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Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, virulence factors, diagnostic techniques, and prevention/treatment for
pharyngitis

A

1.) causative agents: streptococcus pyogenes
2.) modes of transmission: droplet or direct contact with mucus
3.) virulence factors: ability of surface antigens to mimic host proteins; possession of super antigens
4.) diagnostic techniques: rapid strep test, culturing of pharyngeal swab
5.) prevention/treatment:
- no vaccine, hygiene
- penicillin/antibiotics

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2
Q

What are the possible sequelae of untreated strep infections

A
  • rheumatic fever
  • scarlet fever
  • acute glomerulonephritis
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3
Q

What are the causative agents, transmission, and symptoms of the common cold

A

1.) causative agents: over 200 different viruses, rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, RSV
2.) transmission: indirect, droplet
3.) symptoms: sneezing, scratchy throat, runny nose, fever in child

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4
Q

What are the causative agents and treatment of sinusitis

A

1.) causative agents: various viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergies, structural abnormalities
2.) treatment: broad spectrum antibiotics for bacterial, antifungals or surgery for fungal

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5
Q

What are the causative agent, prevention, and treatment for acute otitis media

A

1.) causative agents: strep pneumoniae, candida auris
2.) prevention: Prevnar, vaccine
3.) treatment: “watchful waiting”, antibiotics, tympanic membrane tubes

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6
Q

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, virulence factors, diagnostic techniques, and prevention/treatment for
community-acquired pneumonia

A

1.) causative agents: strep pneumoniae(most common), legionella, mycoplasma, pneumoniae(walking pneumonia), SARS-CoV-2
2.) modes of transmission: droplet(strep), vehicle(legionella), droplet(mycoplasma)
3.) virulence factors: capsule(strep), resistant to chlorine(legionella), adhesins(mycoplasma)
4.) diagnostic techniques: gram stain
5.) prevention/treatment:
- vaccine for strep & COVID
- antivirals and antibiotics

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7
Q

What are the causative agents, diagnostic techniques, & prevention/treatment for healthcare-associated pneumonia

A

1.) causative agents: MRSA, klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa
2.) diagnostic techniques: tracheal swabs(not as useful), bronchoalveolar lavage cultures(but invasive)
3.) prevention/treatment:
- elevation of patients head, proper care of ventilators and respiratory equipment
- empiric therapy should begin as soon as hospital-associated pneumonia is suspected

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8
Q

What are the causative agent, virulence factors, transmission, prevention/treatment of influenza

A

1.) causative agent: Influenza A, B, & C viruses; hemagglutinin, neuraminidase(lipoprotein)
2.) virulence factors: glycoproteins, rapid shedding of cells, cytokine storm
3.) transmission: droplet, indirect
4.) prevention/treatment:
- vaccination
- tamiflu

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9
Q

What is antigenic drift and antigenic shift

A
  • antigenic drift: mutation of the glycoproteins(H,N), gradually change their amino acid composition resulting in decreased ability of host memory cells to recognize them
  • antigenic shift: RNA exchange between different influenza viruses, occurs during confection of a host cell
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10
Q

What are the causative agent, transmission, and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)

A

1.) causative agent: respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)
2.) transmission: droplet and indirect contact via fomite
3.) prevention: passive antibody for high risk children

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11
Q

What are the causative agents, transmission, diagnostic techniques, prevention/treatment of tuberculosis

A

1.) causative agents: mycobacterium tuberculosis
2.) transmission: droplets
3.) diagnostic techniques: mantoux test
4.) prevention/treatment:
- limited exposure, vaccine(not in US)
- longterm antibiotics; 4-9 months

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12
Q

Discuss the problems associated with MDR-TB and XDR-TB

A
  • MDR-TB: people are sicker and have higher mortality
  • XDR-TB: few treatment options, 70% mortality rate within months of diagnosis
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13
Q

What is primary tuberculosis

A

bacteria multiply inside macrophages, tubercle formation in lungs, caseous lesions that heal by calcification

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14
Q

What is secondary tuberculosis

A

live bacteria can remain dormant, then reactivate; tubercles expand causing cavities in lungs; violent coughing, low-grade fever, anorexia, chest pain, untreated has 60% mortality rate

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15
Q

What are the causative agents of acute diarrhea

A

salmonella
shigellosis
shiga toxin producing E.coli(STEC)
campylobacter
clostridiodes difficile
vibrio cholerae
vibrio vulnificus
rotavirus

