: severe, life threat, reaction due to histamine release
-black box warning:issued on medications
that may produce lethal and iatrogenic
results
-iatrogenic: a state of ill health or adverse effect
-idiosyncratic: an unusual or abnormal response
-prodrugs: inactive chemicals that are transformed through metabolism to become active before they have therapeutic effect

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38
Q

types of ways medication can be given:

A

-enteral – administered directly into the GI
tract
-topical – applied directly to skin, eyes,
nose, respiratory tract, vagina, rectum, or
urinary tract
-parenteral – administered by
injection using a needle and syringe or
catheter (IV: vein, IM: intramuscular, subq: subq tissue, intradermal: under epidermis, intraosseous: bone)
-sublingual: under tongue
-buccal: placing drug between tongue and cheek

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39
Q

subcutaneous injection:

A

-layer: adipose layer just below the epidermis and dermis
-angle: 45º
-sites: outer aspect of upper arm, abdomen, anterior aspects of thigh,
upper back, upper ventral or dorso gluteal area
-length: 3/8” - 5/8”
-gauge: 25-27 gauge
-max dose: 1.5 mL
-example: insulin
important: do NOT massage

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40
Q

intramuscular injection:

A

-layer: muscle
-angle: 90º
-sites: ventrogluteal, vastus lateralis, deltoid (1 inch for deltoid)
-length: 1”-1 1/2”
-gauge: 22-25
-max dose: up to 1 mL for deltoid
-example: most vaccines
important: do NOT massage

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41
Q

intradermal injection:

A

-layer: dermis
-angle: 5º-15º (go in middle 10º)
-sites: inner surface of arm, upper back, under scapula
-length: 1/4” - 1/2”
-gauge: 25-27 gauge
-max dose: 0.5 mL
-example: TB test
important: do NOT put band-aid over
create a wheel

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42
Q

pharmacokinetics:

A

Study of the absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion of drugs in the human body, ADME

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43
Q

ADME

A

absorption: drug being absorbed through way it was taken
distribution:
metabolism: biotransformation, liver metabolizes most, but kidney and small intestine also
excretion: kidneys excrete most, process of moving drugs from body, skin, lungs,
exocrine glands, and intestines also excrete but lesser, toxicity
develops when the body is unable to
metabolize and excrete a drug

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44
Q

types of medication orders:

A

-standing order – routine, carried out until it is cancelled by another order
-PRN order – as needed
-Single or one-time order
-STAT order – carried out immediately

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45
Q

high risk drugs:

A

A: anti-infective, P: potassium/ other electrolytes, I: insulin, N: narcotics, C: chemotherapeutic agents, H: heparin/ anticoagulants

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46
Q

time and non time critical medications:

A

-time critical medications are those administered either 30 minutes after the scheduled time that can cause harm to the client or have less than desired effects
-non-time critical medications are defined as medications that can be administered between one or two hours early or late without causing harm

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47
Q

bones classified by shape

A

-long bones: upper and lower extremities
-short bones: wrist and ankle
-flat bones: ribs and skull bones
-irregular bones: spinal column and jaw

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48
Q

positioning patients:

A

fowlers, supine or dorsal recumbent, side-lying or lateral position, sims position, prone position

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49
Q

walking aids

A

-cane: hold your cane in the hand that’s opposite the side that needs support, position the cane slightly to the side and about 2 inches forward, move your cane forward at the same time as you step forward with your affected leg, hold the cane steady in place as you walk forward with your unaffected leg
-crutches: the crutches slightly ahead of you, lean your weight onto the hand grips, and step forward with your uninjured leg, while keeping your injured leg off the ground and following the movement of the crutches
-wheel walker:to help patients regain mobility and support their weight while walking as they recover, giving them stability and assistance as they put weight on their new knee
-walker: stand upright, grip the handles, and push the walker slightly forward a few inches, then step forward with your weaker leg first, followed by your stronger leg

50
Q

concussion:

A

-physical: headache, vomiting, problems with balance, fatigue, dazed or stunned appearance
-cognitive: mentally foggy, difficulty concentrating and remembering, confusion, forgets recent activities
-emotional: irritability, nervousness, very emotional behavior
-sleep: drowsiness, difficulty falling asleep, sleeping more or less than usual

51
Q

development issues in older adults:

A

Falls (leading cause of injury), motor vehicle accidents, fire, polypharmacy and poisoning, elder abuse

