Final Exam

Question 1

Overview of a Speech:

Answer 1

1 Analyze Audience
2 Select Topic
3 Determine Purpose
4 Compose Thesis
5 Develop Main points
6 Intro, Body, Conclusion- structure and separate
7 Outline the Speech: Coordination and Subordination- organizing by their relative importance/ relationship
8 Consider Presentation Aids
9 Practice Delivering the Speech (time/ video/ audience)

Question 2

Mandatory components of Outline:

Answer 2

Topic- clearly stated
General Purpose (Commemorative Speech)
Specific Purpose (topic/ purpose)
Thesis Statement (should be mirrored / tied in to your conclusion
Coordination/ Subordination Organization:
I. Intro
II. Body
A. Point #1
1.
(transition- reference when we brought him as a puppy
2.
B. Point #2
1.
2.
C. Point #3
III. Conclusion
Transition statements noted between each component

Question 3

Logos

Answer 3

Appeals to Reason - example: “Should college tuition be free?” Audience looks to
you for evidence and reasons.

Question 4

Pathos

Answer 4

Appeals to Emotions- Vivid Imagery, Shared Values; Repetition and parallelism,
stirs emotion, inspiring, has rhythm and build. Example Winston Churchill “Fight on the
Beaches “ to British House of Commons

Question 5

Ethos

Answer 5

Appeal to character- Ethical character (Aristotle) ; Establish authority as a
speaker and person. Competence, moral character, goodwill

Question 6

Motivation

Answer 6

Targeting audience members’ motives, Maslow’s Hierarchy, aligns with
pathos

Question 7

Mental Engagement

Answer 7

aligns with logos

Question 8

Demonstrate Credibility

Answer 8

aligns with ethos, Initial credibility is important, often captured in
an introduction or bio introducing a speaker, body language/ confidence important

Question 9

Structure of Persuasive Speeches

Answer 9

1. Claim (Proposition) Asserts what you intend to prove (analogous to thesis)
2. Evidence- Substantiates the claim (body)
3. Warrant - Reasons / justifications Logical line of reasoning connecting why the evidence
   supports the claim

Question 10

Claims of Value

Answer 10

Issues of judgment. Examples: Is assisted suicide ethical?, Is the rare
painting really worth $100 million?, Is something right or wrong…worthy or unworthy?

Question 11

Claims of Policy

Answer 11

Recommends course of action/ approval. Examples: legislation “This
should happen, this ought to happen”

Question 12

Claims of Fact

Answer 12

Focus on whether something is true/ false or will/ won’t happen. Either
two competing answers or no answer as of yet (speculative claim) Examples: global
warming (two competing beliefs) or use of drones to deliver groceries (speculative)

Question 13

Motivational Warrant

Answer 13

Reasons targeted at listener’s needs. (Pathos) Claim: Donate to
hunger relief agency , evidence- statistics on how much price of 1 coffee can do to feed
the hungry, warrant- You don’t want to allow children to starve, so donating the price of
one coffee can fight hunger with impact

Question 14

Authoritative Warrant

Answer 14

Relies on credibility and source of evidence. Ethos and Logos. Success
counts on listener regarding authority figure as credible and sourced. Example- Reform
Alliance with parole founded by Jayz

Question 15

Substantive Warrant

Answer 15

Listener’s faith in the factual evidence as justification (logos) Claim-
Stronger hurricanes linked to climate change. Hurricanes and tropical storms get their
energy from warmer water. Casual reasoning- hurricanes’ strength. Reason by analogy-
this happened in a similar, well - analogized scenario so it is likely to happen in this
scenario.

Question 16

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Answer 16

1. Attention
2. Need- issue to be addressed
3. Satisfaction- solution, offering a proposal, change attitudes or beliefs
4. Visualization- anticipated outcomes of the solution, understanding the benefit
5. Action- asks audience to accept the message, reconsider their present way of thinking,
   commit more fully to their belief, and/ or change their behavior

Question 17

Herbert Simmons- Persuasion scholar

Answer 17

4 types of audience- how to manage counter for credibility
Hostile - Raise the counter - focus on those the audience is most likely to disagree with and win
support
Critical/ Conflicted- address counters and refute them, introduce evidence
Sympathetic- If time permits, briefly address only the most important counters
Uninformed/ less interested/ apathetic- Briefly raise and refute only key, mainstream
counters

Question 18

Logical Fallacies
Begging the Question

Answer 18

Stated in a way as if it must be true, yet no evidence

Question 19

Logical Fallacies
Ad Hominem Argument

Answer 19

targets a person rather than the position/ issue

Question 20

Logical Fallacies
Bandwagoning

Answer 20

General opinion posed as basis for truth.

Question 21

Logical Fallacies
Either-Or-Fallacy

Answer 21

Setting up false dichotomy

Question 22

Logical Fallacies
Red Herring

Answer 22

introduces irrelevance as diversion

Question 23

Logical Fallacies
Hasty Generalization

Answer 23

uses isolated instance to draw a larger conclusion

Question 24

Logical Fallacies
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Answer 24

Suggest causal relationship just to due to order of occurrence

Question 25

Logical Fallacies
Faulty Analogy

Answer 25

claiming two phenomena are alike when not similar enough

Question 26

Logical Fallacies
Non Sequitir

Answer 26

“Does not follow” Conclusion is not valid

Question 27

Logical Fallacies
Slippery Slope

Answer 27

Faulty assumption that 1 case will lead to series of events

Question 28

Logical Fallacies
Appeal to Tradition

Answer 28

bases acceptance on historical fact/ occurrence “always been this
way”