Final Exam Flashcards
What does CCC stand for?
Certificate of Clinical Competence
What is a clinical fellowship year? (CFY)
-A transition period between being a student and becoming an independent practitioner.
-Work under a mentor to gain experience before getting full certification.
-Necessary to obtain C’s
-36 weeks 1,260 hours
Things to Consider in Articulation Therapy
-Child’s age
-Are the sound errors developmentally appropriate to be working on in therapy?
-Age that certain skills are targeted may vary between settings
-Do the child’s speech errors impact them educationally or in their ability to get their message across?
Benefit of Individual Sessions
-Allows for focused practice when a child is learning a new skill
Benefit of Group Sessions
-Provides opportunities to interact with peers and helpful in scheduling depending on the setting
-Can add a more interactive component, especially with games
Direct Modeling
-You say the sound/word and the child repeats it after you
Faded Modeling
“S….s…oap. Now you try it”
Independent Modeling
Child produces the target without a model
Types of Modeling
-Direct
-Faded
-Independent
Types of Cues
-Visual
-Verbal
Visual Cues Examples
-Use of a mirror
-Sound cue cards
-Toy/item to represent sound (snake for /s/ sound)
Verbal Cues Examples
-“Pop your lips” /p/
-“Make your snake sound” /s/
-“Tongue back” /k/
-“Use your smooth speech”
What age is typical for normal dysfluencies to occur?
-Ages 2 to 3
Secondary Behaviors with Disfluencies
-Eye blinks
-Facial grimace
-Facial tension
-Exaggerated movements of head, shoulders, arms
-Interjected speech fragments
-May seem to help the person through stuttering at first, but it soon becomes ineffective
When is fluent speech most likely to occur for an individual who stutters?
-Reading (normally or in unison with another person)
-Speaking to an infant or animal
-Singing
-Swearing or expressing anger
-Speaking in any atypical manner
When is stuttering most likely to occur for an individual who stutters?
-Person fears the situation
-Anticipates stuttering
-Speaking on the phone
-Speaking to authoritative figures
-Speaking in situations they want to avoid
-Speaking to people who will react negatively or have in the past
-Pressured to speak quickly
-Stutter the most when they wish to stutter least
Avoidance Behaviors
-Don’t talk
-Substitutions
-Circumlocutions
-Secondary Behaviors
What are the two types of strokes?
-Ischemic stroke: blocked artery
-Hemorrhagic stroke: bursting of a blood vessel
Broca’s Aphasia
-Site of lesion: dominant inferior frontal lobe or Broca’s area
-Difficulties producing speech and word finding
Wernicke’s Aphasia
-Language disorder that makes it hard for you to understand words and communicate (fluent but meaningless speech)
-Site of lesion: Part of brain the controls receptive language
Common Causes of TBI
-Motor vehicle accident
-Fall
-Sports injury
-Violent assault
-Stroke
-Blunt force trauma
What does AAC stand for?
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Low Tech AAC
-No electronic parts
-Accessed directly through finger pointing and eye gaze
-Examples: letter boards, chat books, schedules, symbol boards
High Tech AAC
-Utilizes microcomputers and specialized software
-Synthesized or digitized speech
-Requires a power source
-Expensive to purchase or maintain
Populations that would benefit from AAC
-Congenital disability (Intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, autism)
-Severe developmental dyspraxia of speech
-TBI
-ALS
Things to consider when selecting an AAC device
-Would the child make a connection best with real pictures of their own items/family members
-How many icons would be best to start with on a page?
Screening
-Should be quick
-Less in depth
-Compare child to chronological age milestones
Evaluation
-Establish baseline function
-Evaluate hearing, cognitive functioning, all aspects of language, oral motor skills, child’s language system
-Identify strengths and weaknesses
-Look at performance across settings, communication partners, comfort levels
Advantage of Standardized Tests
-Allow us to compare performance among children of the same chronological age
-Children with LI will demonstrate scores less than one SD below the mean
Define Functional Assessment
-Assess the child in their natural environment
-How do they communicate their wants and needs at home, school, etc.
-Is there generalization outside of therapy room? (parent questionare)
Define Validity
-Extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure
Examples of Nonverbal Communication Deficits Noted in ASD
-Reduced eye-contact
-Difficulty understanding and using gestures
-Reduced understanding and use of facial expressions
-Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, narrow interests
-Excessive adherence to routines, ritualized patterns of behaviors
Define Neurodiversity
-The range of differences in individual brain function and behavioral traits, regarded as part of normal variation in the human population
Echolalia
-The precise repetition of sounds and words
-Can be immediate or delayed
Scripting
-The repetition of words, phrases, or sounds, most commonly from movies, TV, or other sources like books or people
Sensory Seeking Examples
-Likes to be upside down
-Needs to touch things to look at them
-Enjoys loud music, bright lights
-Often chews on things that are not food
Sensory Avoiding Examples
-May become anxious or irritable when personal space is invaded
-Sensitive to certain textures
-Highly sensitive to loud noises or bright lights
-May seem like a picky eater
Define Positive Reinforcement
-Feedback that rewards the client for their performance or shows recognition in a positive way
Define Negative Reinforcement
-Adjusting a behavior to avoid a negative consequence
Verbal Reinforcement
-Great job, nice work
Natural Reinforcement
-When working with children, the response to the communication itself can serve as a great reinforcement
Edible Reinforcement
Food items
Tangible Reinforcement
-Pieces of a puzzle, turns in a game, stamps/stickers
Nonverbal Reinforcement
-smile, high five, thumbs up, fist bump
T or F: There are no appropriate nonverbal reinforcements for use with adults
False
T or F: Any reinforcement can lose its potency when overused
True
T or F: A piece of candy given before the production would not be considered a reinforcement for that production
True
T or F: Stringing a bead would be a good choice of reinforcement of speech production for a child with communication and fine motor disorders
False
What does SOAP stand for
Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan
Define Bolus
-Moistened food (as it moves through the swallowing process)
4 Phases of Swallowing
-Oral Prep
-Oral
-Pharyngeal
-Esophageal
Compensatory Strategies
-Strategies that can help a patient compensate for their dysphagia
Signs and Symptoms of Oral Phase Dysphagia
-Difficulty initiating a swallow
-Food or liquids coming out of the nose
-Pocketing
-Drooling
-Oral residue
Signs and Symptoms of Pharyngeal Phase Dysphagia
-Coughing during or after a swallow
-Wet or gurgly voice after swallow
-Feeling of food being stuck in the throat
Causes of Dysphagia
-Stroke
-TBI
-ALS
-Parkinson’s
-Dementia
Benefits of using timers and visual schedules in sessions
-Gives the client an idea of what to expect
-Can be a motivator
-Can be used with reinforcement
Why is it important to include family members in therapy strategies?
-Outside of therapy, families will be the ones to implement therapy strategies at home
-Helps keep family informed on their child’s progress
-Family can help the child feel more comfortable in sessions
Benefits of play based sessions
-Play based sessions allow the child to choose what to do in a session
-Helps keep the child motivated
-Effectively targets goals while being fun
What kind of client would be best in an individual session?
-A client who stutters when speaking in front of others
What kind of client would be best in a group session?
-Client with aphasia that has trouble word finding