52
Q

falls in older adults:

A

-assess for history of falls or accidents, note assistive devices, be alert to history of drug or alcohol abuse, obtain knowledge of family support systems and
home environment
-factors: poor gait and balance, strength issues, visual impairment, problems with feet, comorbidities, use of medications that increase fall risk, orthostatic hypotension, hazards in the home or community, vitamin D deficiency

53
Q

RACE: for fire

A

-R: Rescue anyone in immediate danger.
-A: Activate the fire code and notify appropriate
person.
-C: Confine the fire by closing doors and windows.
-E: Evacuate patients and other people to safe area

54
Q

safety reports:

A

-must be completed after any accident or incident in a health care facility that compromises safety
-describes the circumstances of the accident or incident
-details the patient’s response to the examination and treatment of the patient after the incident
-completed by the nurse immediately after the incident
-is not part of the medical record and should not be mentioned in documentation

55
Q

GI tract:

A

-originates at the mouth and ends at the anus
-includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and anus
-works with digestive system to digest food and drinks the person consumes

56
Q

dietary considerations:

A

-diet can influence stool production
-fecal incontinence, also known as accidental bowel leakage, can be affected by diet
-risk factors for diarrhea: Alcohol, caffeine, dairy, high fat, greasy, fructose, spicy food, apple peach or pear, artificial sweeteners such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, and malitol

57
Q

age considerations:

A

-size of rectum and large intestine enlarges
-esophageal contractions decrease but the passage of food or liquid from the mouth to stomach does not change

58
Q

constipation:

A

infrequent bowel movements, fewer than 3 per week, stools are hard, lumpy,
and difficult to pass, high fiber diet, hydration, exercise, bowel training,
medication to soften stool

59
Q

diarrhea:

A

frequent loose, watery stools
throughout the day, dehydration, abdominal cramping, bloating, and
nausea

60
Q

occult blood:

A

blood that is not seen by the naked eye

61
Q

encopresis

A

bowel incontinence in children

62
Q

Passive incontinence :

A

leakage of feces occurs without person
being aware

63
Q

diverticulitis:

A

diverticulosis which small sacs or pouches form in the colon, bowel can perforate or tear causing an infection called peritonitis, measures include high fiber diet, avoid nuts or seeds

64
Q

irritable bowel syndrome:

A

abdominal pain and changes to bowel
elimination patterns, can include diarrhea, constipation, or both, factors for IBS include family history, female gender, stress, infection, digestive disorders, anxiety, depression, fibromyalgia, abdominal pain, bloating, mucus in stool, incomplete bowel emptying

65
Q

ulcerative colitis:

A

chronic disease that causes inflammation and ulcerations of large intestine or colon, family history, Jewish descent, environment, and overactive immune
system, diarrhea with blood or
pus, abdominal discomfort, fatigue, nausea, fever, and anemia

66
Q

chrons disease:

A

Chronic disease that causes inflammation in GI tract, commonly affects small
intestine, risks: 20-29, family history of
Crohn’s disease, autoimmune disorder, high- fat diet, tobacco use, intestinal
obstruction, fistulas

67
Q

digestive tract:

A

-mouth: mechanical and chemical digestion, saliva, forms food into bolus, swallowing
-esophagus: carries food and drink into stomach through the throat
-stomach: chemical and mechanical digestion, protein break down, vitamins minerals, ions absorbed
-liver: processes nutrients, manifests bile, filters blood and harmful substances from blood (alcohol)
-gallbladder: stores bile, releases to small intestine, bile helps dissolve fats
-pancreas: insulin
-small intestine: break down food, absorb nutrients the body needs, and excrete unnecessary components
-large intestine: absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination, contains lots of bacteria
-rectum: holding for stool
-anus: excretes the stool

68
Q

eating patterns:

A

Daily dietary intake should include 2 cups of fruit, 2.5 cups of vegetables, 6 oz grains, 5.5 oz protein, 3 cups dairy, avoiding foods with added sugar and salt, trans fats,