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16
Q

What are the causes of food poisoning

A

staph aureus
bacillus cereus
clostridium perfringens

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17
Q

What are the causes of chronic diarrhea

A

giardia

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18
Q

what classifies as acute diarrhea

A

three or more loose stools in 24 hours

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19
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of salmonella induced diarrhea

A

1.) signs: vomiting, diarrhea, and mucosal irritation, possible blood
2.) modes: animal products like meat and milk
3.) virulence: endotoxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- avoiding contact
- mild cases: fluid and electrolyte replacement
- severe: ciprofloxacin

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20
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of shigella induced diarrhea

A

1.) signs: frequent watery stools, dysentery(blood in stool), mucus in stool
2.) modes: oral, direct
3.) virulence: enterotoxin, shiga toxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- good food hygiene
- mild: no antibiotics
- severe: ciprofloxacin

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21
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of shiga-toxin producing E.coli(STEC)

A

1.) signs: bloody diarrhea
2.) modes: contaminated or undercooked beef
3.) virulence: shiga toxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- good food hygiene, toxin and bacteria are killed by heat
- antibiotics are contraindicated(DO NOT USE)
- plamsa transfusions to dilute toxin

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22
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of campylobacter induced diarrhea

A

1.) signs: diarrhea, fever, vomiting, may last longer than 2 weeks, also can lead to guillain barre syndrome
2.) modes: ingestion of contaminated water, milk, meat, and chicken
3.) virulence: heat labile enterotoxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- rigid sanitary control of water and milk supplies & care in food prep
- rehydration and electrolyte balance
- maybe azithromycin

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23
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of clostridiodes difficile induced diarrhea

A

1.) signs: pseudomembranous colitis, area of necrosis in intestine, abdominal cramps
2.) modes: normal biota, able to superinfection when broad spectrum antibiotics have disrupted normal biota
3.) virulence: enterotoxins
4.) prevention/treatment:
- withdraw offending antibiotic
- isolation conditions
- difficult to eradicate

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24
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of vibrio cholerae induced diarrhea

A

1.) signs: rice water stool, muscle cramps, severe thirst, secondary circulatory consequences like hypotension and tachycardia
2.) modes: water in warm, monsoon, alkaline, saline climate
3.) virulence: enterotoxin called cholera toxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- sewage treatment & water purification, vaccine
- prompt replacement of water and electrolytes

25
Q

What is the most likely cause of diarrhea

A

campylobacter

26
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, transmission, and treatment/recovery for staph aureus

A

1.) signs: cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
2.) transmission: food handlers skin/nose
3.) treatment: no antibiotics, rapid recovery(24 hrs)

27
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, transmission, and virulence factors of bacillus cereus

A

1.) signs: diarrhea, vomiting
2.) transmission: soil, linked to rice and pasta
3.) virulence factors: sporulating

28
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, transmission, and prevention/treatment of giardia

A

1.) signs: long duration diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence
2.) transmission: vehicle/animals, fecal-oral, direct & indirect
3.) prevention/treatment:
- vaccine for animals, none for humans
- avoid drinking water from fresh water sources
- treatment with tinidazole

29
Q

When should food poisoning be suspected

A

if they have vomited and/or had diarrhea within 1 to 6 hours after a meal, and share symptoms with others that had the meal

30
Q

How do you identify/define chronic diarrhea

A

lasting longer than 14 days

31
Q

What is the causative agent, transmission, and signs/symptoms of gastritis/gastric ulcers

A

1.) causative agent: helicobacter
2.) transmission: direct, vehicle(animals), water sources
3.) signs: sharp, burning abdomen pain, bloody stools, vomiting

32
Q

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, virulence factors, diagnostic
techniques, and prevention/treatment for a urinary tract infection

A

1.) causative agents: E. coli (80%), and staph saprophyticus
2.) transmission: GI tract to urinary system; normal biota, or environment
3.) virulence: adhesions/motility
4.) diagnostic: culture based
5.) prevention/treatment:
-hygiene, limit catheters
- antibiotics

33
Q

what is cystitis

A

infection of the urinary bladder

34
Q

what is pyelonephritis

A

infection of the kidneys

35
Q

what is urethritis

A

infection limited to the urethra

36
Q

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, diagnostic techniques, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment for gonorrhea