69
Q

macronutrients and micronutrients

A

-macronutrients: protein (2 - 6.5 oz, beans, soy, nuts, meats, eggs, fish, repair body tissue as well as build and maintain) carbohydrates (45-65% of total daily calories, vegetables, fruits, milk, nuts, grains, legumes, seeds, body’s cells, organs, tissues with energy they need to function) and fat (major role in body’s
cholesterol level, body absorb vitamins
while providing energy nuts,
olives, olive oil, seeds, and avocados), eaten in large amounts, provide the body with energy it needs to function and are primary building blocks of any diet
-micronutrients: vitamins and minerals (iron: hemoglobin and provides
oxygen to muscles, zinc: boost immune system and promotes wound healing, calcium: strengthening bones and teeth, nerve signal transmission, and muscle contraction and relaxation) only small amounts of these nutrients are required in the diet, required for optimal growth,
development, and body function

70
Q

fat and water soluble vitamins:

A

water: B and C vitamins
fat: A, D, E, K (stored in liver fatty)

71
Q

water:

A

Essential nutrient that makes up more
than half of the body, brain function, hydrates and flushes out wastes from body, regulates body temperature, acts as lubricant in body, 2.7-3 liters for
females and 3.5 – 3.7 liters for males

72
Q

nutritional labels:

A

Contain serving size, calories, breakdown of
nutrients, and percent daily values

73
Q

BMI:

A

BMI:multiply your weight in pounds by 703, divide by your height in inches, then divide again by your height in inches
< 18.5: underweight
18.5-24.9: normal (healthy)
25-29.9: overweight
>30: obese

74
Q

inadequate nutrtion:

A

Fluctuations in weight, teeth, hair, skin, brain, digestion, immune system
Oral Health, Can lead to inflammation and bleeding in gums, and cavities
Diet low in vitamin C can cause irritation in gums

75
Q

aspiration:

A

something other than air enters the
lungs, including food, liquid, or other material, prone to happen in patients with dysphagia or poor swallowing

76
Q

modifications:

A

stage 1: nectar like, fluid runs freely off the spoon, leaves a mild coating on the spoon
stage 2: honey like, fluid slowly drips in dollops off of end of spoon
stage 3: spoon thick, fluid sits on the spoon and does not spill

77
Q

checking pH on an eating tube pH should be what?

A

5.5 or below

78
Q

parental feeding

A

-TPN is used in patients without a
functioning GI tract
-Frequent blood glucose checks are
needed

79
Q

nasal cannula:

A

Nasal prongs that sit in the nares
o 1-6 L/min
o 24-44% FiO2
o Indication – mild shortness of breath, asthma, COPD, CF,
pneumonia
o Risks – mucosal drying, skin breakdown at nares and ears

80
Q

simple face mask

A

Standard face mask that covers the nose and mouth
o 6-10 L/min
o 40-60% FiO2
o If it has a reservoir bag on it, it is called a partial rebreather mask
o Indication – if nasal cannula is insufficient
o Risks – CO2 buildup, cannot eat or drink while wearing

81
Q

nonrebreather mask

A

Has a valve on the exhalation port and between the reservoir
bag and mask
o The valves prevent room air from coming in
o Make sure reservoir remains at least 1/3 full on inhalation
o 10-15 L/min
o FiO2 up to 95%
o Indication - if simple mask is insufficient, traumatic injury, or
smoke inhalation
o Risks – uncomfortable, impedes ability to communicate, eat, or
drink

82
Q

high flow nasal cannula

A

Thicker nasal cannula, includes air/oxygen blender, humidifier,
heater, and nasal cannula
o 30-60 L/min
o 21-100% FiO2
o Indication – pneumonia, post extubation, preoxygenation prior to
intubation
o Risks – expensive, not typically available for home use

83
Q

bag valve mask

A

used for CPR

84
Q
A

-forced vital capacity (FVC):the total amount of air exhaled during a maximal expiration effort
-Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1): the percentage of the FVC that is exhaled in the first second of
forced expiration
-Total Lung Capacity (TLC): the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration
-Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR: the maximum flow rate of air during a forced expiration, starting from full lung inflation
-Residual Volume (RV): the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration
-Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
-Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF): the maximum amount of air exhaled forcefully after a deep
inhalation

85
Q

kubler-ross stages of grief

A

1) denial: avoidance, confusion, elation, shock
2) anger: frustration, irritation, anxiety
3) bargaining: overwhelmed, helplessness, hostility
4) depression: struggling to find meaning, reaching out to others, telling ones story
5) acceptance: exploring options, new plans, moving on

86
Q

hospice care:

A

support the client who has a terminal illness, so they can live the last days of their life as best as they can, as long as they can, terminal cancer but has grown to include any client with a life-limiting illness

87
Q

palliative care:

A

holistic care provided throughout the lifespan for clients experiencing
severe medical illness and particularly for clients approaching end of life

88
Q

braden scale

A

Sensory Perception
Moisture
Activity
Mobility
Nutrition
Friction and Shear
higher the score, the less likely the patient is to develop a pressure injury. The Braden Scale score is part of the assessment in the hospital

89
Q

four stages of wound healing

A

hemostasis: immediately after intial injury, exudate is formed, swelling, pain
inflammatory: follows hemostasis, 2-3 days, WBC move to wound, pain, redness, swelling, generalized body reponse
proliferation: several weeks, new tissue is built, capillary grow, thin layer
maturation: final stage, 3 weeks after injury, continue for months or years, collagen remodeled, scarring

90
Q

different pus:

A

-serous: having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood, clear pale yellow
-serosanguineous: containing or relating to both blood and serum, the liquid part of blood, light pink to red
-sanguineous: relating to, containing, or being the color of blood, bright red or pink
-purulent: containing or producing pus, white, yellow, green, pink, or brown

91
Q

main function of the respiratory system is to take in_____ and remove ___ from the body?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

92
Q

pressure ulcers:

A

Stage 1: Reddened area, unbroken skin, intact skin
Stage 2: Shallow open area, partial thickness loss, exposed dermis
Stage 3: Open area with adipose tissue exposed, full thickness skin loss, not involve fascia
Stage 4: Open area with muscle and bone exposed, full thickness loss, tissue loss
unstageable: obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss

93
Q

cmp and bmp tests:

A

cmp and bmp both test for: BUN –
kidney function, CO2 – blood bicarbonate level, Creatinine – kidney function, Glucose – blood sugar level, Cl – chloride
level, K – potassium level, Na – sodium
level, Ca – calcium level
but cmp also has: Liver enzymes (alkaline phosphate ALP, alanine transaminase ALT, aspartate aminotransferase AST – liver function)
– Protein – total blood protein
– Albumin – liver function

94
Q

functions of electrolytes:

A

Maintaining balance of water in body, balancing the blood pH (acid base level), moving nutrients into cells, moving wastes out of cells, maintaining proper function of body’s muscles, heart, nerves, and brain

95
Q

osmosis:

A

final mechanism used to maintain water balance, allows passive flow of water
between compartments of body to maintain equilibrium, water passes from areas of low solute concentration to
areas of high solute concentration, this helps maintain homeostasis within the body by equalizing the fluid inside and outside the cells

96
Q

expected values:

A

K 3.5-5 mEq/L (potassium)
Na 136-145 mEq/L (sodium)
Ca 9-10.5 mg/dL (calcium)
Mg 1.3-2.1 mEq/ (magnesium)

97
Q

diffusions

A

movement of solutes from
area of high concentration to area of low
concentration

98
Q

active transport

A

uses energy to move solutes from low concentration to higher concentration

99
Q

hypovolemia:

A

Loss of both fluid and electrolytes
-Can lead to a decrease in circulating blood volume and perfusion to tissues
-Also known as fluid volume deficit

100
Q

dehydration:

A

-Loss of water or lack of intake without
loss of Na
-Hypernatremia and increased osmolality
occur
-Body water shifts from inside of cell to
extracellular space causing cell shrinkage
-Can occur from diarrhea, vomiting,
sweating, urinating too much, illness, fever, decreased intake

101
Q

pH:

A

-the pH scale ranges from 0-14 (strongly
acidic to strongly alkaline), 7 is neutral
-< 7 is acidic, > 7 is alkaline
-The expected range for the pH of human
blood is narrow (from 7.35-7.45)

102
Q

ABGs: arterial blood gases

A

-Expected Results: pH 7.35-7.45
* PaCO2 35-45 mmHg
* HCO3 22-26 mEq/L
* PaO2 80-100 Hg
* O2 sat 95-100%

103
Q

ROME

A

respiratory opposite metabolic equal
-When blood is acidic the pH decreases
-When blood is alkaline the pH increases

104
Q

sensible and insensible

A

sensible:pertain to conventional forms of excretion, such as urination and defecation
fluid loss that occurs from the respiratory system, skin, and water in stool is called insensible fluid loss because it is hard to measure

105
Q

Metabolic acidosis:

A

-(low pH, decreased HCO3) can be result of too little HCO3
or too much acid other than CO2
-Causes include renal or hepatic failure, pancreatitis, dehydration, diarrhea,
starvation, DKA, lactic acidosis
-symptoms include long and deep breaths (Kussmaul breathing), confusion, HA,
tachycardia, lethargy, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting
-Treatment includes ridding the body of excess acid, giving sodium bicarb (a
base) to neutralize acid in blood and IVF

106
Q

Metabolic alkalosis:

A

-(high pH, elevated HCO3) occurs when excess amount of HCO3 in blood
-Causes include prolonged vomiting, gastric suctioning, excessive use of
diuretics or antacids, renal impairment, hypokalemia, or hypovolemia
-Symptoms include muscle twitching or spasms, lethargy, nausea and vomiting,
tremors or numbness of hands, tingling of face or feet, lightheaded, HA
-Treatment includes fall precautions d/t MS symptoms, monitor respiratory
status, ABGs, labs

107
Q

Respiratory alkalosis :

A

can be caused by hyperventilation such as pain, anxiety, stress, head injury, stroke, hyperthyroidism, trauma, or meds

108
Q

HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

A

-Privacy Rule – defines PHI in any form could be used and disclosed
-Security Rule – safeguards for electronic PHI (protected health info)
-Breach Notification Rule – mandates clients are notified about a breach

109
Q

ANA:

A

code of ethics 9

110
Q

emergency medical treatment and active labor Act (EMTALA)

A

Passed in 1986 to prevent “patient dumping,” the practice of one health
care organization moving a client based on their inability to pay or lack of
insurance coverage.
* Ensures that any individual presenting to an Emergency Department will
receive, at minimum, a medical screening examination and treatment until
stabilized.

111
Q

ethical principles

A

Autonomy: Freedom or
independence to make own
decisions
* Beneficence: Actions guided by
compassion/kindness
* Veracity: Telling the truth
* Fidelity: Keeping promises or
commitments
* Justice: Actions are fair and
equitable

112
Q

tort law

A

an individual carries out an act or
fails to carry out an act and that
results in injury or harm to a client
—a tort has been committed.
* Essentially, a tort is a civil wrong
that has been committed against
an individual.
* Torts can be further categorized
into intentional or unintentional (wrongful act, resulting in injury, loss, or damage
-unintentional: negligence, malpractice
-intentional: assault, battery, false imprisonment)

113
Q

whistleblowing

A

An act when a person formally
reports on illegal, wrongdoing, or
unethical practice

114
Q

PSDA :patient self determination act

A

Passed in 1990.
* Requires all health care
organizations to inform clients of
their right to make decisions
regarding their care.
* Gives clients the right to refuse
treatment.
* Advance directives are written
documents outlining the wishes of
the person in the event they cannot
make decisions for themselves

115
Q

levels of prevention

A

-Primary prevention is the act of intervening before negative health effects
occur.
* Secondary prevention is the detection and treatment of preclinical changes
to reduce the impact of disease or injury and limit disability.
* Tertiary prevention aims to reverse, minimize, or delay the effects of a
disease or disability

116
Q

legal words:

A

-battery: occurs when pshycial contact occurs with the intent to cause harm
-assault: nurse intentionally places pt in position of apprehension or fear he will suffer harm or offensive
-malpractice: nurse or other licensed professional healthcare giver is negligent and fails to use ordinary care
-libel: written defamation
-negligence: failure to use ordinary care
-fraud: tort that is willful or intentional misrepresenting design to deprive another person a right

117
Q

blood pressure:

A

normal: systole less than 120, diastole less than 80
elevated: systole 120-129 diastole less than 80
stage 1 hypertension:systole 130-139, diastole 80-89
stage 2 hypertension: systole 140 or higher, diastole 90 or higher
hypertensive crisis: higher than 180 and diastole higher than 120

118
Q

blood:

A

-Universal donor blood type is O-
-Universal recipient blood type is AB+

119
Q

women in health

A

Clara Barton
Founded American red cross

Harriet Tubman
Nurse as they would go to freedom

Sorden Truth
Helped with underground railroad, helped people mentally

Dorethea Dicks
Chief nursing officer during civil war

120
Q

med math conversions:

A

1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 gram = 1000 milligrams
1 milligram = 1000 micrograms
1 liter = 1000 mililiters

foundations (4 decks)

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