A

1.) causative agents: neisseria gonorrhoeae
2.) transmission: sexually, vertical
3.) diagnosis: catalase, carb enzymes, oxidase
4.) virulence: IgA protease
5.) prevention/treatment:
- no vaccine, use condoms
- treating both gonorrhea and chlamydia, urgent threat for antibiotic resistance, reportable disease

37
Q

what is the current outlook for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis in the U.S

A

are at their highest rates ever

38
Q

What are the discharge diseases and what does that mean

A
  • trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, chlamydia
  • infectious agent causes an increase in fluid discharge
39
Q

List the symptoms for male and female gonorrhea

A

1.) Male
- urethritis, painful urination, yellow discharge, a lot are asymptomatic
2.) Female
- mucus/bloody discharge, painful urination, major complications if it ascends to higher reproductive structures: salpingitis(inflam. of fallopian tubes), PID(pelvic inflammatory disease), buildup of scar tissue

40
Q

What are the more severe consequences of gonorrhea for women and children

A
  • meningitis, endocarditis, gonococcus can disseminate to the joints and skin/gonococcal arthritis
  • gonococcal eye infections in babies
41
Q

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, diagnostic techniques, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment for chlamydia

A

1.) causative agents: C. trachomatis, lives inside host cells
2.) transmission:

42
Q

what is the most common reportable infectious disease in the U.S

A

chlamydia

43
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of chlamydia in males and females

A

1.) Males
- inflammation of urethra, untreated can lead to epididymitis, discharge and painful urination
2.) Females
- cervicitis, discharge, salpingitis, PID(more likely than gonorrhea), 75% are asymptomatic

44
Q

What happens to babies with mothers that have chlamydia

A

eye infections and pneumonia, conjunctivitis

45
Q

What is the difference between vaginosis and vaginitis

A

vaginitis includes inflammation of the vagina and vaginosis is similar but does not include inflammation

46
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, causative agent, and implications of vaginitis

A

1.) signs: vaginal itching, burning, discharge, and inflammation
2.) causative: candida albicans/yeast infection
3.) implications: if in bloodstream, high mortality rates, AIDS patients at risk

47
Q

What is the causative agent, signs/symptoms, and typical population of vaginosis

A

1.) causative: gardnerella species and a mixed infection with mobiluncus
2.) signs: discharge, fishy odor
3.) population: common in women of childbearing age

48
Q

What are the symptoms and type of microorganism is trichomonas vaginalis

A

1.) symptoms: asymptomatic, white to green frothy discharge
2.) protozoa

49
Q

What are the genital ulcer diseases

A

syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes

50
Q

what stages of syphilis are transmissible

A

primary and secondary

51
Q

what are the characteristics of primary syphilis

A
  • appearance of hard chancre at site of entry
  • spirochete has entered circulation and is in a period of tremendous activity
52
Q

what are the characteristics of secondary syphilis

A
  • appears 3 weeks to 6 months after chancre heals
  • peculiar red or brown rash
  • lesions contain viable spirochetes
  • major complications linger for months to years
53
Q

what are the characteristics of tertiary syphilis

A
  • can last 20 years or longer
  • numerous pathologic complications occur in susceptible tissues and organs, cardiovascular syphilis, tumors/gummas
54
Q

What are the consequences of congenital syphilis

A

inhibits fetal growth and disrupts critical periods of development

55
Q

What is the causative agents, virulence factors, and diagnostic techniques for syphilis

A

1.) causative: treponema pallidum(spirochete)
2.) virulence: strict parasite, cultivation in living host cells
3.) diagnostic: rapid plasmin reagin test

56
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, causative agent, transmission, and virulence factors of genital herpes

A

1.) signs: asymptomatic, small vesicles filled with clear fluid, recurrent episodes
2.) causative agents:
- HSV-1: oral mucosa/cold sores
- HSV-2: genital virus
3.) transmission: direct exposure, more common than chlamydia and gonorrhea
4.) virulence factors: can become latent

57
Q

What are the signs/symptoms, virulence factors, transmission, diagnosis, and prevention/treatment for HPV

A

1.)signs: warts(can occur on vulva, around vagina, on penis or scrotum, and on anus)
2.) virulence factors: activate oncogenes(code for proteins resulting in uncontrolled growth)
3.) transmission: direct, indirect
4.) diagnosis: pap smear
5.) prevention/treatment:
- avoid direct contact
- vaccination
- untreatable

58
Q

Identify the important risk group for Group B strep

A

infants/neonates

59
Q

how many types of HPV are associated with cervical and anal cancer

A

5 types

Microbiology (4 decks)

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